喷口间距对双矩形平行射流流场的影响

用激光粒子测试仪（PIV）测量了双矩形喷口平行射流的流场特性，研究了不同喷口速度、不同喷口间距下双射流的混合特性。结果表明，喷口速度增大，双射流对称线上速度绝对值增大，但速度最大值出现的位置基本不变。喷口间距增大后，双射流的混合推迟，合并点后移，传递到对称线上的动量减弱，在合并点上的最大速度值减小。间距比与合并点的关系呈线性；但与大间距比相比，小间距比对合并点的影响更为敏感，关联式斜率更大。对湍流特性分析发现，双射流的主要动量传递发生在混合区，喷口间距增大，混合区与喷口的距离增加。     

喷口间距对双矩形平行射流流场的影响

用激光粒子测试仪(PIV)测量了双矩形喷口平行射流的流场特性,研究了不同喷口速度、不同喷口间距下双射流的混合特性。结果表明,喷口速度增大,双射流对称线上速度绝对值增大,但速度最大值出现的位置基本不变。喷口间距增大后,双射流的混合推迟,合并点后移,传递到对称线上的动量减弱,在合并点上的最大速度值减小。间距比与合并点的关系呈线性;但与大间距比相比,小间距比对合并点的影响更为敏感,关联式斜率更大。对湍流特性分析发现,双射流的主要动量传递发生在混合区,喷口间距增大,混合区与喷口的距离增加。     

平面激光诱导荧光技术用于快速液液混合过程温度场测量

利用平面激光诱导荧光技术(Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF)研究了毫米尺度流道内,两股不同温度液膜的错流混合过程. 根据激光诱导作用下荧光强度的温度依赖特性,可视化地揭示了液-液错流混合区的二维温度场分布. 采用温度离析度(Intensity of Segregation,IOS)的概念定量描述了液-液混合的发展过程,分析了不同射流动量比对混合过程的影响. 计算了该过程混合区水的总传热系数,与纯湍流作用的总传热系数比较发现,两液膜撞击射流对传热有强化作用,射流动量比是影响其总传热系数的重要因素.     

喷嘴油气在提升管进料段的浓度径向分布及混合行为

在φ200 mm提升管冷态实验装置上,根据喷嘴油气在进料段4个轴向位置（H=0.375、0.675、1.075、1.375 m）及不同操作参数（U_r=2.25～4.30 m·s^-1,U_j=41.7～62.5 m·s^-1,M_j/M_r=0.29～4.21）的浓度径向分布形式,考察了喷嘴油气与预提升气体和颗粒在进料段内的混合过程。结果表明,喷嘴油气在进料段内存在6种浓度径向分布形式,反映了喷嘴油气与预提升气体和颗粒在进料段的不同混合行为,沿轴向由下至上分别为：未混合区（强M形分布）、混合区（弱M形分布、强三峰形分布、弱三峰形分布、单峰形分布）及完成混合区（环-核分布）。随着U_j的增加或U_r的减小,喷嘴油气与预提升气体和颗粒在进料段内的未混合区、混合区及完成混合区的轴向高度逐渐增加。采用喷嘴射流动量与预提升来流动量之比M_j/M_r考察了操作参数及装置结构尺寸等对喷嘴油气与预提升气体和颗粒在进料段内混合过程的综合影响。喷嘴油气与预提升气体和颗粒的未混合区、混合区及完成混合区的轴向位置在动量比M_j/M_r≤0.29时分别为：0～0.375 m、0.375～0.525 m、0.525～0.675 m;在动量比M_j/M_r=0.29～0.54时分别为：0～0.375 m、0.375～0.875 m、0.875～1.075 m;在动量比M_j/M_r=0.54～4.21时分别为：0～0.525 m、0.525～1.225 m、1.225～1.375 m。     

