2004～2005年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2004年7月-2005年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2004年～2005年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界几大区域塑料的产量、增长率及所占份额；美国、德国、日本、韩国、法国、比利时、印度、西班牙、中国台湾、加拿大、巴西、英国等国家和地区的不同树脂的产量及消费量；各国、各地区塑料原料的产量、进出口量、国内消费量和人均消费量；日本塑料原料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮、聚砜）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Determination of Essential Fatty Acids in Captured and Farmed Matrinxã (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brycon cephalus</Emphasis>) from the Brazilian Amazonian Area

The aim of this research was to quantify the methyl esters of linoleic (LA), α-linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in the muscular tissue and orbital cavity of farmed Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and in those caught in the Brazilian Amazonian Area during two periods. For the farmed fish, the amounts (mg/g of fat) of LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA found in the muscle were 197.6, 75.7, 165.0, 4.1, and 30.0 mg/g of fat, respectively. The amounts of these FA in the orbital cavity were 152.6, 9.1, 249.4, 3.6, and 22.3 mg/g of fat for LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA, respectively. For the fish caught during the wet period, the LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA found in the muscle were 438.2, 118.3, 42.7, 5.2, and 10.3 mg/g of fat, in the orbital cavity were found 489.1, 18.6, 18.1, 6.2, and 18.7 mg/g of fat, respectively. In the dry season, the amounts (mg/g of fat) of LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA in the muscle were 193.1, 40.0, 43.4, 8.1, and 61.3, while the found in the orbital cavity were 152.9, 28.4, 5.1, 4.9, 19.6 mg/g of fat. According to their contents of EPA, and DHA, matrinxã captured in the dry season can be considered as a rich source of EFA.     

Service of the magnesia-spinellide lining of a melting furnace roof

Conclusions On the basis of a study of the magnesia-spinellide roof of a melting furnace it was established that the refractory consists of four zones, the least changed, the working, the zone of contact with the lining slag, and in the lining slag. A nonuniform distribution of the components in specimens of lining slag taken from different portions of the roof was observed.The lining slag and the zone of contact with the lining slag consist of crystals of picrochromite, ferrite, and magnesioferrite, between which there is located a silicate binder including forsterite, hedenbergite, and the impurity phases bunsenite, hematite, and magnetite. The working zone consists of chromite, picrochromite, monticellite, and the introduced melting products copper, chalcosite, and cuprite.On the basis of analysis of the data on failure of refractories as the result of chemical interaction with the melting products, penetration of the low-melting components, and thermomechanical cracking at the boundaries of the zones it was established that one of the methods of protection of the roof is cooling.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 51–55, February, 1989.     

陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱与颗粒均匀度的影响

针对陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响.基于不同的造粒立柱几何参数,采用干法制粉制备颗粒,分析造粒立柱对颗粒均匀度的影响;同时基于CFD方法构建陶瓷墙地砖干法制粉混料过程欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,数值模拟验证实验的正确性.实验检测表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm、9 mm、10 mm时,对应制备颗粒最大均匀度为4.81、4.97、5.23、5.17、4.99,颗粒平均均匀度为4.71、4.85、4.98、4.87、4.83.数值模拟表明:当造粒立柱几何参数依次为6 mm、7 mm、8 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变好,团聚现象逐渐消失;当造粒立柱几何参数依次为9 mm、10 mm时,粉体的分散性逐渐变差,团聚现象逐渐明显.综合分析说明:造粒立柱几何参数为8 mm时,颗粒均匀度最大,粉体分散性最好,团聚现象不明显,且实验检测与数值模拟基本相吻合.     

带经济器螺杆压缩机油路系统分析及数值研究

对于经济器螺杆压缩机的油路系统进行分析,同时运用EES软件对油路系统进行模拟计算。研究结果表明制冷工质为R22时,不同工况下,性能系数COP随喷油温度的升高而提高,孔径越大喷油孔处的喷油量越大;对于制冷工质分别为R22、R717、R134a时,冷凝温度取308.15K,提高蒸发温度,可以减小功耗、提高COP,同时还可以降低喷油量。但是系统喷油量减少后,压缩机排气温度升高,导致电功率增大,性能系数减小。因此,要合理选择系统的喷油量,需要综合考虑系统的COP和排气温度等因素。     

