PLA/Lyocell纤维复合材料结构与性能研究

以聚乳酸(PLA)为基体,新型纤维素纤维Lyocell纤维为增强材料,通过熔融共混及注塑成型制备了PLA/Lyocell纤维可生物降解复合材料,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、力学性能测试、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和维卡软化温度测试等手段,探讨了Lyocell纤维含量对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明:随着Lyocell纤维含量的增加,PLA/Lyocell纤维复合材料的结晶度、弯曲模量和维卡软化温度均随之提高,而拉伸强度和冲击强度则呈现先上升后下降的趋势。其中当Lyocell纤维含量达到6%时,其在复合材料中的分布较为均匀,所对应复合材料的力学性能相对较好,其拉伸强度、缺口冲击强度和弯曲模量比纯PLA分别提高了15.3%、12.3%和13.0%。     

羟丙甲纤维素增韧聚乳酸复合材料的制备及性能研究

选用羟丙甲纤维素（HMC）对聚乳酸（PLA）进行增韧改性,采用共混法制备了PLA/HMC复合材料,并对其流变性能、力学性能和结晶性能进行了系统分析。结果表明,PLA/HMC复合材料的表观黏度随剪切速率、温度和HMC含量的增加呈现逐渐下降的趋势;HMC在PLA基体中能够均匀分散,且PLA与HMC之间具有较好的相容性;PLA/HMC复合材料的断裂伸长率和冲击强度均在HMC含量为10 %（质量分数,下同）时达到最大值,HMC对PLA起到了增韧的效果;而PLA/HMC复合材料的拉伸强度则随着HMC含量的增加而逐渐下降;HMC降低了PLA/HMC复合材料的结晶性能,复合材料的熔点和结晶度均随着HMC含量的增加而逐渐下降。     

马来酸酐接枝细菌纤维素改性聚乳酸研究

制备了马来酸酐接枝细菌纤维素（BC-g-MAH）,然后采用溶液浇铸法将BC-g-MAH与聚乳酸（PLA）制备成复合材料,通过红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析、拉伸实验和热失重分析等测试手段,研究了由PLA与不同含量BC-g-MAH制备成的复合材料的结构和性能。结果表明,MAH对BC进行了成功的接枝,制得的BC-g-MAH与 PLA具有较好的界面相容性;随着BC-g-MAH含量的增加,改性后的复合材料的结晶度、拉伸强度和拉伸模量较纯PLA有较大提高;BC-g-MAH含量为 20 %（质量分数,下同）时,复合材料的结晶度、拉伸强度和拉伸模量较纯PLA分别提高了17.1 %、69.4 %和428.4 %,复合材料热稳定性能也有了显著增强。     

PBT含量对PLA/PBT原位微纤复合材料流变及发泡性能的影响

聚乳酸(PLA)是用量最大的可生物降解材料之一,由于其拉伸流变性能较差,难于发泡。本文采用聚合物微纳层叠共挤装置制备PLA/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)原位微纤复合材料(PLA/PBT-MRC),研究了PLA/PBT-MRC的微纤形态、熔体的动态流变性能和拉伸流变性能。PLA、PLA/PBT-MRC注塑发泡后的泡孔形貌、注塑发泡制品的拉伸、缺口冲击和弯曲力学性能。研究表明：PLA/PBT-MRC中微纤宽度低至0.72μm,宽度随PBT含量增加而增大;随PBT含量增加PLA/PBT-MRC的储能模量、损耗模量和复数黏度都增大;PBT含量增加可以明显改善PLA熔体的拉伸流变性能,相对PLA表现出明显的拉伸应变硬化;PLA/PBT-MRC注塑发泡后泡孔直径比PLA注塑发泡泡孔直径减小800%,泡孔密度增加600%,发泡制品的拉伸强度、缺口冲击强度、弯曲强度分别提高22.2%、10.1%和26.4%。     

PBS/PLA/滑石粉3D打印线材制备及熔融沉积成型工艺研究

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)为基体,滑石粉和聚乳酸(PLA)为改性剂,采用熔融挤出法制备了PBS/PLA/滑石粉三维 （3D）打印线材,并对其进行了熔融成型研究。通过分析结晶性能、流变性能、力学性能、断面形貌和打印效果对PBS/PLA/滑石粉体系进行了探究。结果表明,PLA的加入使PBS的结晶温度下降了5 ℃;随着PLA含量的增加,材料的复数黏度、储能模量和损耗模量均得到提高;而拉伸强度则随PLA含量的增加下降了1.71 MPa,缺口冲击强度下降了2.63 kJ/m2;PLA含量的增加使断面逐渐粗糙;在打印效果上复合材料的打印模型随PLA含量的增加而变得美观规整,当底板温度高于110 ℃时,打印制件的翘曲度较低,同时拉伸强度随着打印温度的升高而增加。     