循环射流混合槽内湍流强化传热数值模拟及射流层优化

循环射流混合槽(CJT)作为一种过程强化设备可以提高湍流的混合效率及反应选择性。为进一步提高其工业应用价值,对循环射流混合槽流场的传热能力进行分析并对其射流层数进行结构优化。在恒壁温的条件下,采用SST k-ω模型分析循环射流混合槽流场区域的非稳态流动传热特性。在充分湍流状态下研究了Re=3260~16 303,射流层数M=5~9对循环射流混合槽壁面对流传热特性及流场传热特性的影响。结果表明,M=9时对流换热系数的变异系数Ch随Re增加而减少,壁面传热均匀性提高2.8%~19.3%;流场与温度场协同性随Re增加而增加,Re=16 303时的协同角为75.5o比Re=3260时减小约0.5°。Re=9782时Ch随M增加而降低,壁面传热均匀性提高2.7%~16.3%;速度矢量与温度梯度协同性随M增加而减小,M=9时全局协同性相较于M=5时降低了6.1%。当M=7时中心混合区与射流混合区的场协同角均在73°~74°之间,两区域流场间热量传递能力匹配程度较好;当M<7时中心混合区的协同性优于射流混合区,当M>7时射流混合区协同性优于中心混合区。研究Re及射流层数M对循环射流混合槽热量吸收和传递性能的影响,发现Re的变化对循环射流混合槽吸热量的影响大于射流层数M的变化。     

纺粘法扁平狭缝牵伸器喷射流场的数值模拟

采用标准K-ε模型描述了纺粘法扁平狭缝流道牵伸器喷射流场的湍流运动,利用有限差分法对该模型求解。通过对6种纺粘法牵伸器喷嘴的喷射流场进行数值模拟,得到了相应的流场矢量图。分析流场矢量图发现,适当减小拉伸段宽度,增加喷射喷口长度,适当选择牵伸器喷口宽度和牵伸器的拉伸段长度,有利于提高气流速度,从而有利于对聚合物熔体进行气流拉伸,使纤维直径变细,提高纺粘法成网的质量。     

气流辅助聚合物熔体微分电纺流道优化设计

为进一步降低熔体微分电纺的纤维直径,使其达到纳米尺度,在现有直线狭缝电纺喷头的基础上设计了可以使高速气流汇聚的“V”形风道,通过高速气流对熔体微分射流进行二次牵伸细化。采用实验研究和数值模拟相结合的方法,以射流间距和喷头端电场强度为指标,研究了“V”形风道结构、材质对电纺微分射流的影响。研究结果表明,风道结构会不可避免地削弱喷头端的电场强度、降低射流的效率。增加风刀与喷头尖端的头端凸出量以及采用不导电的聚醚醚酮作为风刀材质都可以有效地降低风刀对射流效率的影响,而风道的宽度对喷头端电场强度影响不大。在优化的风刀结构和材质的基础上,成功制备了平均直径为825 nm的熔体电纺超细纤维。研究证实在气流辅助牵伸的作用下,直线狭缝电纺能够实现熔体电纺超细纤维的批量制备。     

循环浆态床气体停留时间分布的研究

研究了循环浆态床气流段的气流量和液体循环量对气体停留时间分布的影响。实验结果表明,减小气流量或者增加液体循环量,气体返混程度变大,气体平均停留时间增长。建立模型模拟循环浆态床气流段气体停留时间分布,得到停留时间分布密度函数和物料分率p与射流相似准数Ct和气液动量比准数Cr的关联式。从关联式看出,气液动量比准数Cr越小,物料分率p越大,表明循环液体流量越大,气体停留时间分布越接近于全混流。这一结论与实验结果相符。     

气固同轴射流流场特性PIV实验与CFD模拟

以粒子图像流场测量(PIV)与计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟相结合的方法,对气相和气固两相同轴射流流场特性进行了研究,探究了射流速度比、喷嘴直径、射流空间直径和射流出口直径对回流量和回流区域的影响规律。结果表明:射流区和壁面之间存在沿轴向延伸至整个射流长度的回流区域,中等Stokes数颗粒会随回流气体改变运动轨迹,聚集在低涡量高应变的回流涡点;射流速度比、喷嘴直径和射流空间直径对回流量影响显著,实验工况下的最大回流量是射流量的10.29倍;当射流充分发展后,射流出口直径对回流量没有影响。通过气固两相同轴射流流场特性的研究,为进一步阐明气固耦合的颗粒弥散机理提供了理论指导。     

基于气流均匀分配的下进风袋式除尘器灰斗结构优化

采用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对袋式除尘器内部流场进行三维数值模拟,提出3种优化灰斗结构模型,得到除尘器灰斗内部的气流流场分布特征,将其与原灰斗结构的气流分配效果对比.结果表明,原灰斗结构气流进入灰斗后形成一股冲击射流,在选取的监测面上速度最大为8.3 m/s,最小仅为0.5 m/s,速度分布均方根值高达0.99,速度在监测面上分布极不均匀;3种优化结构中袋室内气流均匀性均比原灰斗结构显著改善,在灰斗内添加导流装置可提高气流分配的均匀性;3种优化结构中,添加竖直导流板的灰斗结构对改善气流分配均匀性最明显,比原灰斗结构流动均匀性提高了41.41%,而考虑射流偏转添加倾斜导流板或翼板的优化结构与竖直导流板相比流动均匀性无显著变化,灰斗内部射流偏转对流场分布的影响可忽略.     