表面处理行业生产过程中典型工业固体废物调查

文章分析了铝型材、酸洗不锈钢、五金表面处理行业生产过程中产生的废渣、酸渣、和碱渣,并对固体废物浸出毒性物中的pH、铜、锌、镍、铅、镉、总铬、六价铬、汞、砷、无机氟化物(不含氟化钙)项目进行了研究。结果表明,三种废物按其超标率及项目的超标程度来比较,酸渣最高,程度最深,碱渣次之,废渣则最轻;若按行业产生的固体废物分则酸洗不锈钢和铝材行业固体废物超标较为严重,五金表面处理(不包括电镀)行业的酸渣和碱渣腐蚀性较强。     

Color combination criteria in Le Corbusier's Purist architecture based on Salubra claviers from 1931

We have carried out a new study of the color combinations selected by Le Corbusier in ‘les claviers de couleurs’ for the Salubra wallpaper company in 1931, by analyzing them in the Natural Color System, which allows us to understand the perceptive variables of colors (hue, blackness, and chromaticness) as well as their combination criteria. Regarding the perceptive variables, we have discussed the selected hue ranges in relation to other color proposals of Le Corbusier himself, and we have shown the extensive presence of earthy hues, or the noteworthy absence of other colors such as yellows, violets, black, and white. We have also analyzed the chromaticness of colors, which is generally low, and the blackness, also very limited. In relation to the combination criteria, we aim to find out the underlying order in the color combinations by studying the similarities and contrasts of their perceptive variables. We demonstrate graphically, by a navigable three‐dimensional model, and with statistical support, some principles in Le Corbusier's color preferences, such as the combination of colors with equal chromaticness, the search of some contrast in blackness, or the usual resource of contrasting cool with warm colors, something slightly different to the contrast of complementary colors. We have also discussed other compositional criteria held by Le Corbusier to use color in his Purist architecture, which are related to the position and proportion of the surfaces to be colored, the connotations associated to different hues, or the use of plain colors, among others. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 85–100, 2016     

静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)质量风险的生产控制

本文研究了静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)使用可能存在的不良反应的情况。结果显示,温度对静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)的结构、活性、产品质量、用药疗效等有明显的影响。在此基础上,提出了产品生产各工艺阶段的温度控制要求。同时,结合GMP管理的有关要求提出了产品生产过程中的药品质量风险管理的注意事项,结合药品的使用提出了生产过程中需要落实的质量风险控制措施,以此来确保产品的质量可靠、疗效确切、使用安全。在保证产品质量的同时,有效的控制药品使用过程中可能的风险,切实有效的保护患者权益,不将患者(身体虚弱,本身就是一种风险)置于药品质量、药品使用的潜在风险之中,更好的发挥药品的疾病治疗与预防作用。     

生物沸石滤池处理污染水源水的中试研究

自行研制的生物沸石滤池具有溶气效率高,反冲周期长,抗氨氮冲击负荷,结构简单,操作方便等优点。利用此装置处理污染水源水的中试结果表明:挂膜期间,初期对氨氮的去除以离子交换和吸附作用为主,末期以硝化作用为主。氨氮的去除率呈现先下降再上升最后达到稳定的现象;提高水力负荷对氨氮、CODMn、铁、锰、浊度都有不同程度的影响,当水力负荷从1.06m3/(m2.h)增加到4.24m3/(m2.h)时,氨氮去除率降低了47.9%,而CODMn、浊度、铁、锰的去除率分别下降了29.1%,52.3%,41.4%,24.2%。最佳水力负荷3.18m3/(m2.h)时,氨氮、CODMn、浊度、铁和锰的去除率分别为75.2%,31.8%,27.8%,31.6%,48.2%;温度和水力负荷对氨氮的去除率有较大的影响,温度较低时,降低水力负荷,提高水力停留时间,可以提高氨氮的去除率。     

