柔性PANI@LiV3O8/CC纳米复合材料的制备及其作为超级电容器性能的研究

采用水热法在柔性碳布（CC）基底上负载钒酸锂（LiV₃O₈/CC）,然后以电化学聚合法对材料进行包覆,成功制备了柔性三维聚苯胺包覆钒酸锂复合材料（PANI@LiV₃O₈/CC）。利用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线能谱仪（XPS）、循环伏安（CV）对PANI@LiV₃O₈/CC样品的物相组成、微观形貌结构和超级电容器的电化学性能进行测试和表征。实验结果表明,与LiV₃O₈/CC相比,PANI@LiV₃O₈/CC经恒电流充放电,其面积比电容可达到965.0 mF/cm²,得到了显著提高。     

氮掺杂Pd-Cu/Al2O3催化剂富氢气氛下CO优先氧化性能

以Al₂O₃为载体，采用共浸渍法制备Pd-Cu/Al₂O₃和Pd-Cu-N/Al₂O₃催化剂。利用连续流动微反应装置考察氮掺杂对Pd-Cu/Al₂O₃催化剂低温富氢气氛下CO优先氧化性能的影响，结合XRD、FT-IR、H₂-TPR和XPS等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明，相较于Pd-Cu/Al₂O₃,Pd-Cu-N/Al₂O₃具有更好的CO优先氧化性能。氮掺杂促进了表面Cu₂Cl(OH)₃的分散，增强了Pd和Cu之间的相互作用，提高了Pd和Cu₂Cl(OH)₃的氧化还原能力。同时，氮掺杂也有利于生成更多的表面活性Cu⁺物种，并且部分进入Pd晶格，抑制了反应过程中PdHx的形成，从而使催化剂催化性能...     

臭氧-SiC陶瓷膜耦合工艺处理油田采出水实验研究

针对油田采出水成分复杂、油水难以分离的问题，采用Al₂O₃和SiC陶瓷膜对其进行处理，对比两种陶瓷膜的处理效果可知，SiC陶瓷膜出水的含油量低于Al₂O₃陶瓷膜，后续选定SiC陶瓷膜耦合O₃氧化处理油田采出水，考察油田采出水的处理效果，利用SEM、EDS对陶瓷膜的微观形貌和物相组成进行表征，分析膜表面由于油滴和颗粒物等杂质堆积对膜通量和出水浊度、含油量及COD去除的影响。耦合实验结果表明，在O₃氧化时间为4 min，跨膜压差为0.065 MPa，通量为4 669.63 L/(m²·h)的条件下，COD、油含量和浊度的去除率分别可达75.51%、99.70%和99.90%，显著高于陶瓷膜或O₃单独运行时各污染物的去除率。可见O₃氧化耦合陶瓷膜过滤能够改善膜的性能，提高油水分离效率，促进油田采出水更高效的处理。     

纳米WS2润滑油添加剂在直流磁场下的摩擦磨损特性

在四球摩擦磨损实验机摩擦区域添加了直流磁场发生装置，研究了添加经修饰的纳米WS₂润滑油在直流磁场作用下的摩擦磨损性能，用扫描电镜（SEM）配合能谱仪（EDS）及X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对钢球磨斑区域表面形貌和典型元素的含量及化学状态进行了分析，并探讨了相关的摩擦学机理。实验结果表明：经修饰后的纳米WS₂在150SN基础油中稳定性良好，含纳米WS₂的润滑油体现出更好的润滑性能，在纳米WS₂含量相同时，直流磁场下的润滑油抗磨减摩效果更好。直流磁场对纳米WS₂有一定的聚集效应，并会提高摩擦化学反应发生的概率。     