The turbulent behavior of novel free triple-impinging jets with large jet spacing by means of particle image velocimetry☆

A novel reactor that achieves rapid liquid–liquid mixing via free triple-impinging jets(FTIJs) is developed to improve mixing efficiency at unequal flow rates for liquid–liquid reactions. The flow characteristics of FTIJs were investigated using particle image velocimetry(PIV). The instantaneous and mean velocities data at different Reynolds numbers(Re) were analyzed to provide insights into the velocity distributions in FTIJs. The effect of jet spacing on the stagnation points, instantaneous velocity, mean velocity, profiles of the x- and ycomponents of mean velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) distributions of FTIJs were investigated at Re = 4100 with a volumetric flow rate ratio of 0.5. The characteristics of the turbulent flows are similar for all jet spacings tested. Two stagnation points are observed, which are independent of jet spacing and are not located in the center of the flow field. However, velocity and TKE distributions are strongly dependent on the jet spacing.Decreasing jet spacing increases the expansion angle and the values of TKE, leading to strong turbulence, improving momentum transfer and mixing efficiency in FTIJs. The present study shows that optimization of the operating parameters is helpful for designing FTIJs.     

射流混合设备内混合时间的研究进展

介绍了有关射流混合设备内混合时间的实验研究进展,概述了计算流体力学（CFD）技术在射流混合设备内流场结构演化和混合效率评价中的应用,总结了不同研究者提出的混合时间关联式。分析影响射流混合效率的参数发现：混合时间随着混合槽直径的增加而增加,并与混合槽的高度呈正比;射流速度的增加可有效地降低混合时间;射流喷嘴的最佳直径与形状由混合槽的具体结构决定,但其最佳位置取决于混合槽高度与直径的比值;多股对置射流明显地提高混合效率。最后指出将CFD方法与压力波动信号（PFS）、PIV和PLIF等实验方法相结合可有效地推进射流强化混合机理研究和新型射流混合反应器的开发进程。     

Experimental and Numerical Studies of the Flow Field in a Stirred Tank Equipped with Multiple Side‐Entering Agitators

The flow field and the macro‐mixing process in a stirred tank equipped with four side‐entering agitators were investigated experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted using two‐dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements to characterize the flow field at different positions in the vessel. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed by the software Fluent 6.3, using the standard k‐ϵ turbulent model and the multiple reference frame together with the sliding mesh technique. The macro‐mixing process was also discussed using CFD and decolorization experiments. The effects of the tracer detection positions and some mounting parameters in the mixing system were discussed. The results show that the mixing process was dominated by the flow field pattern in the stirred tank. According to the mixing times under different conditions using CFD simulation, the mounting parameters including inclination angle, plunging length and mounting height of the shaft were optimized.     

气固流化床内射流穿透深度的CFD模拟及其实验验证

在经典的Gidaspow无黏性双流体模型中考虑离散颗粒对流体和固体动量守恒方程的影响后,建立了一个具有模拟大规模流化床内气固两相流体动力学特性潜在优势的简化数学模型。在CFX4.4商业化软件平台上通过增加用户自定义子程序考察了二维气固流化床(高2.00 m、宽0.30 m)内射流气速、喷嘴尺寸、环隙气速和静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响,并以树脂颗粒(粒径670 μm、密度1474 kg·m^-3)为研究对象在厚度为0.025 m的矩形床内进行了对比实验。结果表明,选取空隙率为0.8的等高线作为射流边界比较合适;射流穿透深度随射流气速或射流喷口尺寸的增加而增大;射流周围环隙气速由0变到最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度随环隙气速增加而增大,在最小流化速度时达到最大值,然后随环隙气速增加单调减小,当环隙气速大于2.5倍最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度减小程度变缓;在相同射流气速下射流穿透深度随着静床高度的增加而减小,静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响随着射流气速增加呈现扩大的趋势。     

Experimental characterization and multi-scale modeling of mixing in static mixers

