竹纤维素在NMMO中溶解再生前后的结构研究

以竹浆粕为原料、N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)为溶剂,利用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析等着重研究了竹纤维素在NMMO中溶解前后结构的变化。研究发现:NMMO溶解纤维素过程属于物理过程,未发生衍生化反应,竹纤维素溶解后聚合度较溶解前有所降低,晶型由纤维素Ⅰ变成了纤维素Ⅱ;热重分析表明纤维素再生前后都具有较好的热稳定性。     

木浆纤维素/NMMO·H_2O溶液的流变性能研究

以含水率13.7%的N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)为溶剂溶解木浆纤维素形成溶液,采用红外光谱分析仪对木浆纤维素的溶解过程进行表征,并采用黏度计研究了木浆纤维素/NMMO·H2O溶液的流变性能。结果表明:木浆纤维素在NMMO中先溶胀后溶解,且可完全溶解;木浆纤维素/NMMO·H2O溶液的流动呈现切力变稀的假塑性流体特征;木浆纤维素质量分数为6%时,溶液的非牛顿流动特征明显,溶液的表观黏度(ηa)随木浆纤维素浓度的增加明显增加,随剪切速率(γ)及温度的上升而下降,当γ高于一定值即logγ大于1.3时,溶液的ηa不受温度的影响,只随γ的上升而下降,且剪切应力不随γ变化而变化,为恒定值。     

NMMO的合成及其对木纤维素浆粕溶解性能的研究

通过研究催化剂、反应时间、反应温度等因素对产物NMMO产率的影响，确定了较佳工艺条件，合成了NMMO纤维素良溶剂，并对该溶剂溶解木纤维素浆粕的性能进行了初步探讨。     

聚乙烯醇/再生纤维素纳米纤维膜的制备

采用N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)对废旧涤棉织物中的棉纤维进行溶解回收,通过正交试验优化溶解工艺条件,并利用静电纺丝技术制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)/再生纤维素纳米纤维膜。试验发现影响棉纤维溶解效果的主次因素关系为:溶解温度NMMO的质量分数二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶胀时间溶质(棉纤维)与溶剂(NMMO水溶液)质量比。溶解的最优条件是:反应温度95℃,NMMO的质量分数为87%,DMSO溶胀90 min,溶质与溶剂质量比为3∶100。此时用扫描电镜观察到PVA/再生纤维素纳米纤维膜中纳米的直径比较均匀。     

纤维素/NMMO溶液及其薄膜的制备与性能研究

以水质量分数为13.3%的N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)为溶剂溶解棉浆粕,制备质量分数为5%～11%的纤维素/NMMO溶液。将所得溶液制备纤维素薄膜,考察了纤维素/NMMO溶液的稳定性,研究了凝固浴温度和组成对纤维素薄膜的成膜性、断面形态及力学性能的影响。结果表明:纤维素/NMMO溶液随着浓度增大,其粘度先增大后减小,再急剧上升;纤维素/NMMO溶液在玻璃介质中稳定性较好,微量Cu~(2+),Fe~(3+)等杂质存在时,其稳定性显著下降;纤维素薄膜随凝固浴温度升高,其透明性、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均下降;相对于水,含有乙醇和NMMO的凝固浴能减缓双扩散的速度,使纤维素薄膜的拉伸强度略有提高,断裂伸长率出现不同程度下降。     

棉纤维在NMMO溶液中的溶胀与溶解

用不同质量分数的N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)溶液,在不同的温度和时间条件下,探究棉纤维的溶胀和溶解情况,并利用X射线衍射和红外光谱对纤维素溶胀前后的结构变化进行表征。结果表明:NMMO质量分数低于80%时,棉纤维只溶胀不溶解;在质量分数分别为83%、85%、87%的NMMO溶液中,棉纤维出现溶解现象;随着NMMO质量分数的增大、温度的升高、时间的延长,棉纤维的溶胀程度不断增加。在质量分数为83%的NMMO溶液中,棉纤维先溶胀后溶解;在质量分数为87%的NMMO溶液中,棉纤维不溶胀直接溶解;在质量分数为85%的NMMO溶液中,棉纤维的溶解存在先溶胀后溶解和直接溶解两种形式。质量分数为80%以下的NMMO水溶液处理后的棉纤维,结晶结构和化学结构均没有变化。     