PEG对PLA/Ecoflex复合材料性能的影响

用双螺杆挤出机熔融挤出制备了聚乳酸聚己二酸／对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PLA／PBAT）复合材料，并研究了聚乙二醇（PEG）对复合材料的增容作用。结果表明，少量PEG的加入使复合材料的拉伸、弯曲强度和模量都得到了显著改善，冲击强度略有增加；PEG增加了复合材料中PLA与PBAT链段的相互作用，使复合材料相容性有所提高。     

界面改性对聚乳酸/Lyocell纤维复合材料结构与性能的影响

采用熔融共混法制备了聚乳酸（PLA）/Lyocell纤维复合材料,并通过力学性能、差示扫描量热仪、维卡软化温度及扫描电子显微镜等研究了硅烷偶联剂（KH550）和六亚甲基二异氰酸酯（HMDI）对复合材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明,与KH550相比,HMDI界面改性的效果较佳;随着偶联剂HMDI含量的增加,复合材料的力学性能呈现先增后减的趋势,当其含量为1 %（质量分数,下同）时,复合材料的维卡软化温度较未添加偶联剂时提高了5.1 ℃,且拉伸强度、拉伸模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量和缺口冲击强度也比未添加HMDI时分别提高了57.1 %、10.5 %、32.3 %、19.5 %和23.7 %。     

聚丙烯／木粉复合材料的加工成型及其力学性能研究

采用混炼工艺制备了聚丙烯／木粉复合材料（WPC）。研究了木粉、界面增溶剂-马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯（MAPP）的用量对WPC力学性能的影响。采用红外光谱仪对PP、MAPP、木粉及WPC的结构进行了表征和分析。结果表明，聚丙烯中加入木粉后，复合材料的拉伸强度及弯曲强度均比纯PP的要低，拉伸模量和弯曲模量逐渐升高，但复合材料的拉伸断裂伸长率随木粉用量的增加而逐渐下降。随着MAPP用量的增加，木粉用量较低（10％、20％）的WPC的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均先增加，然后逐渐减少，而木粉用量较高的WPC的强度值却在不断增高。当MAPP的质量分数为2％-4％时，复合材料的冲击强度值一般达到最高。红外谱图研究表明，偶联剂的加入可以把木纤维中的羟基酯化，改善木塑界面之间的相容性。     

PLA/PPC/OMMT纳米复合材料的结构与性能研究

采用双螺杆挤出机制备了聚乳酸（PLA）/聚碳酸亚丙酯（PPC）共混物和PLA/PPC/有机改性蒙脱土（OMMT）纳米复合材料,采用偏光显微镜、差示扫描量热仪和力学性能试验机等对共混物和纳米复合材料的相态结构、熔融与结晶行为和力学性能等进行了研究。结果表明,在PPC含量低于30 %时,随着PPC含量的增加,PLA/PPC和PLA/PPC/OMMT体系中PLA的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）均降低,在PPC含量为50 %时出现了明显的相分离;随着PPC含量的增加,PLA/PPC的冲击强度增大;OMMT的含量小于1.5 %时,PLA/PPC/OMMT体系的结晶度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和冲击强度均随OMMT含量的增加而增大。     

抗氧剂1010对3D打印用聚乳酸氧化降解性能的影响

为研究抗氧剂1010（KY1010）对3D打印用聚乳酸（PLA）氧化降解性能的影响,以PLA和KY1010为原料,通过挤出成型工艺制得3D打印用PLA丝材,并采用FDM工艺制备复合材料,研究KY1010添加量对PLA丝材拉伸性能、动态热机械性能、氧化诱导期以及复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,KY1010可有效改善PLA的抗氧化性,随KY1010添加量的增加,PLA丝材拉伸强度和储能模量先增加后减少,氧化诱导时间和氧化诱导温度逐渐增加;复合材料拉伸强度和弹性模量先增加后减少,冲击强度和缺口冲击强度逐渐提高;当KY1010添加量为0.5 %（质量分数,下同）时,PLA丝材的综合性能最好,PLA丝材的氧化诱导时间和氧化诱导温度分别提高了1 655.19 %和16.91 %,拉伸强度提高了15.35 %,储能模量最佳;复合材料的拉伸强度和弹性模量分别提高了26.04 %和33.23 %。     

