全级配混凝土静动态轴拉断裂试验

以高混凝土坝抗震为背景,全级配混凝土断裂试验存在欠缺。为研究全级配混凝土静态和动态荷载作用下的断裂特性,对含有环切预制裂缝的圆柱体全级配混凝土进行了单轴拉伸试验。通过位移加载方式控制,获得了静态和动态加载条件下的试件荷载–裂缝张开口位移曲线,据此得到了峰值荷载并计算了吸能能力、断裂能和特征长度,进而综合基于扩展有限元的数值模拟求得试件的断裂韧度。结果表明：所测试件均大致沿预制裂缝方向开裂,但静态加载时多表现为骨料与水泥砂浆界面开裂,而快速加载时裂缝来不及沿着最薄弱的方向发展,而可能切断粗骨料,断面上可看到有较多粗骨料破坏。相比于静态加载情形,动态荷载作用下试件的峰值荷载、吸能能力、断裂能和断裂韧度均显著提高,而特征长度略微减小。     

钢纤维高强混凝土断裂能及裂缝张开位移

通过对钢纤维高强混凝土和高强混凝土试件的楔劈拉伸试验,探讨了钢纤维体积率(ψf)和切口相对深度对钢纤维高强混凝土断裂能(GfF)和临界裂缝张开位移(δc)的影响.结果表明:随着ψf的增加,GfF、临界裂缝嘴张开位移(δfmc)、临界裂缝尖端张开位移δftc均线性增加,钢纤维高强混凝土断裂能增益比、临界裂缝嘴张开位移和临界裂缝尖端张开位移的增益比亦基本呈线性增加.随着切口深度的增加,GfF和高强混凝土断裂能GF都有不同程度的减小.相对于高强混凝土,切口深度变化对GfF的影响较小.在试验的基础上,提出了GfF和Qfmc的计算公式.     

机制砂混凝土应力-应变试验研究

为研究机制砂混凝土单轴应力状态下的力学性能,通过对0%、4%、8%、12%、16%、20%(质量分数)六种石粉含量,C20、C30和C40三类强度等级的机制砂混凝土棱柱体试件进行单轴抗压试验,并与河砂混凝土进行对比,获得了其在单轴受压下的应力-应变全曲线,拟合得到了适用于机制砂混凝土单轴受压的本构方程,结果表明:机制砂混凝土应力-应变曲线变化趋势和河砂混凝土基本相似,在曲线的上升段,机制砂混凝土与河砂混凝土基本重合,但在曲线下降段,机制砂混凝土比较陡峭;随着石粉含量的增加,机制砂混凝土试件的峰值应力和峰值应变都呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,当石粉质量分数为8%时,三种不同强度等级的机制砂混凝土峰值应变均达到最大;机制砂混凝土峰值应力和弹性模量均随着混凝土设计强度等级的提高而增大;基于Sargin模型拟合得到的机制砂混凝土应力-应变全曲线与试验全曲线吻合性较好。     

混凝土静动态轴向拉伸力学性能

为了解动荷载作用下混凝土结构响应特点,探讨轴向拉伸作用下混凝土静动态力学性能关系,通过对棱柱体混凝土试件进行轴向拉伸试验,分析了7种不同应变速率条件下混凝土试件应力--应变关系曲线、轴向拉伸强度、弹性模量、峰值应变的变化规律。结果表明:随着应变速率的不同,混凝土试件破坏形态发生了变化;混凝土动态轴向拉伸强度、弹性模量和峰值应变均随着应变速率的增加而逐渐增大;混凝土动态轴向拉伸强度、弹性模量和峰值应变增长因子同动静态应变速率比值的对数呈线性增长关系。     

不同加载速率下SAP混凝土断裂性能研究

为研究加载速率对高吸水性树脂(SAP)混凝土断裂性能的影响，本文浇筑了不同内养护水灰比SAP混凝土试件，采用三种加载速率开展缺口梁三点弯曲试验，测量和分析不同试件的断裂模式、裂纹开口位移和断裂韧性。试验结果表明：SAP混凝土和普通混凝土均具有应变率效应，且适量的SAP和内养护水可以提高混凝土的断裂能；随着内养护水灰比的增加，SAP混凝土的峰值强度比持续下降，起裂韧度和失稳韧度都呈逐渐降低的趋势；随着加载速率的增加，两种韧度都呈增长的趋势。本文提出的基于内养护水灰比和加载速率双因素影响的峰值强度比和断裂韧性拟合模型可为SAP混凝土在实际工程中的应用提供参考。     

