环流反应器的流动、混合与传递特性

由于环流反应器内存在定向循环,与鼓泡塔反应器相比,其混合性能大幅提升,已广泛应用于许多工业过程,如发酵、反应器结晶等工业过程,近年来成为国内外学者研究的热点。针对环流反应器内操作条件下的流动形态、流体力学(包括相含率分布、循环液速、混合时间以及离集指数等)及传质/传热特性,总结了其最新研究进展,分析了相含率尤其是固含率变化对反应器中关键参数如循环液速和化学反应速率的影响,展望了从机理上研究相互耦合的多相流动、传质/传热和化学反应规律,为进一步推动其工业应用提供参考。     

级间隙高度和表观气速对多级环流反应器混合和传质的影响

针对应用广泛的简单多级环流反应器,研究了级间隙高度和表观气速对其混合和传质的影响规律。发现简单多级环流反应器的各级存在着非正常流动、过渡及正常流动三个典型流动状态,且流动状态的转变存在着受级间隙高度影响的两个临界表观气速,并提出了相应的预测模型。研究结果表明:级间隙高度越大,多级环流反应器内形成正常流型所需的表观气速越大;各级上升管和降液管的气含率会增高,且相同条件下第三级气含率最大,第二级次之,第一级气含率最小;各级的循环液速会增大,且第一级循环液速最大,第二级次之,第三级最小;混合时间会缩短,而传质系数会增大。本研究可为工业多级环流反应器的科学设计、放大和操作提供重要指导。     

级间隙高度和表观气速对多级环流反应器混合和传质的影响

针对应用广泛的简单多级环流反应器,研究了级间隙高度和表观气速对其混合和传质的影响规律。发现简单多级环流反应器的各级存在着非正常流动、过渡及正常流动三个典型流动状态,且流动状态的转变存在着受级间隙高度影响的两个临界表观气速,并提出了相应的预测模型。研究结果表明：级间隙高度越大,多级环流反应器内形成正常流型所需的表观气速越大;各级上升管和降液管的气含率会增高,且相同条件下第三级气含率最大,第二级次之,第一级气含率最小;各级的循环液速会增大,且第一级循环液速最大,第二级次之,第三级最小;混合时间会缩短,而传质系数会增大。本研究可为工业多级环流反应器的科学设计、放大和操作提供重要指导。     

面积比及筛网对环流反应器流动与传质的影响

通过实验考察了具有不同上升区与下降区面积比的内循环气升式环流反应器气含率、循环液速以及循环流量等,确定了具有较高气含率、循环液速及循环流量的环流反应器结构。随后在环流反应器的上部布置筛网,改变气泡进入下降区的流动形态,考察筛网对于环流反应器流体力学以及传质性能的影响。结果表明:上升区与下降区面积比接近为1的反应器流动性能最好;在内套筒上部布置筛网会改变气泡由上升区进入到下降区的流动形态,流动形态分为3种,无气泡进入下降区、仅有小气泡进入下降区以及全部小气泡以及部分大气泡进入下降区。筛网孔径会影响环流反应器中的气含率、循环液速、循环流量以及传质系数,可以通过优化筛网孔径而提高流动与传质性能。     

下喷式环流反应器研究进展

下喷式环流反应器在工业上的应用越来越广泛,深入研究下喷式环流反应器的设计、应用以及工业放大意义重大。概述了下喷式环流反应器的研究现状及最新进展。分析了下喷式环流反应器特性参数气含率、传质系数、循环液速和混合时间的影响因素,对反应器结构、流体特性和操作参数等因素的影响规律进行了归纳,提出了目前研究领域存在的问题,并进行了展望。     

气升式环流反应器特性参数的研究进展

介绍了气升式环流反应器的工作原理、分类及流型,综述了气升式环流反应器的流体力学特征参数(主要包含气含率和循环液速)、混合及传质特性参数的测量方法和影响因素。介绍了气含率和循环液速的数学模型,并评述了现有模型。展望了气升式环流反应器进一步的研究方向与发展前景。     

气升式环流反应器特性参数的研究进展

介绍了气升式环流反应器的工作原理、分类及流型,综述了气升式环流反应器的流体力学特征参数(主要包含气含率和循环液速)、混合及传质特性参数的测量方法和影响因素。介绍了气含率和循环液速的数学模型,并评述了现有模型。展望了气升式环流反应器进一步的研究方向与发展前景。     

环隙鼓泡型环流反应器的研究

前言环流反应器是近年来发展较快的一种新型反应器。它不仅具有一定的回流作用还具有较好的传热、传质和混合特性,因此在生化工业和化学工业中已有较多的应用。环流反应器按进料方式,可分为内管进料和环隙进料两种,对于前者已有不少研究报告,而有关环隙进料环流反应器的研究只有 Koide 等做了一些工作,至于气、液混合特性至今尚未见到文献报导。本工作是在环隙鼓泡型环流反应器冷模装置中进行气含率、液侧体积传质系数和流动特     