聚乳酸/酯化纤维素/纳米CaCO_3复合材料的制备与表征

采用熔融共混法制备了聚乳酸(PLA)/酯化纤维素/纳米CaCO3复合材料,并通过力学性能测试、差示扫描量热仪、热重分析和扫描电镜等测试手段对复合材料的性能进行了表征。结果表明,当酯化纤维素和纳米CaCO3的总含量小于5%时,能够起到较好的增强作用,复合材料的力学性能明显优于纯PLA;酯化纤维素和纳米CaCO3的加入起到了异相成核作用,但会降低复合材料的热稳定性;酯化纤维素在复合材料中分散充分,无聚集现象;但当填料总含量大于10%时,纳米CaCO3发生明显发生聚集。     

碳酸钙对聚乳酸/酯化纤维素复合材料性能的影响

采用熔融共混工艺制备了聚乳酸(PLA)/酯化纤维素/CaCO3复合材料,通过力学性能测试、热重分析、凝胶渗透色谱和红外光谱分析,研究了CaCO3对复合材料力学性能和热稳定性的影响。结果表明:CaCO3能够与酯化纤维素相互作用,并在一定程度上改善复合材料的力学性能,提高复合材料的热稳定性,减缓PLA的热降解。     

Reinforcing effect of nanocrystalline cellulose and office waste paper fibers on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) composites

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared from office waste paper (OWP) by sulfuric acid hydrolysis method in this paper and it was used to prepare a series of poly (lactic acid) PLA/NCC composites by using a dissolution method in solvent N, N-dimethylformamide solution. The results indicated that with the addition of only 3 wt% NCC, the composites exhibited outstanding mechanical property. The tensile, bending and impact properties of the PLA/3NCC composite were improved by 8.2%, 13.1%, and 35.9% than those of pure PLA, respectively. On this basis, office waste paper fibers (OWF) were also used as a physical blended filler to enhance PLA/NCC composites to reduce the preparation cost of PLA composites and the perfect PLA/NCC/OWF sample was easily manufactured by melting–blending and injection molding. According to the crystallization and melting performance table, both NCC and OWF can act as nucleating agent to promote the crystallization properties on composites, while the blends did not have positive effect on thermal stability. Furthermore, the water absorption and degradation properties of PLA composites were also studied. This work not only provided a novel idea for the utilization of office waste paper but also successfully produced environment friendly composites with favorable mechanical properties and crystallization performance.     

Preparation of acylated microcrystalline cellulose using olive oil and its reinforcing effect on poly(lactic acid) films for packaging application

A novel poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based composite, reinforced by microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was prepared. MCC was modified by esterification reaction using olive oil for improving the compatibility with PLA matrix. The acylated microcrystalline cellulose (AMCC) exhibited reduced polarity in comparison to unmodified MCC. AMCC/ PLA composite films were prepared using solvent casting technique. The effects of the MCC surface modification on morphological, mechanical, physical, thermal, biodegradability and barrier properties of the PLA based MCC composites were studied. FTIR analysis confirmed acylation reaction of MCC. Scanning electron microscopy analysis exhibited a uniform distribution of AMCC in PLA matrix. Barrier properties of AMCC based composites were improved as compared to MCC based composites. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of composite films (at 2 wt.% AMCC) were improved about 13% and 35% as much as those of the pure PLA films, respectively. These biodegradable composite films can be a sustainable utilization of olive oil and microcrystalline cellulose in the food packaging application.     

Preparation and mechanical characterization of chicken feather/PLA composites

Green composites, a bio‐based polymer matrix is reinforced by natural fibers, are special class of bio‐composites. Interest about green composites is continuously growing because they are environment‐friendly. This study describes the preparation and mechanical characterization of green composites using polylactic acid (PLA) matrix including chicken feather fiber (CFF) as reinforcement. Extrusion and an injection molding process were used to prepare CFF/PLA composites at a controlled temperature range. CFF/PLA composites with fiber mass content of 2%, 5%, and 10% were manufactured. The effects of fiber concentration and fiber length on mechanical properties of CFF/PLA composites have been studied. Mechanical properties of composites were investigated by tensile, compression, bending, hardness, and Izod impact testing. The results of experiments indicated that Young's modulus, compressive strength, flexural modulus, and hardness of the PLA reinforced CFF composites are higher but tensile strength, elongation at break, bending strength and impact strength of them are lower than pure PLA. The results indicate that these types of composites can be used for various applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:837–845, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Thermomechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) films reinforced with hydroxyapatite and regenerated cellulose microfibers

