酸式磷酸二辛酯的合成及其在膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯中的偶联作用

以三氯氧磷、异辛醇为原料合成的酸式磷酸二辛酯是一种含磷阻燃偶联剂 ,作者研究了其对膨胀型阻燃剂 (IFR) /聚丙烯 (PP)共混材料的偶联作用。力学性能、阻燃性能测试和SEM结果表明 :酸式磷酸二辛酯是体系有效的偶联剂 ,在不损害原有阻燃性能的条件下 ,提高了共混材料的力学性能 ,明显改善共混体系的形貌结构 ,是一种可选的阻燃偶联剂。经酸式磷酸二辛酯偶联的IFR/PP拉伸强度、抗冲击强度和水平燃烧性能分别为 2 5 4MPa、4 0 2kJ·m-2 和GB 2 40 8—80II- 0 5mm ,离火 36s自熄 ,未加偶联剂的对应值为 2 2 5 7MPa、3 2 7kJ·m-2 和GB 2 40 8— 80II- 1mm ,离火 39s自熄。     

微胶囊化膨胀型无卤阻燃聚丙烯的研究

对聚磷酸铵（APP）进行微胶囊化，复配了新型无卤膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）。利用IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。对包覆APP和IFR阻燃PP体系的表面形态和性能进行研究。结果表明，包覆的APP粒度均匀致密；在PP中添加IFR阻燃剂不小于30份时，有明显成炭效果，获得良好的阻燃性能，UL-94阻燃级数为V-0。阻燃PP体系的热稳定性也得到提高。     

钛酸酯偶联剂在膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯中的偶联作用

研究了钛酸酯偶联剂（TTOPP）对聚丙烯/膨胀型阻燃剂（PP/IFR）复合材料阻燃性能和力学性能的影响,并采用扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜和X射线衍射研究了复合材料的微观形态和结晶行为。结果表明,加入TTOPP后,IFR在PP中的分散更加均匀,PP球晶的大小趋于一致,适量的TTOPP改善了IFR与PP间的相容性,促进了IFR对PP形成β晶的诱导作用。当PP/IFR/TTOPP为75/25/0.375时,复合材料的综合性能最佳,自熄时间降到24 s,拉伸强度和冲击强度比PP/IFR分别提高了14.0 %和12.0 %。     

IFR对TPU/CPE体系的阻燃作用

采用国产热塑性聚氨酯弹性体（TPU）、氯化聚乙烯（CPE）在TPU／CPE二元共混改性体系的基础上，添加自行复配研制的膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR），对所构成的TPU／CPE／IFR进行了研究。结果表明：TPU／CPE／IFR阻燃体系阻燃性可达到FV—0级（IFR为19.2份），并具有较好的力学性能；该阻燃体系的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率分别保持了TPU／CPE的56％和73％。TPV／CPE／IFR体系随着IFR用量的增加，流动性变好。     

混料实验方法在阻燃PE配方中的应用

利用混料实验设计方法对膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）－聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇和成炭促进剂体系的配方进行了优化设计,通过建立膨胀阻燃聚乙烯（IFR－PE）材料的氧指数（OI）回归方程,得到了IFR组分的优化配方。结果表明,按优化配方制备的IFR－PE材料的OI可达29．3,优于用单因素轮换实验方法所得材料的阻燃性能。     

热塑性聚氨酯对膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯的增容作用

热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）含有氨基甲酸酯链段,该结构有利于受热成炭,提高阻燃性能,又可以通过超分子间力与膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）作用,而TPU的软段与聚丙烯（PP）结构相似,因此可作为PP/IFR体系的增容剂.力学性能和阻燃性能测试表明,3%TPU的加入,使材料的拉伸和冲击性能分别提高了9.8%和16.6%,离火自熄时间由45s降低到25 s;在TPU添加量为4%时,材料的冲击性能提高显著,已经达到纯PP的水平.流变性能测试结果表明,在测试温度下,由于TPU软化点较低,而IFR中季戊四醇（PT）又处于熔化状态,加入TPU和IFR使粘度降低,但加入量增加到5%时,体系粘度增大,说明TPU对体系起到了增容作用.SEM微观形态分析表明,随TPU含量增大,IFR与PP界面作用力增强,断裂由发生在IFR与PP的界面,变为发生在底材内部,说明TPU对体系起到了增容的作用.事实证明TPU是PP/IFR共混体系有效的增容剂.     