三点弯曲下钢纤维高强混凝土的断裂性能

通过50个尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×515 mm的钢纤维高强混凝土切口梁三点弯曲试验,研究钢纤维体积率对高强混凝土有效裂缝长度、断裂韧度和临界裂缝张开位移的影响.结果表明:随着钢纤维体积率的增加,钢纤维高强混凝土断裂韧度增益比基本呈线性增加,临界裂缝尖端和临界裂缝嘴张开位移分别呈指数型增加.有效裂缝长度趋于稳定值,基本不受钢纤维体积率变化的影响.在分析试验结果的基础上,建立了钢纤维高强混凝土有效裂缝长度、断裂韧度和临界裂缝张开位移的计算公式.     

SAP内养护混凝土断裂过程声发射特性

基于三点弯曲试验，研究了高吸水性树脂(SAP)混凝土缺口梁在不同加载速率下的损伤特性。采用声发射(AE)技术监测断裂损伤过程，通过荷载-裂缝张开口位移(P-CMOD)曲线计算峰值能量和累积能量的变化，采用RA-AF关联分析法对缺口梁损伤时释放的AE信号进行了损伤模式分析。试验结果表明：随着加载速率的增加，SAP混凝土强度增加，拉伸型裂缝的比例显著降低；而随着SAP含量的提升，相同加载速率下SAP混凝土的强度降低，拉伸型裂缝的比例呈先增加后降低的趋势，适当的SAP可以增加拉伸型裂缝的比例。研究结果可为SAP混凝土在工程中的实际应用提供参考。     

聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土动态断裂过程试验研究

为探究纤维体积掺量对聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PVA-ECC)断裂过程的影响,基于50 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置对不同纤维体积掺量(0%、0.75%、1.50%、2.25%、3.00%)的PVA-ECC中心切槽半圆盘弯曲(NSCB)试件进行冲击试验,同时结合超高速数字图像(DIC)相关试验系统对PVA-ECC材料的动态断裂过程进行试验研究,得到了预制裂纹尖端张开位移的变化规律以及各组试件的临界裂缝尖端张开位移(CTOD_C)。结果表明,当不添加PVA纤维或添加较少(小于1.50%)时,裂尖宏观裂纹基本出现在裂尖荷载的峰值时刻处,而随着PVA纤维掺量的增加,裂尖宏观裂纹的出现显著早于裂尖荷载的峰值时刻,并且纤维体积掺量越大,裂尖宏观裂纹出现得越早,裂纹扩展至完全断裂的时间也显著增加。添加聚乙烯醇纤维可以显著提高混凝土试件的CTOD_C值,提高试件的阻裂能力,相同冲击荷载下,体积掺量为2.25%的聚乙烯醇纤维试件具有较大的CTOD_C值。     

聚丙烯纤维高强混凝土的断裂性能

通过楔劈拉伸试验,探讨了聚丙烯纤维掺量对聚丙烯纤维高强混凝土断裂韧度(KpIC)、断裂能(GpF)和临界裂缝嘴张开位移(δpmc)的影响.结果表明:在聚丙烯纤维掺量为0.6～1.5 kg/m3时,聚丙烯纤维对KpIC基本没有影响,但可以提高GpF和δpmc;随着聚丙烯纤维掺量的增加,KpIC和断裂韧度增益比没有显著变化,GpF和断裂能增益比均有不同程度的提高,δpmc有减小的趋势,临界裂缝嘴张开位移增益比没有明显的变化规律性.聚丙烯纤维主要改善高强混凝土的裂后行为.在试验的基础上,建立了KpIC,GpF,δpmc的计算关系式.     

泡沫混凝土单轴压缩破坏特性的细观数值模拟

在细观层次,泡沫混凝土可看作是由大量气泡以及水泥浆体这两相材料复合而成的.为了模拟具有高含量气泡的泡沫混凝土,在假设气泡为圆形和球形的条件下,结合随机游走算法与随机搜索算法,创建了泡沫混凝土的二维和三维几何模型.使用混凝土断裂损伤的本构模型,对数值试件进行了单轴压缩破坏的力学特征分析.探究了泡沫混凝土试件从初始微小裂缝直至被压缩破坏的全部过程,得到了泡沫混凝土的应力-应变曲线.结果 表明:具有相同气泡尺寸及比例和相同气泡含量,而气泡位置分布不同的泡沫混凝土在抗压强度上有一定的差异性,但峰值应变和初始弹性模量基本保持不变;如果泡沫混凝土的气泡含量不同,那么它的极限抗压强度和峰值应变的变化趋势是不同的,并且随着试件的气泡含量增加,极限抗压强度会快速降低,而峰值应变虽然也会有所降低,但降低的趋势较为缓慢.这与真实的泡沫混凝土在单轴压缩时的破坏过程是一致的.这也说明:数值试验也能够较好的模拟泡沫混凝土在单轴压缩下被破坏的全过程.     