三级环流反应器中气液流动与传质规律

针对级间安装导流筒的三级环流反应器的气液流动与传质过程开展实验研究。通过冷模实验获得不同表观气速下(0.015～0.1m/s)以及安装不同级间内构件时环流反应器内的气含率、混合时间、停留时间以及体积氧传质系数。结果表明,随着表观气速的增加,反应器各级内的气含率增加,混合时间减少,平均停留时间减小,同时氧传质系数增加。通过对反应器内气液流型的变化的观察,进一步分析了级间内构件对三级环流反应器性能的影响,发现内构件上截面较宽时(3^#内构件),反应器的混合效果更好,而内构件的上截面较小时(1^#内构件),反应器可以更好地抑制返混。     

气升式环流反应器的研究进展

环流反应器在工业上正得到越来越广泛的应用,对其进行深入研究对于此类反应器的设计与放大具有重要意义。对环流反应器的流动、混合及传质特性参数随表观气速、液相物性、系统压力和反应器尺寸等操作条件的变化关系进行了综述。介绍了各特性参数的测量方法,并指出了这些方法的优缺点及可能存在的误差。对环流反应器的流动、混合及传质特性的数学模型进行了评述,并在此基础上对环流反应器研究的发展前景进行了展望。     

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Ultrasonic Loop Airlift Reactor

The promoting effect of ultrasonic wave on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the loop airlift reactor was studied. The gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity, mixing time and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient were examined and compared, with and without ultrasonic wave in the reactor. The experimental results show that ultrasound has almost no notable effect on the gas holdup, but has a tendency to decrease gradually the liquid circulation velocity and increase the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient; and the effect on the mixing time is relatively complex. At low superficial gas velocity, the low powered ultrasound promotes the radial mixing of fluid; with the ultrasonic power increasing, ultrasonic vibration obstructs the axial mixing of fluid. Moreover, the effect of ultrasonic wave on the mixing time gradually decreases with the increase in the superficial gas velocity. Therefore there exists an optimal ultrasonic power for hydrodynamics and mass transfer. Correlations were also proposed for the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the reactor.     

Experimental and Numerical Study of Gas-Liquid Flow in a Sectionalized External-Loop Airlift Reactor

The external loop airlift reactor(EL-ALR) is widely used for gas-liquid reactions. It's advantage of good heat and mass transfer rates compared to conventional bubble column reactors. In the case of fermentation application where a medium is highly viscous and coalescing in nature, internal in riser helps in the improvement of the interfacial area as well as in the reduction of liquid-phase back mixing. The computational fluid dynamic(CFD) as a tool is used to design and scale-up of sectionalized external loop airlift reactor. The present work deals with computational fluid dynamics(CFD) techniques and experimental measurement of a gas hold-up, liquid circulation velocity, liquid axial velocity, Sauter mean bubble diameter over a broad range of superficial gas velocity 0.0024≤U_G≤0.0168 m·s~(-1). The correlation has been made for bubble size distribution with specific power consumption for different plate configurations. The effects of an internal on different mass transfer models have been completed to assess their suitability.The predicted local mass transfer coefficient has been found higher in the sectionalized external loop airlift reactor than the conventional EL-ALR.     

Air-lift reactors in chemical and biological technology

The principle of the air-lift reactor is finding wide application in the fields of both chemical technology and biotechnology because it offers simple and effective mixing in three-phase processes involving gases, liquids and solids. The air-lift principle offers advantages of no moving parts, high gas absorption efficiency, good heat transfer characteristics and rapid mixing which are applicable in a range of industrial processes. This review considers specific aspects of air-lift reactors emphasizing their function and relevance to particular applications. The two main groups of air-lift reactor, baffled vessels and external loop reactors, have four main component parts in common, the riser, the downcomer, the base and the gas separator, all of which have distinct characteristics. The performance of these four components with respect to flow configurations, fluidization of suspended solids and mass transfer are discussed together with methods of evaluating mass transfer coefficients.     

气液喷射器的结构设计与性能分析

喷射式环流反应器是一种高效的多相反应器，由于其具有良好的传热、传质和混合特性，目前已被广泛应用于生物、化学、制冷和环境保护等工程领域。气液喷射器作为喷射式环流反应器的核心部件之一，其结构尺寸对环流反应器的传质特性和适用环境都具有显著影响。为考察结构尺寸对喷射器性能的影响，本文根据其工作原理，设计了一台模试气液喷射器，并通过冷模试验对其进行性能测试研究。试验结果表明：气液喷射器的引气能力主要取决于其混合喉管与喷嘴出口截面比f₃/f₁以及喷射器进出口压力降Δp_p/Δp_c，而环流反应器的气含率仅与喷射器的液相射流量和气体引射量有关。相同液相流量条件下，喷射器的最大引射空气量随截面比f₃/f₁的增大而增大，反应器内的平均气含率随之增加；提高液相射流与引射气体的速度差能够加强两股流体间的剪切作用，使气泡更易发生破碎。当喷射器的气液比大于2.6时，反应器内的混合流体可达到乳化状态。     

The effect of the draft tube geometry on mixing in a reactor with an internal circulation loop – A CFD simulation

