复合洗衣皂中阴离子表面活性剂的分析

本文利用乙醇-水(v∶v=1∶1)溶解复合皂,解决了皂在单一溶剂中溶解度低的问题。并结合化学滴定与HPLC分析技术,对复合皂中的阴离子表面活性剂进行定性及定量分析,为复合洗衣皂中阴离子表面活性剂的分析提供一种快速、精确的分析方法。     

复合洗衣皂中阴离子表面活性剂的分析简

本文利用乙醇一水（v：v=1：1）溶解复合皂,解决了皂在单一溶剂中溶解度低的问题。并结合化学滴定与HPLC分析技术,对复合皂中的阴离子表面活性剂进行定性及定量分析,为复合洗衣皂中阴离子表面活性剂的分析提供一种快速、精确的分析方法。     

表面活性剂对棉油皂脚浮选性能的影响

探讨了几种表面活性剂对棉油皂脚浮选性能的影响.并分析比较了试验结果,结果表明:添加表面活性剂能改变棉油皂脚的浮选性能,不同的表面活性剂对棉油皂脚的增效作用存在较大的差异.     

表面活性剂的性能与应用(Ⅻ)——表面活性剂的分散作用及其应用

综述了表面活性剂的分散作用及其应用领域,重点介绍了表面活性剂在钙皂分散、颜料分散、纳米粒子分散、农药及其他方面的分散作用原理及应用研究进展,并对表面活性剂作为分散剂的应用前景进行了展望。     

两性表面活性剂(四)两性表面活性剂的一般性质

介绍了两性表面活性剂的流变性、水溶助长性、钙皂分散性和抗硬水性等一般性质。讨论了两性表面活性剂的流变性与表面活性剂浓度之间的关系,并给出了调节混合体系流变性的方法。从混合胶束理论出发,对两性表面活性剂是比其他类型表面活性剂更优秀的钙皂分散剂这一事实,作者提出了新见解。同时,对两性表面活性剂的生态性质,如生物降解性、鱼毒性等也进行了较为详细的介绍。     

个人清洁剂的配方基础

主要讨论和考察了个人清洁剂用的表面活性剂,如发用香波、身体清洗剂和洗手皂用的主表面活性剂、次表面活性剂、特殊添加剂和次要添加剂4类原料,并提供了用于个人清洁剂方面的基本配方及制备技巧等。     

中性皂的性能与配方机理

提出普通肥皂由天然油脂与氢氧化钠水溶液加热皂化而成,呈碱性,在硬水中易于形成不溶于水的钙皂或镁皂,降低洗涤力,沾污织物,附着在皮肤上,容易引发皮肤疾病。中性皂不仅洗涤能力良好,泡沫丰富,且具保湿、护肤等功能,是发展的趋势。中性皂(复合皂与合成皂)由表面活性剂改变肥皂的结构和特性,文章阐明了表面活性剂组成和配方,综合中性皂的特性、检测评估及标准要求。推荐了中性皂的工艺流程、成型工艺和设备,汇集了中性皂的发展实例、经典品牌中性皂的配方和特点。     

皂氨型洁面的开发及性能研究

根据皂氨型洁面的开发需求,首先筛选合适的皂基型表面活性剂和氨基酸型表面活性剂;然后对皂基型表面活性剂和氨基酸型表面活性剂的配比进行优化,得出最优配比;最后将制得的复配皂氨型洁面与市售单一的皂基型洁面和单一的氨基酸型洁面的性能进行对比测试。结果表明,皂氨复配的皂氨型洁面对皮肤刺激性比单一皂基型洁面和单一氨基酸型洁面都小;皂氨复配的皂氨型洁面对油脂的清除率介于单一的皂基型和单一的氨基酸型洁面之间,为90.2%;皂氨型洁面在使用感方面整体上优于单一皂基型洁面和单一氨基酸型洁面。     

表面活性剂结构对钙皂分散性的影响

本文对市售五十余种表面活性剂在硬水中的钙皂分散力、钙离子稳定性、表面张力、临界胶束浓度、临界溶解温度、浊点等进行测试,观察不同类型、不同结构的表面活性剂对钙皂分散性能的影响。     

福建钟山化工拟建18.5万t/年表面活性剂项目

<正>福建钟山化工有限公司拟在福建省泉州市泉港石化工业园南山片区建设18.5万t/年表面活性剂及炼化助剂项目。根据项目总体优化配置的原则,项目分期建设,一期引进国外3套HH表面活性剂装置和4套间歇釜式表面活性剂装置及其配套设施,表面活性剂为10万t/年;一期建一套歧化松香酸钾皂生产装置,歧化松香酸钾皂为1万t/年。二期再引进     

