H2O-CO2、H2O-N2、H2O-He水平管外自然对流凝结换热特性研究

不凝性气体制约换热设备安全和系统效率,为研究不凝性气体-蒸气于水平管外自然对流凝结换热机理和特性,实验测量了不凝性气体He、N₂、CO₂质量分数分别为1.16%~18.18%、7.56%~60.86%、11.39%~70.95%,壁面过冷度为5~25 K,总压力为5~101 kPa的H₂O-He、H₂O-N₂、H₂O-CO₂自然对流条件下水平管外凝结换热特性,对比分析了H₂O-He、H₂O-N₂、H₂O-CO₂的不凝性气体质量含量、壁面过冷度以及压力因素的影响。压力和壁面过冷度一定,相同质量分数时,实验凝结传热系数与Nusselt理论解的比值(Q/Q_Nu)由大到小依次为：H₂O-CO₂、H₂O-N₂、H₂O-He;相同摩尔分数时,Q/Q_Nu由大到小依次为：H₂O-He、H₂O-N₂、H₂O-CO₂。相同总压力和不凝性气体质量分数时,H₂O-He的Q/Q_Nu随着壁面过冷度的增加下降最为缓慢。相同不凝性气体质量分数和壁面过冷度时,H₂O-He的Q/Q_Nu值最小,其受压力影响最为显著。     

中等过冷度下含不凝性气体蒸汽冷凝传热特性

通过对竖直圆管外表面含不凝性气体蒸汽在中等壁面过冷度条件下的冷凝传热实验研究,分析了混合气体压力0.4～0.6 MPa、空气含量0.07～0.52以及壁面过冷度13～25℃时,蒸汽的冷凝换热特性,给出了冷凝传热过程中的经验关联式,并对氦气的存在及其对换热过程的影响进行了初步分析。结果表明：在混合气体压力及不凝性气体含量不变的条件下,壁面过冷度的降低利于冷凝传热系数的增长;所得到的经验关联式在低过冷度条件下能较好地对换热过程进行预测,且其与实验值的误差在±15%以内;实验条件下未发生氦气分层现象,相同不凝性气体质量分数条件下,氦气的存在会使冷凝传热系数降低约20%。     

无机相变材料CaCl2·6H2O的过冷特性

CaCl₂·6H₂O作为一种常见的常温无机水合盐相变材料,由于成本低、易获取、蓄热强而受到广泛的关注。按无水CaCl₂与H₂O的质量比为1.027：1制备了CaCl₂·6H₂O,经X射线衍射（XRD）表征其晶体结构;通过添加成核剂SrCl2·6H₂O和Ba（OH）₂对CaCl₂·6H₂O改性,发现两者的联合作用可抑制过冷,10次熔化-冷却循环平均过冷度1.07℃。采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）测定CaCl₂·6H₂O添加成核剂前后相变潜热,发现潜热由223.54 J·g^-1降至160.41 J·g^-1;为了扩大CaCl₂·6H₂O相变温度的范围,通过添加质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的MgCl₂·6H₂O,发现相变温度随MgCl₂·6H₂O质量分数的升高呈线性降低,但不宜超过20%;选取CaCl₂·6H₂O-20% MgCl₂·6H₂O二元共晶盐相变储热体系为改性目标,通过添加1% SrCl2·6H₂O和0.5% CMC,过冷度降至0.57℃,相变潜热为141.09 J·g^-1,低于单独组成盐CaCl₂·6H₂O的潜热223.54 J·g^-1和MgCl₂·6H₂O的潜热163.35 J·g^-1。研究表明,CaCl₂·6H₂O作为无机相变材料具有显著的应用价值。     