无卤膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯的性能研究

利用微胶囊化技术合成的新型磷氮体系无卤膨胀型阻燃剂IFR对聚丙烯（PP）进行阻燃。考察了阻燃剂IFR中聚磷酸铵（APP）的微胶囊包覆效果以及阻燃剂IFR对PP的阻燃性能、力学性能、热稳定性以及表面形态等的影响。结果发现包覆后的APP粒度均匀致密，效果比较良好；在PP中添加的IFR阻燃剂质量分数达到30％左右时，有明显的成炭效果，氧指数达到32％，阻燃性能提高；力学性能下降也趋于平缓；且IFR与PP的界面相容性比较良好；阻燃PP材料的热稳定性也得到了提高。     

膨胀阻燃剂在尼龙66中的应用

在PA66／膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）复合体系的阻燃机基础上,研究了PAD66／IFR体系的阻燃性,耐漏电性能。结果发现,IFR各组分间如果搭配得合理将具有明显的协同阻燃作用,但PA66／IFR材料的阻燃性和耐漏电性之间具有一定的矛盾性。     

大分子偶联剂在PVC／CaCO3复合体系中的应用

采用钛酸四异丙酯（ＴＰＴ）与甲基丙烯酸甲酯－丙烯酸丁酯－丙烯酸共聚笺（ＭＭＡ－ＢＡ－ＡＡ）和第三组分硬脂酸（或焦磷酸二异辛酯，或辛酸）合成了三种新型大分子偶联剂，对ＣａＣＯ３进行偶联处理，用于填充聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ），对复合体系的力学行为及流动性进行了研究，大分子钛酸酯偶联剂比通用小分子钛酸酯偶联剂具有更好的偶联作用，可使复合体系的断裂伸长率提高５０％，缺口冲击强度提高３５％，同时改进了加工性能。     

阻燃香蕉纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料的制备与表征

采用乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯（ATBC）作为增塑剂增塑聚乳酸,添加改性香蕉纤维和膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）制备阻燃香蕉纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料。研究结果表明,偶联剂处理纤维的效果最好,使复合材料的拉伸、弯曲强度分别达到57.49MPa、101.80MPa,与扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的结果一致;IFR 含量为5份（以聚乳酸为100份计）时综合性能最佳,材料的极限氧指数达到了32.8%,垂直燃烧实验达到了 V-0级（UL-94）,材料的拉伸和弯曲强度分别为43.97 MPa 和87.95MPa,效果最好。热失重研究结果表明,阻燃香蕉纤维的加入能明显提高聚乳酸的热分解温度和残炭量。     

Studies on compatibilization of intumescent flame‐retardant/PP composites based on etched PP

The phosphoric acid–pentaerythritol–melamine copolymer was selected as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR). The influence of dicromate acid–etching polypropylene (EPP) on the properties and compatibility of IFR/PP composites was studied. The results obtained from mechanical tests and SEM showed that EPP was a true coupling agent for IFR/PP blends, but without changing the necessary flame retardancy. The cocrystallization between bulk PP and PP segments of EPP was proved by WAXD analysis. Flow tests showed that the flow behavior of composites in the melt is that of a pseudoplastic liquid, which is almost insignificant for EPP affecting the rheological behavior of an IFR/PP composite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 522–527, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10261     

Compatibilization of intumescent flame retardant/polypropylene composites based on α‐methacrylic acid grafted polypropylene

A phosphoric acid–pentaerythritol–melamine copolymer was selected as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR). The influence of α‐methacrylic acid grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAA) on the properties and compatibility of IFR/PP composites was studied. The results obtained from mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy showed that PP‐g‐MAA was a true coupling agent for IFR/PP blends, but it did not change the necessary flame retardancy. The cocrystallization between bulk PP and PP segments of PP‐g‐MAA was proved by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis. A flow test showed that the flow behaviors of composites in the melt were those of a pseudoplastic liquid and it was very small for PP‐g‐MAA and affected the rheological behavior of the PP/IFR composite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3128–3132, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10099     

Polypropylene–intumescent flame‐retardant composites based on meleated polypropylene as a coupling agent

The phosphoric acid‐pentaerythritol‐melamine copolymer, which is composed of three main components of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and has optimal intumescent degree, was selected as IFR. The influence of meleated polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) on the properties and compatibility of IFR polypropylene (PP) composites were studied. The results obtained from mechanical tests, rheological behavior of composites, and scanning electron microscope showed that PP‐g‐MAH was a true coupling agent for IFR/PP blends and did not change the necessary flame retardancy. The cocrystallization between bulk PP and PP segments of PP‐g‐MAH was also proven by WAXD analysis. Flow test showed that the flow behaviors of composites in the melt are those of a pseudoplastic and it is very small for PP‐g‐MAH affecting rheological behavior of the PP/IFR composite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 257–262, 2002     

聚丙烯用膨胀型阻燃剂与基体相容性改进的研究进展

针对无卤膨胀型阻燃剂与聚丙烯间存在相容性差的问题,综述了几种改善相容性的方法：对阻燃剂与聚丙烯进行表面改性,加入偶联剂、相容剂,采用微胶囊化技术;引入新型炭源;通过合成三组分一体化的单分子阻燃剂改善聚丙烯与阻燃剂的相容性。     

Studies of polypropylene–intumescent flame‐retardant composites based on etched polypropylene as a coupling agent

The ammonium polyphosphate (APP)–pentaerythritol (PT)–melamine (M) system was selected as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR). The influence of dichromic acid–etched polypropylene (EPP) on the properties and compatibility of IFR/polypropylene (PP) composites was studied. The results obtained from mechanical tests and SEM showed that EPP was a true coupling agent for IFR/PP blends, but without changing the necessary flame retardancy. The cocrystallization between bulk PP and PP segments of EPP was confirmed by WAXD analysis. Flow tests showed that the flow behavior of composites in the melt is that of a pseudoplastic liquid, which is significant for EPP's effect on the rheological behavior of IFR/PP composite. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1388–1391, 2004     

膨胀型阻燃剂在聚丙烯中的应用研究

使用磷酸、季戊四醇、三聚氰胺合成了一种膨胀型阻燃剂。采用热重分析（TGA）、红外光谱分析（FTIR）、氧指数晨6定和垂直燃烧实验，研究了所合成的膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯的阻燃作用。与普通的膨胀型阻燃剂和包覆型膨胀阻燃剂的对比研究表明，该阻燃剂对聚．丙烯的阻燃性能优良，达到相同的阻燃效果（聚丙烯氧指数达到34％）时，用量较其它两种膨胀型阻燃剂明显减少。抗析出和防湖性能较其它两种膨胀型阻燃剂也有明显改善。     

季戊四醇磷酸蜜胺盐膨胀型阻燃剂的合成和应用

本文采用磷酸、季戊四醇和三聚氰胺为原料,乙二醇为介质在一定条件下合成无卤膨胀型阻燃剂季戊四醇磷酸蜜胺盐,并对产物进行了差热、热失重及红外分析;根据该阻燃剂的膨胀度、剩炭率的测定结果,确定最佳合成条件为：n（磷酸）：n（季戊四醇）：n（三聚氰胺）=3：1：1．5～2;中间产物磷酸季戊四醇酯的合成温度120℃,合成时间2h;最终产物磷酸蜜铵盐合成温度100℃,时间4h。将该阻燃剂和高密度聚乙烯以不同比例共混,测定复合材料的力学性能、加工性能和燃烧性能。结果表明：以m（阻燃剂）：m（聚乙烯）=15：85混合,可使复合材料有良好的机械加工性能和理想的阻燃效果。     

Fabrication of phytic acid embellished kaolinite and its effect on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

A modified kaolinite by grafting with phytic acid (PA-g-Kaol) is fabricated, and it was introduced into ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with intumescent flame retardancy (IFR) together to improve the flame retardancy of EVA composites. The results show the limiting oxygen index value of EVA/ (18.0 wt% IFR)/ (2.0 wt% PA-g-Kaol) is 30.8%. Meanwhile, there is only one dripping produced in the vertical burning test. What's more, the flame-retardant mechanism is demonstrated by TG-IR, real-time-IR and GC–MS analysis. The results indicate that some pyrolytic products of IFR and PA-g-Kaol, like ammonia and phosphoric acid, catalyze the crosslinking of EVA and flame retardant, the resultant compact char protects the substrate from further burning.     

硅烷偶联剂在膨胀阻燃聚丙烯复合体系中的应用

用乙烯基硅烷偶联剂(A-172)对膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)进行表面改性,研究了该阻燃剂对聚丙烯(PP)体系力学性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:当A-172/IFR/PP为0.5/22.5/77.5时,体系的力学性能基本不变,但阻燃性能得到了改善。其中氧指数同比提高了22.5%,体系的热释放速率峰值和烟释放速率峰值同比分别下降了9.7%和98.75%。