A Simple Rapid Method for Direct Determination of Total Fatty Matter in Soaps

A rapid single step method for direct determination of total fatty matter (TFM) of soaps has been developed. The procedure involves two-phase titration of a 2% solution of soap in ethanol : 2-propanol (4 : 1 v/v) under alkaline conditions with 0.01 M solution of p-tert. octyl phenoxyethoxy ethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Hyamine 1622) using bromocresol green as indicator. The method eliminates the tedious and time-consuming ether extraction procedure and is applicable in the presence of all non-fatty constituents normally present in soaps and also in the presence of unsaponified oil, if any, in the soap. The TFM of soaps with mean molecular weights varying from 200 to 300 can be determined with reasonable accuracy. The relative standard deviation for 0.04 to 0.11 millimole of TFM (mean molecular weight range 280–300) in soaps is in the range of 0.3–2.0. The method cuts down the time of TFM analysis from a minimum of 2 hours (for conventional ether extraction method) to less than 15 minutes from the time the material is available in solution. A special feature of the method is that it enables determination of alcohol-insolubles as well as free alkali of the soap without necessitating any additional arrangement.     

The mutual solubilization of soap and lime soap dispersing agents

Krafft point measurements were used to show that lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA) and soaps solu-bilize each other. Addition of as little as 5% soap to amphoteric LSDA of limited water solubility (high Krafft point) brought about a substantial lowering of the Krafft point and thus markedly improved water solubility. On the other hand, addition of 10% amphoteric LSDA to sodium palmitate lowered the Krafft point of the soap by 10 to 14 C. Addition of anionic LSDA to sodium palmitate showed smaller Krafft point depressions. Addition of a builder-type salt, such as sodium metasilicate, had essentially no effect on the Krafft points of soap LSDA mixtures.     

Unsaponified and unsaponifiable determinations as applied to incompletely saponified soaps

Unsaponified and unsaponifiable determinations were made on toilet bar soap, potash vegetable oil paste soap, yellow laundry soap and hardwater cocoa bar soap according to the method of (1) the American Oil Chemists’ Society, and (2) the Society of Public Analysts (British). The results obtained by the two methods were comparable for toilet bar soap, potash vegetable oil paste soap and yellow laundry soap. The unsaponifiable matter in hardwater cocoa bar soap, however, appeared considerably lower when determined by the A. O. C. S. method than when determined by the S. P. A. method. Extraction of unsaponified matter in the former method is by petroleum ether; in the latter method by ethyl ether. In order to determine whether the difference in results could be traced to the difference in solvents, extraction with petroleum ether in the A. O. C. S. method was followed by extraction with ethyl ether. The weight of unsaponified matter (50 gram sample) was increased thereby from 0.791 g. to 1.423 g. The saponification value of the ethyl ether extract under the A. O. C. S. method tended to show that practically all of the additional material extracted with ethyl ether was made up of mono and diglycerides with the mono predominating.     

Solvent Crystallization of the Fat and Fatty Acids of Schleichera trijuga Seed

The crystallizations of the kusum oil and the mixed fatty acids thereof were studied from several solvents at various temperatures (+10° C to ?60° C). The results indicate in general that in the range of temperatures studied, petroleum ether as a single solvent is comparable in efficiency to methanol and superior to both acetone and ethanol in respect of separation of the saturated and unsaturated components of the fatty acid mixture. The saturated and unsaturated fractions of the oil also are better separated by petroleum ether than acetone. Further, oleic acid essentially free from linoleic acid is obtainable by a preliminary crystallization of the fatty acid mixture from petroleum ether at ca. ?12° C, followed by two additional crystallizations from acetone at ca. ?55° C.     

Dissolution Study of Salt of Long Chain Fatty Acids (Soap Scum) in Surfactant Solutions. Part I: Equilibrium Dissolution

Dissolution of calcium salt of a long chain fatty acid or soap scum is a major challenge for hard surface cleaners since soap scum forms when soap is exposed to hard water and has very low water solubility. In this paper, the aqueous equilibrium solubility of calcium octadecanoate (or calcium stearate) was measured as a function of pH as well as chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetraacetate disodium salt) and surfactant concentrations. Anionic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants were studied. The highest soap scum solubility was observed at high pH with an amphoteric surfactant. Under this condition, the chelant effectively binds calcium, and the stearate anion forms mixed micelles well with the amphoteric surfactant, which is in zwitterionic form at high pH.     

Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm kernel oil

Manufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well-established technology in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid-based (palm-based) soaps made in Malaysia are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm-based bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially.     

Krafft Temperature,Critical Micelle Concentration,and Rheology of “Pseudo-Gemini” Surfactant Comprising Fatty Acid Soap and Bola-Type Quaternary Ammonium Salt

Bola-type quaternary ammonium salt can bridge with two fatty acid soaps through electrostatic attraction to form a pseudogemini surfactant, which enhances the solution viscosity. In this work, the effects of the building blocks (spacer and hydrophobic chain) of a pseudogemini surfactant on the Krafft temperature, critical micelle concentration, and rheological properties were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of bola-type salt obviously decreased the Krafft temperature of sodium stearate (C₁₈ONa), and a bola-type salt bearing a large benzene ring (Bola2be) was more effective than the one bearing an ethyl group (Bola2et) or a hydroxyethyl group (Bola2hy). When bola-type salt is mixed with fatty acid soap at a fixed molar ratio of 1:2, a pseudogemini surfactant forms in situ, and the viscosity of the solution is significantly enhanced by the formation of a worm-like micelle (WLM) network. The stronger the hydrophobicity of the bola-type salt or the tail of the fatty acid soap, the lower the critical overlapping and micelle concentrations, and the stronger is the ability to enhance viscosity. However, pseudogemini surfactants that use sodium stearate as a monomer show similar self-assembly abilities to those using sodium oleate as a monomer. In addition, the WLM formed by pseudogemini surfactants composed of Bola2be and sodium stearate or sodium oleate were liable to branch at high concentrations.     

Soap and lime soap dispersants

In recent decades, soap has largely been replaced by petrochemicals and polyphosphates as the major components of laundry detergents in the U.S. Currently, the use of soap is primarily confined to the toilet soap bar field, and technological advances here have been mainly in processing. In view of the rising costs and increasing scarcity of petrochemicals and polyphosphates, tallow, a replenishable, inexpensive agricultural by-product, was examined as an alternate raw material. Tallow soap has a long history of efficacy and safety but suffers from poor performance in hard water and insolubility in cold water. It has now been shown that the performance of soaps can be drastically improved in cold water solubility and in hard water detergency by the addition to the soap of lime soap dispersing agents (LSD A). These are anionic or amphoteric surfactants possessing one or more bulky polar groups. These soap-LSDA combinations form mixed micelles in water and essentially take on the surface active characteristics of a single anionic surfactant. Soap-LSDA combinations wash well in hard water without curd formation; they can be “built” with various materials such as phosphates and trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to enhance detergency. Soap-LSDA combinations equal the conventional detergents in every performance respect and undergo biodegradation more readily and completely.     

9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸钠在低温硬质水及中性pH条件下的特异性能

以天然亚油酸为原料,经氧化水解制备得到9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸(THSA),采用FTIR、ESI-MS和1HNMR表征了THSA的结构。测定了THSA的钠皂9,10,12,13-四羟基硬脂酸钠(STHS)的克拉夫特点、钙离子稳定性、钙皂分散剂消耗量、表面张力、临界胶束浓度和泡沫性能,并与对照物亚油酸、油酸及硬脂酸的钠皂进行比较。结果表明,STHS具有其他脂肪酸钠皂不具备的优秀钙皂分散性能和钙离子稳定性,并在低温和中性条件下显示出更好的水溶性。STHS不仅克服了普通脂肪酸钠皂不耐硬水和中性条件下溶解性差两大共同缺陷,也克服了饱和脂肪酸钠皂低温溶解性差以及不饱和脂肪酸钠皂易氧化酸败的缺点,因此,STHS具有在中性皂、低温皂和抗硬水皂配方中用作新皂基表面活性剂的潜质。     

Preparation and solubility of metal soaps of wool wax acids

The preparation and solubility determination of the cupric, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, lead, barium, manganous, ferric, and chromic soaps of the wool wax acid fraction are described. Solubilities, at 25°, were determined in: ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, ethyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether. Barium and cadmium soaps of hydroxy and nonhydroxy acid fractions, obtained by partitioning the whole wool wax acid fraction, were also prepared and subjected to the same study. Presented at the Spring Meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, St. Louis, Missouri, May 1–3, 1961. Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.