水-酒精混合蒸气的管外凝结

在不同蒸气压力，相同蒸气流速条件下，完成了不同酒精浓度的混合蒸气在不同管径的竖直管外凝结换热实验。凝结换热特性曲线显示了相似的特性：随着酒精浓度的增加，凝结传热系数显著下降;随着表面过冷度的增加，凝结传热系数显示出有峰值的非线性特点。在相同条件下，半径为5 mm管外的凝结传热系数峰值出现在较大过冷度范围内，且峰值高于在半径为10 mm管外的凝结传热系数峰值。当蒸气压力为84. 52 kPa，流速为2 m·s^-1时，酒精浓度为1%的混合蒸气在半径为5 mm竖直管外凝结传热系数最高达150 kW·m^-2·K-¹，约为水蒸气的8倍。此外，根据记录的凝结形态，珠状凝结出现在很广的浓度以及过冷度范围内。     

R410A、R404A、R407C在水平强化换热管外的凝结换热

研究了R410A、R404A、R407C在水平强化管外的凝结换热,并进行了换热性能的对比。实验管为常用的管内螺纹、管外斜翅的三维低肋管。应用威尔逊图解法对实验数据进行处理,得到管内对流换热系数并给出Dittus-Boelter形式的强化管管内对流换热关联式,再根据热阻分离的方法得到管外凝结换热系数。结果表明,在相同换热参数下,凝结换热系数大小依次为R410A、R404A、R407C。3种制冷工质应用于该强化换热管的换热增强倍率分别在9.53~14.07、6.81~11.48和3.23~5.28的范围。而R410A、R404A和R407C在强化管内的强化倍率分别为1.77、1.73和1.76,三者相差不大。R410A管外凝结换热系数随着壁面过冷度的增大而减小,与单一制冷工质这一冷凝特性相同;而R404A和R407C与R410A不同,随着壁面过冷度的增大,管外凝结换热系数增大,这主要是非共沸制冷工质管外凝结过程存在的气膜热阻所致。     

低湿CO2/H2O混合气体吸附特性实验

CO₂捕集、封存及利用是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径,为将碳捕集后的低湿CO₂/H₂O进行CO₂提纯和资源化利用,采用动态吸附实验研究了不同温度（303K、313K）、H₂O含量（0.7%~3.0%）的CO₂/H₂O在活性炭、活性氧化铝、分子筛3A和13X四种吸附剂上的动态吸附穿透曲线、吸附床温度分布、吸附量,分析了CO₂/H₂O分离系数和吸附热。结果表明,在CO₂/H₂O动态吸附过程中,吸附床温度与各组分浓度随时间变化趋势相同。H₂O饱和时间随进气温度升高而缩短;H₂O含量增加,抑制CO₂吸附;活性炭和氧化铝中H₂O的饱和时间随H₂O含量增加而增长,但分子筛3A和13X饱和时间缩短。H₂O吸附量随H₂O含量增加而增加,吸附热随吸附量增加而减小,CO₂则相反。分子筛3A对CO₂吸附量最小且CO₂/H₂O分离系数最大。H₂O含量小于1%时,CO₂吸附量最大的分子筛13X分离系数大于活性氧化铝,分子筛3A和13X适合分离低湿CO₂/H₂O。     

MgCO3·3H2O晶须的制备及其生长机制的研究

以MgCl₂·6H₂O和NH₄HCO₃为原料,CH₃COONa·3H₂O为形貌控制剂,采用沉淀结晶法制备MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须,考察了不同添加量的CH₃COONa·3H₂O对晶须结晶过程和形貌的影响,并研究了晶须在该体系中的生长机制。结果表明：当体系中加入质量分数为0.23%的CH₃COONa·3H₂O时可以成功制备长径比约为30的棒状MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须,CH₃COONa·3H₂O的存在促进了MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须的形成。该体系中晶须的生长过程：首先形成无定形的4MgCO₃·Mg（OH）₂·4H₂O,之后无定形4MgCO₃·Mg（OH）₂·4H₂O逐渐转变为MgCO₃·3H₂O并生长成较大长径比的棒状MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须。这是因为CH₃COONa·3H₂O电离产生的Na ⁺选择性吸附在MgCO₃·3H₂O晶体轴向的（101）晶面,抑制了该晶面生长,而径向晶面生长速率未受到影响,从而促使无定形MgCO₃·3H₂O生长成棒状晶须。     

Fe2+/H2O2体系O2生成路径

掌握Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系O₂的生成路径,可为避免H₂O₂无效分解,开发经济高效的Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系利用技术指明方向。采用添加自由基捕获剂的方法,探究Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内各种自由基对O₂生成速率的影响,进而确定O₂的生成路径。结果表明:Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内不会产生大量O₂^-·,O₂^-·不是生成O₂的主要反应物质;O₂^-·被全部捕获后,体系中仍产生大量O₂^-·,但此时无O₂生成,证明生成O₂的反应由·OH和HO₂·两种自由基直接参与。分析认为反应·OH+HO₂·-H₂O+O₂是体系内O₂生成的主要路径。控制Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系定向生成·OH,抑制HO₂·的产生,是提高Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系中H₂O₂利用率的有效手段。     

不同尺寸反应器内H2O2热分解氧化NO特性与氧化产物分析

采用实验方法研究了不同尺寸滴管炉反应器内H₂O₂热分解氧化NO特性。对比了不同H₂O₂蒸发条件对NO氧化率的影响规律。分析了气体温度、H₂O₂溶液浓度、H₂O₂：NO摩尔比、NO初始浓度及气体流量对NO氧化率的影响。检测了氧化产物并分析了产物的生成路径。结果表明：H₂O₂的快速蒸发是其热分解氧化NO的前提。减小H₂O₂液滴尺寸或液膜厚度可加速H₂O₂蒸发与分解,提高NO氧化率,扩宽NO氧化的温度范围。保证蒸发速率可削弱H₂O₂浓度对NO氧化率的影响。当H₂O₂：NO < 10时,NO氧化率随H₂O₂：NO的增加而增加;当H₂O₂：NO>10时,NO氧化率几乎不随H₂O₂：NO变化。H₂O₂热分解对于较高浓度的NO具有更高的氧化效率。H₂O₂热分解氧化NO的主要产物为NO₂。HO₂·直接将NO氧化为NO₂,·OH则先将NO转化为HONO,然后进一步氧化为NO₂。     

Na2HPO4?12H2O相变储能复合材料制备及热物性

十二水磷酸氢二钠的过冷度、相分离以及热导率低等问题影响了其在低温蓄热场合的应用,因此需要对其进行相关的改性研究。本文通过成核剂和增稠剂的筛选实验及添加导热增强剂纳米氧化铁（α-Fe₂O₃）,制备了质量分数为Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O+2% Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O+1%黄原胶（GX）+0.2%α-Fe₂O₃复合相变储能材料,并对其进行了凝固放热测试、热物性测试及循环稳定性测试。结果表明：2%的Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O抑制过冷效果最好,成核效果不随循环次数的增加而减小,过冷度维持在2℃左右;GX可以有效抑制Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O的相分离现象,且质量分数为0.75%～1.25%是较合适的剂量;α-Fe₂O₃可以有效地提高Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O的热导率,添加0.2%α-Fe₂O₃使热导率提高了90.8%;循环150次后,复合相变储能材料的相变潜热值为252J/g,相比于循环前衰减了7.4%,相变温度为35.4℃,过冷度为1.3℃,热导率为2.054W/(m·K),相比纯材料提高了100.2%。改性后的复合相变储能材料相变温度适宜,潜热值大,热导率高,热性能稳定,可推广应用到热泵蓄热、温室生产和电子器件散热等领域。     

Solubility and mass transfer of H2, CH4, and their mixtures in vacuum gas oil: An experimental and modeling study