Novel composite films constituted of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and two types of regenerated cellulose fillers—particulate and fibrous type—were produced by melt extrusion in a twin‐screw micro‐compounder. The effect of the film composition on the tensile and dynamic mechanical behavior and the HAp dispersion in the PLA matrix were investigated thoroughly. Appearance of crazed regions and prevention of HAp aggregation in the PLA matrix were elucidated in the composites with up to 15 wt % particulate cellulose content, which was the main reason for only slight reduction in the tensile properties, and consequently trivial degradation of their pre‐failure energy absorption as compared to neat PLA films. Superior dynamical energy storage capacities were obtained for the particulate cellulose modified composites, while their fibrous counterparts had not as good properties. Additionally, the anisotropic mechanical behavior obtained for the extruded composites should be favorable for use as biomaterials aimed at bone tissue engineering applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40911.     

纳米纤维素的表面修饰及对聚乳酸膜的力学性能和阻隔性能的影响

本实验通过化学水解法从农林废弃物油茶果壳中提取出油茶果壳纳米纤维素（cellulose nanocrystals, CNC）,经丁酸酐表面修饰获得丁酸酯化纳米纤维素（butyrated cellulose nanocrystals, BCNC）后,通过溶液浇铸法制备得到了BCNC/聚乳酸（PLA）复合材料,研究了CNC改性后的形貌及性能变化,以及BCNC对PLA力学性能、阻隔性能及透光率的影响。研究结果表明,经改性后,纳米纤维素的团聚现象得到改善并能稳定的分散在非极性有机溶剂中。在PLA复合材料中,BCNC对PLA有增强增韧的效果,添加5 wt%的BCNC时,PLA膜的拉伸强度提升了30.1%。添加5 wt%的BCNC,PLA复合膜的水蒸气透过率和氧气透过率分别下降了60.0%和35.0%,且仍具有较高的透光率。由于BCNC在基体中有更好的分散性和界面结合,对提升PLA力学性能和阻隔性能的效果均优于CNC。     

纳米纤维素的表面修饰及对聚乳酸膜的力学性能和阻隔性能的影响

本实验通过化学水解法从农林废弃物油茶果壳中提取出油茶果壳纳米纤维素（cellulose nanocrystals, CNC），经丁酸酐表面修饰获得丁酸酯化纳米纤维素（butyrated cellulose nanocrystals, BCNC）后，通过溶液浇铸法制备得到了BCNC/聚乳酸（PLA）复合材料，研究了CNC改性后的形貌及性能变化，以及BCNC对PLA力学性能、阻隔性能及透光率的影响。研究结果表明，经改性后，纳米纤维素的团聚现象得到改善并能稳定的分散在非极性有机溶剂中。在PLA复合材料中，BCNC对PLA有增强增韧的效果，添加5 wt%的BCNC时，PLA膜的拉伸强度提升了30.1%。添加5 wt%的BCNC，PLA复合膜的水蒸气透过率和氧气透过率分别下降了60.0%和35.0%，且仍具有较高的透光率。由于BCNC在基体中有更好的分散性和界面结合，对提升PLA力学性能和阻隔性能的效果均优于CNC。     

Preparation and physical properties of polylactide/cellulose nanowhisker/nanoclay composites

Polylactide (PLA) has been getting lots of interests in step with global concerns on sustainable green technology because it is biodegradable with reasonable mechanical strength and can be processed quite easily. But, to compete with commodity polymers in the market PLA‐based green composites need to have higher mechanical and thermal properties. Therefore, in this study, cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) as well as nanoclay were used as nanofillers to improve physical properties of PLA. CNWs were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder by acid hydrolysis, and confirmed by TEM. To improve interfacial bonding between PLA and CNWs maleic anhydride‐grafted PLA (MAPLA) was prepared and used as a compatibilizer. PLA‐based composites were prepared by melt mixing followed by compression molding. Mechanical properties of the composites were measured by UTM and DMA. The melt mixing conditions were optimized first, and then composition was optimized step by step to obtain a PLA‐based green composite with excellent physical properties. CNWs were much better than MCC powder as reinforcing natural fillers. MAPLA and nanoclay could improve considerably physical properties of the PLA‐based composites. Compared to the PLA/MCC composite the tensile strength of the PLA/CNW/MAPLA/nanoclay composite was almost doubled and the glass transition temperature of the composite was 23°C higher, making the composite possible for commercial applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013 © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers