共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
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在建立直通道质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的二维全电池数学模型中,将球形团聚物模型应用至两极的催化剂层。通过调节团聚物中质子传导介质的比例和催化层孔隙率,预测了基准供气状态下单电池的极化曲线,与文献报道的实验数据吻合良好。研究了电池运行过程中,膜电极内各化学组分和电流密度的分布情况及流向,比较了不同供气压力、催化剂铂颗粒尺寸等参数对电池性能的影响。计算结果表明,在阴极及时排出反应产生的水,并在阳极对燃料气进行加湿是保证单电池正常运行的前提,提高阴极的氧化剂气体压力,可显著改善PEMFC单电池性能,特别是在受浓差极化影响较大的大电流密度区;在催化剂铂载量相同的情况下,减小铂颗粒的尺寸可以提高电池的性能。 相似文献
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目前铂(Pt)及其合金仍是氢燃料电池首选催化剂,但是Pt高价格、低储量及循环稳定性差等缺点严重阻碍了氢燃料电池商业化,因此发展低成本、高性能的新型非Pt催化剂和低Pt催化剂是实现氢燃料电池商业化的关键。本文围绕燃料电池催化开发及使用过程中存在的成本、稳定性和毒化问题,回顾了近年来阴离子交换膜燃料电池和质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂分别在提高阳极催化剂活性、降低阴极催化剂成本领域的最新研究进展,包括催化剂的组成、结构以及颗粒尺寸等对催化活性、稳定性的影响。最后针对燃料电池催化剂存在的问题,指出未来应基于原位观测和表征技术加强对碱性氢氧化机理的研究,同时开发高温制备小尺寸高有序度的有序铂合金阴极催化剂的方法是未来的研究重点。 相似文献
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质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC)因具有效率高、功率密度大、排放产物仅为水、低温启动性好等多方面优点,被公认为下一代车用动力的发展方向之一。然而,目前PEMFC在耐久性和成本方面距离商业化的要求还存在一定差距。为攻克上述两大难题,需要燃料电池全产业链的共同努力和进步。本文回顾了近年来质子交换膜燃料电池从催化剂、膜电极组件、电堆到燃料电池发动机全产业链的研究进展和成果,梳理出单原子催化剂、非贵金属催化剂、特殊形貌催化剂、有序化催化层、高温质子交换膜、膜电极层间界面优化、一体化双极板-扩散层、氢气系统循环等研究热点。文章指出,催化层低铂/非铂化、质子交换膜超薄化、膜电极组件梯度化/有序化、燃料电池运行高温化、自增湿化是未来的发展趋势,迫切需要进一步的创新与突破。 相似文献
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燃料电池车以其能量转化效率高、绿色环保、噪音低等优点,被认为是替代传统化石能源汽车最有前景的新能源汽车。目前车用燃料电池的工作温度一般都低于80℃,低温的工作环境使其面临着诸多问题,如复杂的水管理和CO中毒等。通过提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的工作温度可以缓解这些问题,提高燃料电池的性能。然而,高温的工作环境也会对燃料电池带来诸多挑战,如膜脱水、催化剂团聚、冷启动速度缓慢等。要促进高温(90~120℃)车用燃料电池的快速发展,需要对其问题及解决方法进行分析。本文从电堆比功率、膜电极、双极板、进气方式、加湿方式等方面,介绍燃料电池的发展现状及存在的问题,包括Nafion膜和催化剂的热稳定问题、双极板的耐腐蚀问题、流道的气体分配问题、进气方式和加湿方式的优化以及冷启动问题。指出通过掺杂亲水性氧化物改善Nafion膜的高温性能;将Pt合金化及采用介孔炭提高催化剂的稳定性和电化学活性;镀层不锈钢金属双极板可以增强耐腐蚀性;3D流场等新型流场结构及提高进气温度、速度可以提高气体的均匀性;采用自增湿方式可以简化电堆结构等解决方法,以期对燃料电池车的进一步发展起到引导作用。 相似文献
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燃料电池技术作为一种绿色能源技术,在减少能源消耗、环境污染等方面具有巨大潜力。膜电极(MEA)是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的核心部件,MEA中电化学反应的顺利进行需要各功能层的协调配合,MEA各功能层涉及的传质、导电、导质子、催化等方面均影响燃料电池的性能。根据制备方法,可以将MEA分为催化剂涂敷基底(CCS)型MEA、催化剂涂敷膜(CCM)型MEA、有序化MEA和一体化MEA。MEA的性能不仅由催化剂本身载量决定,也受其结构设计和制备工艺的影响。本文介绍了MEA制备过程中常见的改进方法,分别从催化剂喷涂、刮涂、模槽挤出涂覆方式,催化剂浆料组成中Nafion含量和溶剂极性选择,催化层梯度化、图案化及界面结构改进,PEM结构增强、图案化、成膜方式等方面的研究进展进行讨论。但是目前对于MEA各功能层界面间的研究较少,应该注意的是催化层/质子交换膜(PEM)界面以及催化层/气体扩散层(GDL)界面设计也将直接影响MEA的性能。 相似文献
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Hydrogen fuel cell technology is gaining significant attention as a promising alternative for decarbonizing automotive vehicles. At the heart of hydrogen fuel cell technology is the electrode, composed of catalysts, supports, binders, and pores, which facilitates the half-cell reactions and often governs the efficiency of fuel cells. Over the last decade, scientists have made great strides in discovering catalyst, support, and binder materials featuring unique nanostructures and compositions that significantly enhance the efficiency of those devices. While innovations must continue, we must not overlook how these materials are put together to form an electrode and how it impacts the overall efficiency. This perspective article discusses the urgent need for developing alternative electrodes for designing next generation hydrogen fuel cells. 相似文献
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为了优化氢氧质子交换膜燃料电池阴极的气体流道,建立了沿流道长度和深度方向的气体流道设计模型.模型考虑了阴极气体在流道中的动量传递、质量传递和电极反应等物理过程.将二维问题经积分均化后转化为较简单的一维问题,偏微分方程组转变为常微分方程组,使计算过程得以简化.以50 cm长的流道为例,计算了沿流道方向的浓度、流速以及电流密度的分布.还利用此模型分析了各操作与设计参数如入口流速、流道深度、交换电流密度等对浓度、流速和电流密度分布的影响. 相似文献
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近些年燃料电池技术有了长足的发展,利用燃料电池处理废弃生物质并产电是一种新型途径,可以达到废物处理、能源回收的目的。然而,受限于燃料种类、电池性能、产物分离等因素,传统的燃料电池难以直接用于处理废弃生物质。本文首先针对中低温燃料电池如碱性燃料电池、质子交换膜燃料电池的研究现状进行了综述,结果表明,碱性燃料电池在以小分子有机物作为燃料时性能良好,但是容易受到产物CO2酸化影响;液相催化燃料电池在催化剂耐受性、生物质处理、电池功率密度等方面表现出优异的性能。然后介绍了电催化剂如过渡金属氧化物、多酸等研究现状,此类催化剂具有较强的氧化性、布朗斯特酸性和路易斯酸性等,具有很强的催化分解生物质的能力,针对液相催化剂不易分离的局限,介绍了催化剂固载化、纳米复合材料等研究进展。之后介绍了电极材料和膜材料的研究进展,碳极板因其综合性能和成本成为当前的主流选择,全氟磺酸膜性能优异,成为实验探究应用的理想材料,同时对一些复合材料的研究现状进行了简要介绍。最后,对化学燃料电池应用于生物质处理的方向进行了展望,液相催化燃料电池综合性能突出,在可处理生物质种类、催化剂循环等问题进一步优化之后,有望成为一种废弃生物质处理的新途径。 相似文献
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《中国化学工程学报》2022,48(8)
To improve performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) at large current density region, efficient mass transfer at the cathode is desired, for which a feasible strategy is to lower catalyst layer thickness by constructing high loading Pt-alloy catalysts on carbon. But the high loading may induce unwanted particle aggregation. In this work, H-PtNi/C with 33% (mass) Pt loading on carbon and monodisperse distribution of 3.55?nm PtNi nanoparticles, was prepared by a bimodal-pore route. In electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), H-PtNi/C displays an activity inferior to the low Pt loading catalyst L-PtNi/C (13.3% (mass)) in the half-cell. While in H2-O2 MEA, H-PtNi/C delivers the peak power density of 1.51?W·cm?2 and the mass transfer limiting current density of 4.4?A·cm?2, being 21% and 16% higher than those of L-PtNi/C (1.25?W·cm?2, 3.8?A·cm?2) respectively, which can be ascribed to enhanced mass transfer brought by the thinner catalyst layer in the former. In addition, the same method can be used to prepare PtFe alloy catalyst with a high-Pt loading of 36% (mass). This work may lead to a range of catalyst materials for the large current density applications, such as fuel cell vehicles. 相似文献
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Yuanwei Ma Huamin Zhang Hexiang Zhong Hong Jin Yongfu Tang Zhuang Xu 《Electrochimica acta》2010,55(27):7945-7950
Cobalt based non-precious metal catalysts were synthesized using chelation of cobalt (II) by imidazole followed by heat-treatment process and investigated as a promising alternative of platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were used to characterize the synthesized CoNx/C catalysts. The activities of the catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were investigated by electrochemical measurements and single cell tests, respectively. Optimization of the heat-treatment temperature was also explored. The results indicate that the as-prepared catalyst presents a promising electrochemical activity for the ORR with an approximate four-electron process. The maximum power density obtained in a H2/O2 PEMFC is as high as 200 mW cm−2 with CoNx/C loading of 2.0 mg cm−2. 相似文献
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To improve performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) at large current density region, efficient mass transfer at the cathode is desired, for which a feasible strategy is to lower catalyst layer thickness by constructing high loading Pt-alloy catalysts on carbon. But the high loading may induce unwanted particle aggregation. In this work, H-PtNi/C with 33% (mass) Pt loading on carbon and monodisperse distribution of 3.55?nm PtNi nanoparticles, was prepared by a bimodal-pore route. In electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), H-PtNi/C displays an activity inferior to the low Pt loading catalyst L-PtNi/C (13.3% (mass)) in the half-cell. While in H2-O2 MEA, H-PtNi/C delivers the peak power density of 1.51?W·cm?2 and the mass transfer limiting current density of 4.4?A·cm?2, being 21% and 16% higher than those of L-PtNi/C (1.25?W·cm?2, 3.8?A·cm?2) respectively, which can be ascribed to enhanced mass transfer brought by the thinner catalyst layer in the former. In addition, the same method can be used to prepare PtFe alloy catalyst with a high-Pt loading of 36% (mass). This work may lead to a range of catalyst materials for the large current density applications, such as fuel cell vehicles. 相似文献