一种含硫氮杂环硼酸酯作为润滑脂多功能添加剂的性能研究

以正己醇、硼酸和2-氨基-5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑合成一种多功能型添加剂——有机硼酸酯噻二唑衍生物(BSN)。对BSN作为多功能添加剂在复合锂基脂中的减摩/抗磨性能、抗氧化性能及铜腐蚀抑制性能进行考察。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对试盘磨斑表面形貌及化学成分进行表征分析。试验结果表明:BSN作为添加剂能够有效提升润滑脂的减摩和抗磨性能,具有改善抗氧化及抑制铜腐蚀性能;BSN在摩擦过程中存在化学吸附及摩擦化学反应,在试盘表面形成一层以FeO、FeSO_4和有机硼氮小分子组成的复杂边界摩擦膜,从而提升了减摩和抗磨性能。     

Ti3C2Tx–Mg Fe2O4复合材料的制备及氨气气敏性能

开发一种性能优异的氨气气体传感器对人类健康和环境保护具有重要意义。利用溶胶凝胶法制备了MgFe₂O₄纳米材料,并通过乙醇超声分散法与Ti₃C₂T_x复合,制备了不同比例的Ti₃C₂T_x–Mg Fe₂O₄复合材料。随后,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱分析、Fourier红外光谱等方法对Ti₃C₂T_x–Mg Fe₂O₄复合材料的结构和形貌进行了表征,研究了不同比例Ti₃C₂T_x–Mg Fe₂O₄复合材料的气敏性能。结果表明：2.5%(质量分数) Ti₃C₂T_x–Mg Fe     

全钒液流电池石墨毡电极的Ga2O3修饰

为提高全钒液流电池石墨毡电极的电化学性能, 采用热分解法将纳米Ga₂O₃沉积在全钒液流电池石墨毡电极表面。通过循环伏安测试、动电位极化曲线测试、扫描电镜测试(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和充放电实验考察了Ga₂O₃对石墨毡电化学性能和表面形貌的影响。研究结果表明:Ga₂O₃对电极反应具有显著的催化作用, 当用Ga₂O₃电极修饰石墨毡时, 电池正负极反应活性较未处理前分别提高13%和18%, 同时也导致全钒液流电池的容量更大, 电流效率和能量效率更高。     

不同MoO3含量Raney Ni-Al2O3吸附剂的表征及其脱硫性能研究

采用混捏法制备了添加不同质量分数氧化钼的Raney Ni-Al₂O₃吸附剂，并利用XRD、BET、SEM、XPS等手段对吸附剂进行表征，采用连续固定床反应装置评价吸附剂的脱硫性能。结果表明，当氧化钼负载量为1%时，Raney Ni-Al₂O₃吸附剂吸附活性最强，比表面积和孔径均达到最大，分别为68.45 m²/g、15.24 nm。此时Raney Ni-Al₂O₃吸附剂在固定床反应器中对苯中噻吩的脱硫性能最高，饱和硫容达到最大，为35.17 mg/g。MoO₃添加量过高时会使吸附剂中的镍产生NiMoO₄晶相，堵塞吸附剂表面孔道，骨架镍海绵状结构特征不再明显，吸附活性大大降低。与未改性的Raney Ni-Al₂O₃吸附剂相比，添加1%MoO₃后的吸附剂表面分布更多的金属镍和氧化镍。     

低密度陶粒支撑剂的水敏老化机理研究

低密度陶粒支撑剂良好的性能在非常规能源开采工作中显得十分重要。针对低密度陶粒支撑剂在地层水服役期间性能退化的现象，本文选取两种不同规格的支撑剂，在地层水中浸泡不同时间后取出，采用XRF、XPS、XRD、SEM、TEM对浸泡前后的支撑剂进行表征，探索支撑剂老化机理。结果显示：支撑剂中ClO₂含量增加，Al₂O₃、SiO₂含量减少，地层水中Cl^-、HCO^-₃含量减少；XPS检测出Cl 2p峰和Cl 2s峰；XRD检测出新相SiCl₄。以上结果证实，地层水中的Cl^-扩散到支撑剂表面与SiO₂反应生成SiCl₄,SiCl₄进一步水化生成硅凝胶或硅酸凝胶包覆在支撑剂表面。支撑剂中Al₂O₃会与地层水中H⁺(酸性环境)反应生成Al³⁺,Al^3...     