徐家围子断陷沙河子组层序地层研究

松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷是一个西断东超的箕状断陷盆地,包括火石岭组、沙河子组和营城组三套地层。徐家围子断陷共经历了三个发展阶段,包括初始断裂期、断裂扩张期和断陷萎缩期。其中沙河子组发育在断裂扩张期,由砂砾岩和暗色泥岩互层组成,暗色泥岩是营城组内的深层气藏的最重要的烃源岩。本文应用Vail的经典层序地层学理论,通过岩心观察,录井、测井曲线和地震资料的综合分析,并结合前人研究成果,在徐家围子断陷沙河子组识别出上超、顶超和削截三种地震三种同向轴反射终止类型及岩性的突变面、地层叠加样式转换面和泥岩颜色的转换面三种钻井资料方面的层序边界特征,综合分析,沙河子组可以识别出四个三级层序界面,划分出三个三级层序;识别出冲积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、浊积扇、滨浅湖和深湖-半深湖相共六种沉积相类型,其中冲积扇、扇三角洲相主要发育在断陷的西部陡坡带,辫状河三角洲和浊积扇相则主要发育在断陷的东部缓坡带;沙河子组沉积时期经历了三次湖泛,在层序演化上具有早期形成和继承性发育的特点。     

Determination of essential fatty acids in captured and farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) from the Brazilian Amazonian area

This research aimed to quantify the methyl esters of linoleic (LA), γ-linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in the muscular tissue and orbital cavity of farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and in those caught in the Brazilian Amazonian Area during two periods. For the farmed fish, the amounts of LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA found in the muscle were 208.0, 12.4, 57.9, 5.0, and 25.1 mg/g, respectively. The amounts of these FA in the orbital cavity were 103.4, 6.6, 20.0, 4.4, and 8.1 mg/g for LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA, respectively. For the fish caught during the flood period, the LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA levels were 297.3, 50.7, 32.3, 3.8, and 14.1 mg/g in the muscle and in the orbital cavity were 259.7, 40.3, 10.8, 5.5, and 9.3 mg/g, respectively. For the fish captured in the dry season the levels of LA, LNA, AA, EPA and DHA in the muscle were 262.0, 48.0, 157.6, 9.3, and 40.2 mg/g and in the orbital cavity were 102.5, 15.7, 24.6, 7.0, and 8.9 mg/g. According to their contents of AA, EPA, and DHA, tambaqui captured in the dry season can be considered as a rich source of EFA. The adipose tissue of the orbital cavity did not show sufficiently high EPA and DHA contents to classify it as a better source of FA than the muscle.     

进水流量对新型储热水箱分层特性影响的实验研究

储热水箱被广泛使用在太阳能集热系统以及家用电加热热水器中,是决定集热系统和热水器性能的关键因素之一,储热水箱分层效果越好,越能提高集热系统效率及热水器的热水出水量。本文设计了一种新型均流器,安装在圆柱形储热水箱底部,并搭建了一套储热水箱分层特性测试实验台。在初始水温50℃、进水温度20℃的工况下,分析对比了3组不同流量(0.69L/min、2.14L/min、6.17L/min)时储热水箱的分层特性,结果显示,大流量比小流量温度曲线的斜率更大,温度下降速度更快。同时,基于热力学定律,分别计算了3组流量水箱的取出效率、用能效率、出于能量品质的考虑而采用的(火用)效率,在流量为0.69L/min、2.14L/min、6.17L/min时的取出效率分别为91.8%、95.7%、94.3%,用能效率分别为96.6%、98.6%、97.5%、(火用)效率分别为78.5%、83.1%、77.0%。     

Study on the Effect of Axial Vibration of Screw in Plasticating Process (Extrusion Part)

To improve the conformation of polymers, axial vibration is offered in the entire polymer process. Two sections, the axial shearing section and the axial pressing section, exert the effects of vibration on the melt. In the axial shearing section, with the effect of vibration, molecular chain orientations in the direction of flow and vibration produce the network frame, which ameliorates the mechanical properties, especially in the transverse direction, of the polymer product. The vibration can promote the disentanglement of molecular chains, which leads to a decrease in the viscosity and an increase in the flowability of melt. At the same time, it can ameliorate the blend quality of the filling system. Some experiments on extruded film, sheet, pipe, foam, and filling systems prove that the analyses are correct.     

异烟肼在有机溶剂中溶解度测定及晶习研究

在283.15~323.25 K范围内，利用在线浊度法测定了异烟肼在甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、丙酮、乙腈、乙酸甲酯与乙酸丁酯中的溶解度。数据表明，异烟肼在不同溶剂中的溶解度均随着温度升高而增加。在同一温度下，异烟肼的溶解度与溶剂关系符合如下顺序：甲醇 > 丙酮 > 乙醇 > 正丙醇 > 异丙醇 > 乙酸甲酯 > 异丁醇 > 正丁醇 > 乙腈 > 乙酸丁酯。采用改进的Apelblat、Wilson与NRTL方程对溶解度数据进行了拟合，结果与实验数据有较高的吻合。基于溶解度数据，对异烟肼溶解焓、溶解熵与溶解吉布斯能进行了计算，发现异烟肼溶解过程是吸热熵增过程。分析了甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇与丙酮对异烟肼冷却结晶过程所获产品晶习的影响，确定乙醇为合适的结晶溶剂。     