Mixing in static mixers is studied using a set of competitive-parallel chemical reactions and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in a wide range of operating conditions. Two kinds of mixers, a wide angle Y-mixer and a two jet vortex mixer, referred to as Roughton mixer, are compared in terms of reaction yields and mixing times. It is found that the Roughton mixer achieves a better mixing performance compared to the Y-mixer. The effect of flow rate ratio on mixing in the Roughton mixer has been studied as well and it is shown that the mixing efficiency is not affected by the flow rate ratio. Moreover, experimental results and model predictions are in good agreement for all mixer geometries and operating conditions. CFD is used to calculate absolute mixing times based on the residence time in the segregated zone and it is shown that mixing times of less than 1 ms can be achieved in the Roughton mixer. In addition, CFD provides insight in local concentrations and reaction rates and serves as a valuable tool to improve or to scale-up mixers.     

涡轮喷射混合器中错流射流混合性能研究

采用示踪法研究了涡轮喷射混合器内错流射流混合特征。探讨了射流的流动状态如射流的附壁效应、穿透率、动量比及雷诺数等对混合的影响,并对混合时间进行了分析。研究结果表明,涡轮喷射混合器是能够满足混合均匀度要求高、介质体积比高和喷嘴能有效防堵的快速混合装置。     

Mixing in a fluid jet agitated tank: effects of jet angle and elevation and number of jets

The effects of jet angle and elevation on mixing in a fluid jet agitated tank were investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results show that, for a given geometric arrangement, the angle of the jet injection is significantly more important in determining the time required for 95% mixing than the length of the jet. For an aspect ratio of 1 and for a side jet injected at the bottom of a tank, the longest jet length, corresponding to an angle of injection of 45°, does not give the shortest time as suggested by many previous workers but one of the longest mixing times. An angle of injection of 30° gives the shortest mixing time.Results also show that the mixing time does not change monotonically with the angle of injection or with the level at which the jet is injected. This means that when designing a jet mixer, careful consideration should be given to the angle as well as the location of the jet.Results also show that a significant reduction in the mixing time is possible if two side jets are used instead of one. The improvement is between 40% and 68% for jet Reynolds numbers between 3000 and 7000.     

Numerical simulation of mass transfer in a liquid–liquid membrane contactor for laminar flow conditions

Liquid–liquid phase membrane contactors are increasingly being used for mixing and reaction. The principle is the following: component A flows through the membrane device inlet to mix/react with component B which comes from the membrane pores. This study presents a numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of momentum and mass transfer in a tubular membrane contactor for laminar flow conditions. The velocity and concentration profiles of components A–C are obtained by resolution of the Navier-Stokes and convection-diffusion equations. The numerical simulations show that mixing between A and B is obtained by diffusion along the streamlines separating both components. The mixing/reaction zone width is within the region of a few hundred of microns, and depends on the diffusion coefficients of A and B. Hollow fiber membrane devices are found to be of particular interest because their inner diameter is close to the mixing zone width.     

Fast liquid mixing by cross-flow impingement in millimeter channels

A fast liquid mixing process was implemented by the cross-flow impingement of thin liquid sheets in the confined mixing channels with the width of millimeter(s). The species transport between the two liquids was studied by visualizing the 2-D concentration field of Rhodamine dye with the planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique, on which the intensity of segregation (IOS) and the 95% mixing time (τ₉₅) were calculated to evaluate the mixing quality. Due to the reduced spatial scale of liquid mixing and the high energy dissipation rate of ∼1000 to produced by the strong impingement between the liquid sheets, fast mixing of liquids was achieved at a time scale of milliseconds. The effects of operating conditions and the mixer geometry on the mixing behavior were investigated comprehensively by both experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Good agreement of the CFD predictions with the experimental data was obtained by the k-? model with species transport, where dependence of the CFD predictions on the turbulent Schmidt number (i.e. Sc_t) was discussed in detail. The results show that for this turbulence-induced mixing procedure the momentum ratio and the cross-flow angle between the two liquids play significant roles in the mixing efficiency. The absolute liquid velocity has little effect on the species transport in space, i.e. the mixing distance to reach IOS of 5%. Nevertheless, the mixing time is shortened at higher velocity conditions. The fluctuation of the transient concentration signals shows stronger interaction at the interface between the two liquid sheets. And the local concentration fluctuations can be well described by the β-PDF (probability density function) model.