In this work, the solubility data and liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients of hydrogen (H₂), methane (CH₄) and their mixtures in vacuum gas oil (VGO) at temperatures (353.15-453.15 K) and pressures (1-7 MPa) were measured, which are necessary for catalytic cracking process simulation and design. The solubility of H₂ and CH₄ in VGO increases with the increase of pressure, but decreases with the increase of temperature. Henry's constants of H₂ and CH₄ follow the relation of ln H=-413.05/T + 5.27 and ln H=-990.67/T + 5.87, respectively. The molar fractions of H₂ and system pressures at different equilibrium time were measured to estimate the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients. The results showed that with the increase of pressure, the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients increase. Furthermore, the solubility of H₂ and CH₄ in VGO was predicted by the predictive COSMO-RS model, and the predicted values agree well with experimental data. In addition, the gas-liquid equilibrium (GLE) for H₂ + CH₄ + VGO system at different feeding gas ratios in volume fraction (i.e., H₂ 85% + CH₄ 15% and H₂ 90% + CH₄ 10%) was measured. The selectivity of H₂ to CH₄ predicted by the COSMO-RS model agrees well with experimental data. This work provides the basic thermodynamic and dynamic data for fuel oil catalytic cracking processes.     

竖直壁面上含SO2气体的锅炉烟气的低温冷凝特性

为求解竖直壁面上含有SO₂气体的锅炉烟气冷凝特性,采用Fluent数值计算软件,根据锅炉烟气酸露点温度的计算公式,通过自定义用户函数,求解了锅炉烟气在竖直平板上的流动和传热的基本变化规律。结果表明,在硫酸蒸气分数为1%～10%,壁温为300～450 K工况下,即使存在少量的SO₂,也会和水蒸气生成H₂SO₄,在壁面上产生冷凝,进而对壁面产生低温腐蚀。当壁面温度一定,在较低硫酸蒸气浓度时,硫酸蒸气浓度的增加将引起硫酸冷凝量的近似线性增长;当硫酸浓度一定时,过冷度的增加将导致硫酸冷凝量的增加,但是当过冷度增大到限定数值时,过冷度的影响较小。     

水平矩形通道内含不凝气的蒸汽凝结换热

对质量流量为38～132 kg·m^-2·s^-1的蒸汽/氮气混合气在水平矩形通道内的凝结换热过程进行了实验研究,研究了氮气含量、混合气质量流量以及冷水质量流量对蒸汽凝结换热的影响。结果表明：在蒸汽流速较高时,不凝气对蒸汽凝结换热的削弱相对较少--8%的不凝气使汽侧凝结传热系数平均下降了26.4%;蒸汽的凝结传热系数随着混合气质量流量的增加而增加、随着冷水流量的增加而下降;此外,通过研究还发现,沿着混合气流动方向,蒸汽凝结传热系数逐渐减小。     

常压盐溶液-丁二酸转晶体系中pH对α-CaSO4·0.5H2O的影响

以磷石膏为原料,丁二酸为转晶剂,采用常压盐溶液法制备α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O的体系中,在温度为103 ℃、反应时间为3 h、丁二酸掺量为0.05%（质量分数）、氯化钠质量分数为15%的条件下研究pH对制备α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O的影响。结果表明：当pH为7.0~9.0时,可以得到长径比为1∶1~3∶1的短柱状α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体。FT-IR和XPS表征结果显示,合适的pH条件下,丁二酸电离出适量的羧酸根离子吸附于α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体晶面上与钙离子络合,减缓了α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体在晶面上的生长速度,减小了晶体长径比。XRD和TEM表征结果证实,羧酸根离子吸附于α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体的（204）晶面上与钙离子络合。     

SIMULTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF H2S AND CO2 INTO A SOLUTION OF SODIUM CARBONATE

The simultaneous absorption of H₂S and CO₂ has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. A model has been developed which predicts the absorption rates of H₂S and CO₂ into a sodium carbonate solution. The absorption rates are calculated according to the two-film theory. In the liquid film, the finite rate of the CO₂ reaction was considered. Otherwise, in the liquid film as well as in the liquid bulk, equilibrium conditions for all reactions were assumed. Absorption experiments were performed on a packed column using a counter-flow strategy. In the experiments the influence of the initial carbonate concentration, the gas flow rate and the temperature on the removal efficiencies of H₂S and CO₂ and the selectivity of H₂S were investigated. It is desirable to absorb the H₂S but not the CO₂. The agreement between the absorption model and the experimental results from the absorber tower was satisfactory. The mass transfer coefficients were determined by fitting the experimental data to the model with respect to the H₂S and CO₂ content in the outgoing gas. The H₂S content was used to determine the gas side mass transfer coefficient and the CO₂ content was used to determine the liquid side mass transfer coefficient, The effective contact area of mass transfer was taken from published data. With a constant packing height, both the experiments and the model indicated that high carbonate concentration benefits the removal efficiency of H₂S. Higher gas flow rate also benefits the selectivity for H₂S. However, the removal efficiency will decrease. At higher temperatures the selectivity and the removal efficiency of H₂S decreased. Under the conditions investigated, the absorption of H₂S was essentially controlled by gas-side mass transfer and the absorption of CO₂ was controlled by liquid-side mass transfer     

V2O5-MoO3/Tio2催化滤袋的制备及中试应用

为解决现有Mn基催化滤袋SO₂中毒的问题,制备了基于V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂的催化滤袋,用于在180~260℃范围内同时去除NO_x和粉尘。实验结果表明,双层滤袋在气体过滤面速度为0.2 m/min时具有良好的脱硝活性和抗硫抗水性能。在纯氧玻璃窑炉中试中采用制备的双层催化滤袋进行了试验,烟气量为2000~3000 m³/h、SO₂浓度在20~30 mg/m³范围内、水蒸气含量10%（体积分数）、NO_x浓度为400~550 mg/m³,在170~210℃范围内NO_x转化率可达到88.14%~95.06%,验证了催化滤袋的脱硝性能;连续运行1500 h后,活性出现5%左右的微弱衰减;在高硫烟气条件下（300~500 mg/m³）连续运行100 h发现催化滤袋失活,SEM-EDS和XPS表征证明催化剂失活是由于硫铵类物质在滤袋纤维表面沉积,部分活性位点被覆盖所致。     

ALTERNATIVE GENERATION OF H2, CO AND H2, CO2 MIXTURES FROM STEAM-CARBON DIOXIDE REFORMING OF METHANE AND THE WATER GAS SHIFT WITH PERMEABLE (MEMBRANE) REACTORS

A new process is proposed which converts CO₂ and CH₄ containing gas streams to synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and H₂ via the catalytic reaction scheme of steam-carbon dioxide reforming of methane or the respective one of only carbon dioxide reforming of methane, in permeable (membrane) reactors. The membrane reformer (permreactor) can be made by reactive or inert materials such as metal alloys, microporous ceramics, glasses and composites which all are hydrogen permselective. The rejected CO reacts with steam and converted catalytically to CO₂ and H₂ via the water gas shift in a consecutive permreactor made by similar to the reformer materials and alternatively by high glass transition temperature polymers. Both permreactors can recover H₂ in permeate by using metal membranes, and H₂ rich mixtures by using ceramic, glass and composite type permselective membranes. H₂ and CO₂ can be recovered simultaneously in water gas shift step after steam condensation by using organic polymer membranes. Product yields are increased through permreactor equilibrium shift and reaction separation process integration.

CO and H₂ can be combined in first step to be used for chemical synthesis or as fuel in power generation cycles. Mixtures of CO₂ and H₂ in second step can be used for synthesis as well (e.g., alternative methanol synthesis) and as direct feed in molten carbonate fuel cells. Pure H₂ from the above processes can be used also for synthesis or as fuel in power systems and fuel cells. The overall process can be considered environmentally benign because it offers an in-situ abatement of the greenhouse CO₂ and CH₄ gases and related hydrocarbon-CO₂ feedstocks (e.g., coal, landfill, natural, flue gases), through chemical reactions, to the upgraded calorific value synthesis gas and H₂, H₂ mixture products.