火力发电厂凝汽器铜管保护

指出了火力发电厂中,凝汽器铜管在设计、安装、运行、检修等阶段出现的问题,并认为：在设计阶段应做好水源、水质变化的动态预测,合理地确定浓缩倍率,从而正确选型;在安装阶段应对铜管全面检验,对运输、存放、安装、保护等环节加强管理;在运行阶段应开展加药保护,加强日常监测;在检修阶段应重视检查、评价,建立完整的档案．同时介绍了相应的处理、检验方法,提出了做好全过程管理的思路,对于新立项电厂有一定的指导作用．对已投产的电厂也有一定的参考价值。     

重油催化裂化操作的优化

通过对山东海化集团石油化工分公司重油催化裂化装置的具体分析,提出在原料变重、变劣的情况下,为扩大装置处理能力,提高液体收率,改善产品分布,保证装置长周期运行,装置进行了以下调整：降低两器压力,提高雾化蒸汽量,采用蒸气和干气混合预提升,提高原料油预热温度和平衡剂活性,选用适宜的催化剂,提高汽提段藏量,改善再生器催化剂再生效果,提高剂油比,使用金属钝化剂,有规律地对平衡剂进行置换等。     

变换系统饱和塔改造总结

饱和塔的主要作用是给煤气增湿和回收热量,以达到节约蒸汽的目的,同时利用变换后的热量给予煤气升温,还可以洗涤一部分杂质。我公司采用全低变流程,饱和塔经常出现堵塞,从而造成运行周期缩短,处理负荷降低。因此,进行改造,去掉饱和塔,系统补水的位置进行改变。对于改造后,将饱和塔改造为高效雾化喷头,再在喷头上层增加一层除沫器。采样此方法的改造,提高了运行周期,减少了填料的使用,降低了蒸汽的消耗,取得了可观的经济效益。     

轮胎带束设计对滚动阻力的影响

研究只调整轮胎的带束角度或材料对轮胎滚动阻力的影响。试验结果表明,在同样的条件下,带束角度的变化,轮胎的滚动阻力会相应发生变化,带束角度增大,轮胎滚阻增大;在同样的条件下,带束材料的强度变化,轮胎的滚动阻力会相应发生变化,带束材料强度增大,滚阻降低;同时轮胎重量增大,轮胎滚动阻力增大。     

高性能醋酸纤维素正渗透膜的研制

本文以醋酸纤维素(CA)为膜材料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和丙酮作为溶剂体系,聚乙二醇400(PEG400)作为添加剂,聚酯筛网作为支撑层,利用相转化方法制备醋酸纤维素正渗透膜。论文系统研究了CA的含量、DMF与丙酮的比例、添加剂的含量、支撑层的目数以及凝固浴温度对膜性能的影响,结果表明,当CA的质量分数为16%、DMF:丙酮的体积比为1:0.6、PEG400的质量分数为4%、作为支撑层的筛网目数为120mol/L、凝固浴的温度为60℃时,所制备正渗透膜的性能最佳;利用1mol/L NaCl作为驱动液,去离子水作为原料液,在1h的测试时间里,所制备膜的纯水通量可达到15 L/(m2·h)以上,反向盐通量控制在7.5g/(m2·h)以下。     

生态滤池工艺处理农村生活污水的季节特征分析

为考察生物生态工艺处理农村生活污水的实际效果,构建了一种新型生态滤池,分析了系统对有机物、营养物、颗粒物去除效果的季节特征。结果表明,系统全年对污水中COD、TN、NH3-N、TP、SS平均去除率分别为83.09%、39.35%、69.95%、44.08%、91.10%。除冬季外,系统出水SS含量达到GB 18918-2002的一级B排放标准;春季末与夏秋季,系统出水COD达到GB 18918-2002的二级排放标准。组合系统中,相对于生态滤池,厌氧反应器的贡献对COD、TP、SS的去除较大,对NH3-N的去除较小,对TN的去除略大。研究可为生态滤池的优化设计与应用提供技术支撑。