取向多孔Fe3O4/C复合纳米纤维膜制备与储锂性能研究

Fe₃O₄/C复合材料是一类有潜力的锂离子电池负极材料，但是其较低的电导率和显著的体积效应导致循环稳定性不够理想。采用静电纺丝技术，以乙酰丙酮铁和聚丙烯腈(PAN)为前驱体制备Fe₃O₄/C复合纳米纤维自支撑电极，通过在纺丝液中添加聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)引入孔隙缓解体积效应，通过高速收丝技术形成取向纤维膜以提高自支撑电极导电性。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、拉曼光谱仪、热重分析仪(TG)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、比表面积测试仪(BET)和电池测试系统，对所制备的电极材料的形貌结构和电化学性能进行表征。研究表明：PMMA的引入显著增加了中孔和大孔数量，高速收丝下纤维排列更加有序。孔隙的增加显著提高了Fe₃O₄/C复合纳米纤维膜的比容、倍率性能和循环稳定性。所得的取向多孔Fe₃O₄/C复合纳米纤维膜具有710 mAh/g的高可逆容量，在1.0 A/g电流密度下经过500次循环后依然...     

Characterization and tribological investigation of sol-gel Al2O3 and doped Al2O3 films

Thin films of Al₂O₃ and doped Al₂O₃ were prepared on a glass substrate by dip coating process from specially formulated ethanol sols. The morphologies of the unworn and worn surfaces of the films were observed with atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical compositions of the obtained films were characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The tribological properties of obtained thin films sliding against Si₃N₄ ball were evaluated and compared with glass slide on a one-way reciprocating friction tester. XPS results confirm that the target films were obtained successfully. The doped elements distribute in the film evenly and exist in different kinds of forms, such as oxide and silicate. AFM results show that the addition of the doped elements changes the structure of the Al₂O₃ films, i.e., a rougher and smoother surface is obtained. The wear mechanisms of the films are discussed based on SEM observation of the worn surface morphologies. As the results, the doped films exhibit better tribological properties due to the improved toughness. Sever brittle fracture is avoided in the doped films. The wear of glass is characteristic of brittle fracture and severe abrasion. The wear of Al₂O₃ is characteristic of brittle fracture and delamination. And the wear of doped Al₂O₃ is characteristic of micro-fracture, deformation and slight abrasive wear. The introduction of ZnO is recommended to improve the tribological property of Al₂O₃ film.     

Graphene-like h-BN supported polyhedral NiS2/NiS nanocrystals with excellent photocatalytic performance for removing rhodamine B and Cr(VI)

Human health is deteriorating due to the effluent containing heavy metal ions and organic dyes. Hence, photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) using a novel photocatalyst is particularly important. In this work, h-BN/NiS₂/NiS composites were prepared via a simple solvothermal method and a double Z-scheme heterojunction was constructed for efficiently removing RhB and Cr(VI). The 7 wt-% h-BN/NiS₂/NiS composites were characterized via a larger specific surface area (15.12 m²·g^–1), stronger light absorption capacity, excellent chemical stability, and high yield of electrons and holes. The experimental result indicated that the photoreduction efficiency of the 7 wt-% h-BN/NiS₂/NiS photocatalyst achieved 98.5% for Cr(VI) after 120 min, which was about 3 times higher than that of NiS₂/NiS (34%). However, the removal rate of RhB by the 7 wt-% h-BN/NiS₂/NiS photocatalyst reached 80%. This is due to the double Z-scheme heterojunction formed between NiS₂/NiS and h-BN, which improved the charge separation efficiency and transmission efficiency. Besides, the influence of diverse photogenerated electron and hole scavengers upon the photoreduction of Cr(VI) was studied, the results indicated that graphene-like h-BN promoted transportation of photoinduced charges on the surface of the h-BN/NiS₂/NiS photocatalyst via the interfacial effects.     