Surface crack in tension or in bending – A reassessment of the Newman and Raju formula in respect to fracture toughness measurements in brittle materials

The Newman and Raju formula for the stress intensity factor of a semi-elliptical surface crack loaded in uniaxial tension or in bending has been developed about 30 years ago using an FE-analysis for several geometric parameters and fitting an empirical equation to the data points. The Poisson's ratio analyzed was 0.3.In this paper a reassessment of the Newman and Raju formula is made, where all relevant geometric parameters of crack and specimen and the Poisson's ratio are considered. The deviations of the old formula from the new results are up to 21%, if the full range of Poisson's ratio is taken into account. Furthermore the influence of the crack-surface intersection angle is discussed.The results of this work are important for more precise fracture toughness measurements in brittle materials and give a practical guidance for appropriate specimen preparation for fracture toughness measurements, which is also considered here.     

Mechanical properties of phenolphthalein polyether ketone: Yield stress,young's modulus,and fracture toughness

A series of tensile and three-point bending studies was conducted at various temperatures and loading rates using phenolphthalein polyether ketone (PEK-C). Yield stress, Young's modulus, fracture toughness, and crack opening displacement data were obtained for various conditions. In general, both yield stress and Young's modulus increase with decreasing temperature. However, the relationships between fracture toughness, loading rate, and temperature are very complex. This behavior is due to the simultaneous intersection of viscoelasticity and localized plastic deformation. The increased yield stress is the main factor contributing to the reduction in fracture toughness and crack opening displacement. The relationship between fracture toughness and yield stress are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Correlation between Long and Short Crack R-curves in Alumina Using the Crack Opening Displacement and Fracture Mechanical Weight Function Approach

Both fine grain sized and coarse grain sized alumina has been used as a model material to correlate short crack R - curves by the surface-flaw-in-flexure method with long crack R -curves from a compact tension specimen. The analysis has been made using the crack opening displacement from long cracks combined with the appropriate weight function to compute the crack closure stresses by crack bridging as a function of crack opening displacement. Then the long crack R - curve, the short crack curve, as well as the crack opening displacement for short cracks are computed. The agreement with the experimental data is within an absolute value of about 0.3 MPa and attributed to uncertainties in determining the crack tip toughness and effects due to subcritical crack growth.     

Effect of Bond Thickness on Fracture Behaviour in Adhesive Joints

To study the effects of bond thickness on the fracture behaviour of adhesive joints, experimental investigation and finite element analysis have been carried out for compact tension (CT) and double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens with different bond thickness. Fractography and fracture toughness exhibited apparent variations with bond thickness. Numerical results indicate that the crack tip stress fields are affected by bond thickness due to the restriction of plastic deformation by the adherends. At the same J level, a higher opening stress was observed in the joint with a smaller bond thickness (h). Beyond the crack tip region, a self-similar stress field can be described by the normalized loading parameter, J/hσ₀. The relationship between J and crack tip opening displacement, δ, is dependent on the bond thickness. The strong dependence of toughness upon bond thickness is a result of the competition between two different fracture mechanisms. For small bond thickness, toughness is linearly proportional to bond thickness due to the high constraint. After reaching a critical bond thickness, the toughness decreases with further increase of bond thickness due to the rapid opening (blunting) of the crack tip with loading. A simple model has been proposed to predict the variation of toughness with bond thickness.     

Effect of Bond Thickness on Fracture Behaviour in Adhesive Joints

To study the effects of bond thickness on the fracture behaviour of adhesive joints, experimental investigation and finite element analysis have been carried out for compact tension (CT) and double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens with different bond thickness. Fractography and fracture toughness exhibited apparent variations with bond thickness. Numerical results indicate that the crack tip stress fields are affected by bond thickness due to the restriction of plastic deformation by the adherends. At the same J level, a higher opening stress was observed in the joint with a smaller bond thickness (h). Beyond the crack tip region, a self-similar stress field can be described by the normalized loading parameter, J/hσ₀. The relationship between J and crack tip opening displacement, δ, is dependent on the bond thickness. The strong dependence of toughness upon bond thickness is a result of the competition between two different fracture mechanisms. For small bond thickness, toughness is linearly proportional to bond thickness due to the high constraint. After reaching a critical bond thickness, the toughness decreases with further increase of bond thickness due to the rapid opening (blunting) of the crack tip with loading. A simple model has been proposed to predict the variation of toughness with bond thickness.     