人造纤维

20005041纤维素在N一金属吗咐氧化物中的连续溶解技术Diener A.…;Chem.Fibers Int.,1999,49,(1),p .40一42(英)概述了在Lyocell纤维的制取过程中采用混合/捏合技术并以N一金属吗琳氧化物(NMMO)为溶剂,使纤维素连续溶解的原理。此NMMO技术由两个步骤构成:在一共同旋转的加工容器内连续调节原料的喂入和纤维的连续溶解。阐述了混合/捏合技术和NMMO技术结合的优点。(肖东辉)纤维素纤维N一金属吗琳氧化物溶解 20005042采用直接溶剂工艺的纤维素高速纺丝Huang K.5.…;Chem.Fibers Int.,1999,(49),(1),p .45一14,46(英)以己内酸胺衍生…     

NMMO/DMSO溶剂体系对纤维素溶解作用的研究

借助X－射线衍射和核磁共振技术研究了纤维素在N－甲基氧化吗啉／二甲基亚砜（NMMO／DMSO）溶剂体系中的溶解机理．虽然DM－SO可以溶胀纤维素，并使少量部分取向性差或不完整的微晶体溶化，但不能溶解纤维素。NMMO浸入高度溶胀的纤维素分子之间，与纤维素发生某种形式的相互作用，加速了纤维素的非晶化和DMSO的溶剂化作用，最终使体系成为均匀的溶液。     

纤维素在N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物/水溶液中的溶胀与溶解性能

研究了纤维素在N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物(NMMO)/水体系中的溶胀、溶解过程对纤维素溶液性能的影响,为纤维素在NMMO/水体系中纺丝成形提供理论依据.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)探索了纤维素溶胀后的结晶结构变化,利用旋转流变仪探讨了纤维素浓度、聚合度等对纤维素溶液流变性能的影响.结果表明:经溶胀后的纤维素,非晶区被部分破坏,使其结晶度下降,从而更易被均匀、快速地溶解;纤维素的聚合度越大,含量越高,其大分子链的解缠及伸展越困难,分子间作用越大,纤维素溶液的流动性越差,越不利于纤维素的纺丝成形.     

溶解纤维素的溶剂体系研究进展

介绍了溶解纤维素的有机溶剂体系和水溶剂体系,比较了各种溶剂的溶解机理和特点,重点阐述了N-甲基氧化吗啉(NMMO)和以碱金属氢氧化物为基础的溶剂体系,并简单介绍纤维素溶液的利用。     

Structural changes of regenerated cellulose dissolved in FeTNa,NaOH/thiourea,and NMMO systems

Regenerated cellulose was prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) via dissolution in three well‐known nonderivatizing systems: ferric chloride/sodium tartarate/sodium hydroxide (FeTNa), sodium hydroxide/thiourea (NaOH/thiourea), and N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) systems. The effect of regeneration using the different systems on the supramolecular structure of the regenerated celluloses was studied using X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The effect of regeneration on supermolecular structure, morphology, and thermal stability of regenerated celluloses were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of regeneration systems used on the chemical reactivity of cellulose toward carboxymethylation, acetylation, and cyanoethylation reactions was briefly studied. The results showed dependence of all the aforementioned properties on the dissolution reagent used in spite of that all studied reagents cause the same change in cellulose crystalline structure (from cellulose I to cellulose II). The degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the regenerated cellulose (RC) samples were in the following order: NaOH/thiourea RC > FeTNa RC > NMMO RC. SEM micrograph showed unique surface for the NMMO RC sample. The reactivity of the different regenerated cellulose samples toward carboxymethylation, cyanoethylation, and acetylation depended mainly on the reaction system and conditions used rather than on crystallinity of regenerated cellulose. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Preparation and characterization of dense cellulose film for membrane application

Regenerated cellulose films were prepared with environmentally friendly process by utilized N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO)‐Cellulose system. To prepare a dense cellulose film for membrane application, some parameter process which influence porous forming such as cellulose DP, cellulose concentration, addition NMMO in coagulation bath, coagulation bath temperature, and drying condition were investigated. We resumed that the porosity and pore size of cellulose membrane decrease with lower cellulose DP, higher cellulose concentration, addition of NMMO in coagulation bath, applying room temperature in coagulation bath and drying, and applying vacuum on drying process resulted in membranes with porosity in range of 24–41% and pore size 13.4–20.2 nm. The main factor for controlling porosity and pore size of dense cellulose membrane was coagulation process condition especially addition of NMMO into coagulation bath. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Hemodialysis membrane prepared from cellulose/N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide solution. II. Comparative studies on the permeation characteristics of membranes prepared from N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide and cuprammonium solutions