磁性响应茶渣制备及其对水溶液中亚甲基蓝的吸附

采用化学共沉淀技术制备了茶渣（TW）/纳米Fe₃O₄磁性复合材料（magnetic tea waste,MTW）,用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）、X射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）和比表面积测定仪（BET）对其结构进行了表征,并考察了其对水溶液中亚甲基蓝（methylene blue,MB）的吸附性能。结果表明,MTW磁性响应明显,其表面可见有颗粒状物质堆积。MTW对MB吸附量随Fe₃O₄负载量增加而先增大后减小,并在负载量为23.16%时达到最大,此时MTW表面Fe元素的原子分数为5.24%,比表面积比TW增大85.71%,孔容积增大1倍。在303K下其对MB的Langmuir最大吸附量为160.5mg/g,比TW提高了9.93%,并具有良好的再生与循环使用性能。     

Sn对V2O5/Al2O3催化剂在异丁烷脱氢反应中的影响

以Al₂O₃为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型高分散氧化钒催化剂（12%V₂O₅/Al₂O₃）,并选择Sn作为助剂对12%V₂O₅/Al₂O₃催化剂的表面性质进行调控,采用XRD、N₂等温吸脱附、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、XPS、TEM和Raman光谱等方法对催化剂进行表征,结合活性评价实验,研究了催化剂表面物种分散状态、酸性和活性物种价态的变化与异丁烷脱氢活性和稳定性之间的关系。表征结果显示,Sn对V₂O₅/Al₂O₃表面的酸性和V物种在催化剂表面的分布和价态具有一定的调节作用,当Sn质量分数为1%时,氧化锡在催化剂表面分散均匀,对表面积和孔结构影响较小,同时,表面酸性变化较小,表面低价态的钒物种增多。活性评价结果表明,该催化剂在临氢反应条件下保持了最佳的脱氢活性及稳定性,异丁烷脱氢反应480min后,异丁烷转化率为46.8%,异丁烯收率为39.8%。     

ACr_2O_4尖晶石氧化物(A=Co,Zn,Mn,Cu)上二氯甲烷的催化燃烧:A位阳离子的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备4种不同ACr_2O_4尖晶石氧化物(A=Co,Zn,Mn,Cu),考察A位阳离子对ACr_2O_4尖晶石氧化物的性质以及对二氯甲烷催化燃烧性能的影响,并对催化剂进行SEM、HRTEM、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD以及XPS等表征。结果表明,A位离子显著影响催化剂的可还原性和表面酸性,催化剂催化活性顺序为CoCr_2O_4Zn Cr_2O_4Mn Cr_2O_4CuCr_2O_4。结合表征结果,认为催化剂活性与其可还原性能和表面酸性存在密切关系。CoCr_2O_4由于具有最佳的可还原性和较高的表面酸性,具有最高的催化活性;而CuCr_2O_4由于具有最低的表面酸性导致其催化活性最低。     

Bismuth molybdates model catalysts with controlled crystallinities spin-coated on Si (1 0 0)

The possibility of spin-coating crystalline multi-element oxide model catalysts using citrate complexes of Bi³⁺ and Mo⁶⁺ solutions was studied. The characterization of obtained thin films was performed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and XPS. XRD and confocal Raman data indicated that Bi₂O₃–MoO₃ mixed systems behaved as dictated by the composition of the starting solutions, and pure -Bi₂Mo₃O₁₂, β-Bi₂Mo₂O₉, and γ-Bi₂MoO₆ phases were obtained without any heterogeneity. XPS confirmed that Bi:Mo ratios at the surface of the films never differed from those in the bulk, namely that of the starting co-solutions. SEM revealed that the thickness of the films could be tuned in the range 40–140 nm via adjustment of the spin-rate (2, 3, or 5 krpm) and the concentration of the precursors solution (0.24 or 0.48 M in Mo), without any disturbance of crystallinity, the Bi:Mo ratio or the homogeneity of the films. Performed studies suggested that spin-coating of mixed citrate complexes appears as a versatile and easy route to prepare homogenous films of multi-element transition metal oxides with controlled formulation and crystalline structure.     