Fracture toughness evaluation of polytetrafluoroethylene

The objective of this preliminary work was to explore the fracture resistance of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (DuPont tradename Teflon) as part of materials characterization work related to the development of “reactive” material projectiles. Little mechanical property data is available on this material since it is commonly used only as a coating material with the dominant properties being its low friction coefficient and high application temperature. Additional end products of the “7C” derivative, however, includes sheet, gaskets, bearing pads, piston rings, and diaphragms. In this work, standard ASTM E1820 fracture toughness specimens were machined from a 14‐mm‐thick sheet of this material obtained from NSWC Dahlgren Laboratory. These specimens were tested at three test temperatures and four test rates to determine if fracture would occur in this material, and if so, how the fracture toughness depends on the test temperature and specimen loading rate. Standard axial tensile specimens were also tested at quasi‐static and elevated loading rates at temperatures from ambient to ?73°C. The major results are that while crack extension is difficult at ambient (20°C) temperature, for temperatures slightly below ambient, a rapid degradation of fracture resistance occurs. This reduction in fracture resistance is enhanced by rapid loading, and the material loses approximately 75% of its toughness (fracture energy absorption ability) at ?18°C if the crack opening loading rate of the C(T) specimen approaches 0.25 m/s. Further reductions in temperature or increases in the loading rate appear to result in a reduced rate of degradation of fracture toughness.     

Crack–Tip Toughness of a Soft Lead Zirconate Titanate

Crack–opening displacement (COD) measurements were performed on a commercial lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The intrinsic fracture toughness (or crack–tip toughness) of this material was determined using a new evaluation procedure, which takes into account the near–tip CODs and complete crack profile CODs. The crack–tip toughness K _I0 was determined from an extrapolation of COD data obtained at various loading stages, thus avoiding the complications caused by subcritical crack growth in PZT. Results for plane strain and plane stress condition are presented.     

The initiation and propagation of thermal shock cracks in graphite

Thermal shock resistance of a commercial grade of graphite was studied using an arc-discharge test. The thermal shock fracture initiation and crack propagation behaviour of the graphite disks at different input power levels were determined and analysed using fracture mechanics. The temperature gradient was measured experimentally and the profiles were force fitted with an even fourth-order polynomial. The thermal stresses were calculated from the force fits. A radial notch was introduced to the disk specimens to enable calculation of the thermal stress intensity factors. The crack mouth opening displacement was monitored using a special displacement transducer. The thermal stress and stress intensity factors were found to increase with increasing input current (and hence increasing thermal gradient). The thermal shock fracture toughness determined using the arc-discharge technique was found to increase from 0.8 to 1.4 MPa m^1/2 at temperatures from 220 to 420 °C. The longer the notch length, the shorter the time to crack, the smaller the crack mouth opening displacement jump and the shorter the unstable crack growth.     

Determination of fracture toughness of poly (ethylene terephthalate) film by essential work of fracture and J integral measurements

Abstract

The plane stress fracture toughness of a semicrystalline poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film of thickness 0·125 mm has been measured as a function of specimen size, specimen geometry, loading rate, and temperature using the essential work of fracture (EWF) approach. It was found that the specific essential work of fracture w _e was independent of specimen width, specimen gauge length, and loading rate, but was dependent upon specimen geometry and test temperature. Below the glass transition temperature (93°C), w _e for double edge notched tension (DENT) type specimens was temperature insensitive, but increased with temperature for single edge notched tension (SENT) type specimens. The w _e value for SENT specimens was consistently higher than for DENT specimens. Estimation of w _e via crack opening displacement was reasonable using the relationship w _e = σ_n e _0,y; estimations made via similar type equations were either too high or too low and were generally unsatisfactory. It was found that values of J integral obtained by power law regression and linear extrapolation of the J–R curves to zero crack growth were lower than w _e. The power law regression of the J–R curves with ?a taken as half the crack opening displacement value at maximum load gave J _c values which agreed reasonably well with w _e.