Two kinds of regenerated cellulose membranes for hemodialysis were prepared from casting solutions of N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO) and cuprammonium (denoted NMMO membranes and cuprammonium membranes, respectively). The concentration of cellulose in the casting solution investigated was 6–8 wt %. The permeation characteristics of both membrane series were compared in terms of the ultrafiltration rate (UFR) of pure water, the sieving coefficient (SC) of dextran, and the solute permeabilities of urea, creatinine, and vitamin B₁₂. The UFR and SC of the NMMO membranes were strongly affected by the cellulose concentration of the casting solution, and NMMO was a preferable solvent for the production of cellulose membranes with high performance; the cuprammonium solution gave low‐performance membranes. The pore structures of both types of membranes were estimated with the Hagen–Poiseuille law. The results showed that the NMMO membranes had larger pore radius and smaller pore numbers than the cuprammonium membranes. The differences in the membrane pore structures led to the differences in the performance between the two membrane series. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 333–339, 2003     

纤维素在NMMO水溶液中的溶胀行为研究

通过离心分离法表征纤维素在N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物水溶液中的溶胀行为,研究了NMMO浓度、温度对纤维素浆粕溶胀的影响;用显微镜追踪拍摄纤维素的溶胀过程,测定纤维的溶胀率,验证了离心分离法的可行性。结果表明:随着NMMO浓度、溶胀温度的升高,纤维素溶胀率增大,溶胀效果变好;纤维素在NMMO水溶液中的最佳溶胀条件为NMMO质量分数78%、温度75℃,溶胀时间40 min。     

Physical agglomeration behavior in preparation of cellulose‐N‐methyl morpholine N‐oxide hydrate solutions by simple mixing

The different melting temperatures of N‐methyl morpholine N‐oxide (NMMO) hydrates in the cellulose–NMMO hydrate solution may be explained by the rather different crystal structures of NMMO hydrates, which are determined by the amount of the hydrates. The preparative process of cellulose–NMMO hydrate solution may result in cellulose structural change from cellulose I to cellulose II, depending on the amount of the hydrate. Mixtures of cellulose and NMMO hydrate in a blender was changed from the granules to slurry with increasing mixing time at 60–70°C, which is below the melting point of the NMMO hydrate. In the case of 15 wt % cellulose–NMMO hydrate granules, which were made by mixing for 20 min, the melting points of various NMMO hydrates were obtained as 77.8°C (n = 0.83), 70.2°C (n = 0.97), and 69.7°C (n = 1.23), respectively, depending on the hydrate number. However, the melting points of cellulose–NMMO hydrate slurry and solution were shifted lower than those of cellulose granules, while the mixing time of slurry and solution are 25 and 35 min, respectively. These melting behaviors indicate instantaneous liquefaction of the NMMO hydrate and the diffusion of the NMMO hydrate into cellulose during mixing in a blender. When cellulose was completely dissolved in NMMO hydrate, the crystal structure of cellulose showed only cellulose II structure. In the cellulose–NMMO products of granules or slurry obtained by high‐speed mixing, which is a new preparation method, they still retained the original cellulose I structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1687–1697, 2004     

纤维素接枝共聚研究

本文论述了天然纤维素纤维的生产方法包括铜氨溶液、NMMO及LiCl/极性溶剂等对生态环境和纤维性能的影响 ,重点介绍了纤维素在LiCl/极性溶剂体系中溶解机理及各种溶解条件对溶解性能的影响。对纤维素接枝共聚及其产物也作了相应介绍。     

新型纤维素薄膜的NMMO生产工艺

介绍了新型纤维素薄膜的 NMMO制造工艺 ,并指出和传统的粘胶工艺相比新工艺具有无污染、能耗小、产品性能好的优点。     

Preparation and properties of chemical cellulose from ascidian tunic and their regenerated cellulose fibers

Chemical cellulose (dissolving pulp) was prepared from ascidian tunic by modified paper‐pulp process (prehydrolysis with acidic aqueous solution of H₂SO₄, digestion with alkali aqueous solution of NaOH/Na₂S, bleaching with aqueous NaOCl solution, and washing with acetone/water). The α‐ cellulose content and the degree of polymerization (DPw) of the chemical cellulose was about 98 wt % and 918, respectively. The Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) whiteness of the chemical cellulose was about 98%. From the X‐ray diffraction patterns and ¹³C‐NMR spectrum, it was found that the chemical cellulose obtained here has cellulose Iβ crystal structure. A new regenerated cellulose fiber was prepared from the chemical cellulose by dry–wet spinning using N‐methylmorpholine‐ N‐oxide (NMMO)/water (87/13 wt %) as solvent. The new regenerated cellulose fiber prepared in this study has a higher ratio of wet‐to‐dry strength (<0.97) than commercially regenerated cellulose fibers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1634–1643, 2002.