花状与颗粒状NiMn2O4纳米材料的制备及其超级电容性能

分别以尿素和氨水为沉淀剂，采用热溶剂法制备了多孔的花状NiMn₂O₄和颗粒状NiMn₂O₄纳米电极材料，采用 X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜和N₂ 吸附-脱附等手段对NiMn₂O₄材料的物相、形貌结构和孔径分布进行了表征，并通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗等方法测试了所制备材料的电化学性能。研究了沉淀剂对NiMn₂O₄材料形貌、微观结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明：以尿素为沉淀剂的NiMn₂O₄是由纳米片组成的花状结构，纳米片厚度为50～60nm，比表面积为104m²/g。在 1A/g 电流密度下比电容为1614F/g，在5A/g电流密度下，尿素为沉淀剂的花状NiMn₂O₄材料经1000次恒电流充放电后其比电容可达初始值的89%。以氨水为沉淀剂的多孔NiMn₂O₄为直径约30nm的纳米颗粒结构，颗粒间团聚严重，比表面积为91m²/g。在1A/g电流密度下比电容为1147F/g，在5A/g电流密度下，氨水为沉淀剂的颗粒状NiMn₂O₄材料经1000次恒电流充放电后其比电容可达初始值的80%。尿素为沉淀剂的花状NiMn₂O₄具有优越的超级电容性能。     

Characterization and Tribological Investigation of Sol–Gel Titania and Doped Titania Thin Films

Titania (TiO₂) and doped TiO₂ ceramic thin films were prepared on a glass substrate by a sol–gel and dip-coating process from specially formulated sols, followed by annealing at 460°C. The morphologies of the original and worn surfaces of the films were analyzed with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical compositions of the obtained films were characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The tribological properties of TiO₂ and doped TiO₂ thin films sliding against Si₃N₄ ball were evaluated on a one-way reciprocating friction and wear tester. The AFM analysis shows that the morphologies of the resulting films are very different in nanoscale, which partly accounts for their tribological properties. XPS analysis reveals that the doped elements exist in different states, such as oxide and silicate, and diffusion took place between the film and the glass substrate. TiO₂ films show an excellent ability to reduce friction and resist wear. A friction coefficient as low as 0.18 and a wear life of 2280 sliding passes at 3 N were recorded. Unfortunately, all the doped TiO₂ films are inferior to the TiO₂ films in friction reduction and wear resistance, primarily because of their differences in structures and chemical compositions caused by the doped elements. The wear of the glass is characteristic of brittle fracture and severe abrasion. The wear of the TiO₂ thin film is characteristic of plastic deformation with slight abrasive and fatigue wear. The doped TiO₂ thin films show lower plasticity than the TiO₂ thin film, which leads to large cracks. The propagation of the cracks caused serious fracture and failure of the films.     

Co3O4-Bi2O2CO3催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O、Co(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O为原料,采用化学沉淀-水热法制备了Co₃O₄-Bi₂O₂CO₃异质结构复合半导体光催化剂,并通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、紫外可见漫反射光谱（DRS）、荧光光谱（PL）等手段对所合成的复合型催化剂进行了理化性能表征。研究结果表明：引入Co₃O₄没有改变Bi₂O₂CO₃物相结构,但促进了Bi₂O₂CO₃ 对可见光的吸收能力,提高了Bi₂O₂CO₃表面吸附氧物种的数量,抑制了光生载流子复合。复合光催化剂对罗丹明B（RhB）的光催化脱色实验显示引入Co₃O₄能够明显提高Bi₂O₂CO₃催化剂的光催化脱色能力。尤其是Co₃O₄引入量为0.6%的Co₃O₄-Bi₂O₂CO₃样品对罗丹明B染料的光催化脱色率可达到97%（模拟日光照射30min）。本文为复合型光催化剂制备提供了简单易行的技术路线,制备的新型半导体复合光催化剂Co₃O₄-Bi₂O₂CO₃在环境净化方面表现出了较好的应用前景。