The main topic of this paper is to describe the effect of geometrical parameters on mixing time in a reactor with an internal circulation loop. The design of the draft tube inside the reactor is an important geometric parameter and has a big influence on two phase hydrodynamics as well as on mass transfer in the reactor. In the first section, the validation of the selected mathematical model is carried out. The results of experimental measurements (liquid velocity and gas hold-up) obtained on the laboratory scale reactor are compared with the CFD simulations. The CFD simulation (bubbly flow and mass transfer models) was made using COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a. The results of the numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. In the second section, the study of mixing in the reactor is described with the new geometry of the draft tube. The standard experimental techniques for testing mixing processes are quite problematic because common tracers (soluble salts) have significant influence on two phase hydrodynamics inside the reactor. Though, an alternative nontrivial method had to be used. The split of the draft tube into two or three section has a significant effect on mixing (mass transfer) in the reactor.     

鼓泡床反应器内流动与传质行为的研究进展

总结了有关浆态鼓泡床反应器内流动、混合用气液传质特性的研究成果,详细地介绍了鼓泡床反应器内气含率、液速、液体轴向扩散系数、传质系数的测量方法,阐述了鼓泡床反应器性能的主要影响因素,如系统压力、温度、气体表观气速、液体性质及固含率等对流动、液相混合和传质特性的影响,并对鼓泡床反应器的应用前景进行了详述.     

Die Modellierung von Stofftransportprozessen in Mehrphasenströmungen – am Beispiel des Strahlzonen‐Schlaufenreaktors

The efficiency and selectivity of chemical reactions are influenced by the mixing characteristics of the reactor. Existing models often assume homogeneous mixing on micro scale to calculate the reaction yield. However, neglecting the local hydrodynamic phenomena causes a discrepancy between model calculation and experimental data especially considering mass transfer limited reactions. In two‐phase flows different mass transfer phenomena have to be considered: the diffusion in the gas‐liquid boundary layer and diffusion in the Batchelor layer. The aim of the paper is to describe the mass transfer affecting mechanisms in multi‐phase flows and to discuss the first results of the investigation of local mass transfer phenomena in a two phase flow driven jet‐zone loop reactor.     

Influences of top clearance and liquid throughput on the performances of an external loop airlift slurry reactor integrated mixing and separation

A new developed external loop airlift slurry reactor, which was integrated with gas–liquid–solid three-phase mixing, mass transfer, and liquid–solid separation simultaneously, was deemed to be a promising slurry reactor due to its prominent advantages such as achieving continuous separation of clear liquid from slurry and cyclic utilization of solid particles without any extra energy, energy-saving, and intrinsic safety design. The principal operating parameters, including gas separator volume, handling capacity, and superficial gas velocity, are systematically investigated here to promote the capabilities of mixing, mass transfer, and yield in the pilot external loop airlift slurry reactor. The influences of top clearance and throughput of the clear liquid on flow regime and gas holdup in the riser, liquid circulating velocity, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient with a typical high solid holdup and free of particles are examined experimentally. It was found that increasing the gas separator volume could promote the liquid circulating velocity by about 14.0% at most. Increasing the handling capacity of the clear liquid from 0.9 m~3·h~(-1) to 3.0 m~3·h~(-1) not only could increase the output without any adverse consequences, but also could enhance the liquid circulating velocity as much as 97.3%. Typical operating conditions investigated here can provide some necessary data and guidelines for this new external loop airlift slurry reactor to upgrade its performances.     

CFD在自吸反应器气液流动和传质特性研究中的应用

针对配置气体分布器的六叶轮自吸反应器建立了欧拉气液两相流三维瞬态模型,耦合Higbie气液传质模型,采用CFX软件对其气液混合过程的流场、气含率、吸气速率及溶氧传递过程进行数值模拟,获得了反应器的流动特性、气液分散性能、吸气特性及气液传质特性.分析了反应器内水平及竖直位置上的流型特征及溶氧传递性能,结合实验数据及经验关联式对比分析了对气含率及吸气速率的预测作用.结果表明,六叶轮转子及其配置的气体分布器可以获得较均匀的气液混合,气含率及吸气速率的预测与实验值偏差分别为5.2% 和17.6%,模拟发现在反应器底部近壁处溶氧及混合效果不佳.     

带波纹隔板的平板式光生物反应器流动特性

在传统平板式光生物反应器中加入波纹形隔板,以其导流作用强化液体循环和气液传质,建立了新型带波纹隔板的平板式光生物反应器. 利用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟及实验考察了该反应器的流动与传质特性及其影响因素. 结果表明,CFD模拟结果与实验测量值吻合良好,液体在上升区和下降区之间形成了良好的循环,随通气比增加,液相速度、平均气含率和溶氧体积传质系数均近似线性增加. 单位体积能量输入与平均液相体积传质系数之间有良好的线性关系. 综合各相关参数得到优化结构为：下降区/上升区截面积为1.62,隔板顶端到液面的距离为260 mm,隔板底端到反应器底部的距离为20 mm.