混合碱效应对Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2系玻璃结构和热膨胀性能的影响

本文用传统高温熔融法熔制Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系高铝玻璃,改变碱金属氧化物n(Li₂O)/n(Na₂O)的摩尔比,运用阿基米德排水法、热膨胀仪、DSC、傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱等测试手段和仪器,探究了混合碱金属效应对Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系玻璃结构和热膨胀性能的影响。结果显示:随着n(Li₂O)/n(Na₂O)比例增大,混合碱金属效应对Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系玻璃的密度和热膨胀系数的影响一致,表现为先增大后减小,当R=0.25(R=n(Li₂O)/[n(Li₂O)+n(Na₂O)],摩尔比)时,出现极值,此时密度达到最大2.447 4 g/cm³,热膨胀系数达到最大7.811 7×10^-6/℃;对玻璃特征温度的影响随着温度的升高而逐渐减弱至消失;对玻璃的析晶能力有一定的提升作用;对玻璃三维骨架结构中的硅氧四面体Qⁿ的影响也各不相同。     

Li2O/Na2O对YAS微晶玻璃结构、析晶与力学性能的影响

透明微晶玻璃由于优异的力学性能被广泛应用于电子领域。本文采用熔融法制备了不同质量分数Li₂O和Na₂O的Y₂O₃-Al₂O₃-SiO₂(YAS)微晶玻璃,通过Raman、DSC、XRD、FESEM、UV-VIS-NIR等测试方法研究了其结构特征、析晶与力学性能。结果表明：当碱金属氧化物R₂O(R=Li, Na)总量保持不变,随着Li₂O取代Na₂O含量的增加,YAS微晶玻璃的转变温度、软化温度和结晶峰温度逐渐降低,Q⁴基团对应的含量逐渐减少,说明Li₂O作为网络外体使YAS微晶玻璃结构逐步解聚,玻璃的析晶能力逐渐增强。在同一热处理制度下,随着Li₂O取代量的增加,YAS微晶玻璃维氏硬度显著提升,而透过率明显下降。在680℃/10 h+750℃/1 h热处理制度下,可以制备出晶体大小一致且分布均匀的以钇稳定...     

Na2O对锂铝硅微晶玻璃析晶及性能的影响

采用熔融法制备了不同Na₂O含量的透明锂铝硅微晶玻璃,通过DSC、XRD、FESEM等测试方法研究了不同Na₂O含量对玻璃析晶及性能的影响。结果表明：Na₂O的引入能显著降低玻璃的转变温度和析晶温度,抑制LiAlSi₄O₁₀晶相的析出。但Na₂O的引入促使微晶玻璃中析出Li₂Si₂O₅新相,并且随着Na₂O引入量的增加,Li₂Si₂O₅转变为主晶相。由于晶体尺寸均为纳米级,主晶相的转变对透过率影响较小,微晶玻璃的可见光透过率均高于85%。主晶相的转变有效增强了微晶玻璃的机械性能,其弯曲强度由300 MPa提升至331 MPa。Na₂O的引入有效增强了Na-K交换,Na₂O含量为4%(质量分数)的Li₂O-Al₂O     

Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-P2O5玻璃的结构和析晶性能研究

采用熔融-淬冷法制备了不同(Al₂O₃+P₂O₅)含量的碱铝硅酸盐玻璃,通过拉曼光谱、X射线衍射光谱、扫描电镜研究了其结构特征和析晶性能。发现随着(Al₂O₃+P₂O₅)含量减少,玻璃中Na₂O含量增加,玻璃化转变温度从685 ℃降低到622 ℃,当减少至摩尔分数为22%时,出现析晶峰且起始析晶温度降低。拉曼光谱表明Q⁴_P对应的拉曼峰强度变低且逐渐向低波数方向移动,说明Na₂O作为网络修饰体使硅酸盐玻璃结构逐步解聚,玻璃的析晶能力逐渐增强。结果表明:当(Al₂O₃+P₂O₅)摩尔分数为22%时热处理后的样品存在晶型转变,700 ℃热处理时以NaAlSiO₄霞石晶体为主,900 ℃时转变为以Na_6.8Al_6.3Si_9.7O₃₂霞石晶体为主。当(Al₂O₃+P₂O₅)的摩尔分数为21%和20%时,热处理后的样品能稳定析出Na₃PO₄和Na_6.8Al_6.3Si_9.7O₃₂晶体。热处理后的样品析出了耐酸侵蚀性较差的富磷相和Na₃PO₄晶体,导致化学稳定性变差。     

四元体系（Li+， Mg2+//Cl-， borate-H2O）308.15 K相平衡与相图研究

采用等温溶解平衡法,开展四元体系Li⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate–H₂O固液相平衡与相图研究,测定平衡溶液的液相组成、密度、折射率和pH。该四元体系相图中存在的盐类矿物为：LiCl·H₂O、Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、 MgCl₂·6H₂O、Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O和锂光卤石LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O,其中锂光卤石LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O是异成分复盐,溶液中MgCl₂存在下章氏硼镁石（MgB₄O₇·9H₂O）不稳定,转化为多水硼镁石（Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O）。多水硼镁石结晶区最大,表明镁硼酸盐易于结晶析出,而锂光卤石结晶区最小。采用Pitzer热力学模型对该四元体系的溶解度进行理论预测,计算相图与实验相图吻合较好。该四元体系的稳定相平衡与相图研究,可为含锂硼盐湖老卤中锂、镁、硼产品开发及其综合利用提供理论依据。     

Na2O掺杂铝酸钙化合物物相转化与浸出性能

以分析纯试剂CaCO₃、Al₂O₃和Na₂CO₃为原料,在1350℃烧结1 h合成了Na₂O掺杂铝酸钙熟料,并采用XRD、SEM和EDS等方法研究了Na₂O掺杂CaO-Al₂O₃体系铝酸钙化合物的物相演变规律及熟料浸出性能。结果表明:当CaO和Al₂O₃的摩尔比为1.0时,CaO-Al₂O₃体系铝酸钙由CaO·Al₂O₃和12CaO·7Al₂O₃组成,而Na₂O掺杂铝酸钙熟料由CaO·Al₂O₃、12CaO·7Al₂O₃、Na₂O·Al₂O₃和Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀组成。除形成含Na₂O化合物外,熟料中掺杂的Na₂O固溶于12CaO·7Al₂O₃中,而CaO·Al₂O₃中几乎不含Na₂O。随着熟料中Na₂O掺杂量的升高,12CaO·7Al₂O₃和Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀的含量逐渐增加,CaO·Al₂O₃的含量逐渐降低;12CaO·7Al₂O₃和Na₄Ca₃(AlO₂)₁₀的结晶度逐渐降低,CaO·Al₂O₃的结晶度逐渐升高。Na₂O的掺杂提高了熟料在碳酸钠溶液中的浸出性能,并且使浸出渣中CaCO₃的空间群由R-3CH、P63/MMC两种转变为只含有R-3CH一种。     

无人机用锂离子电池正极材料Li1.20Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2的Mo6+掺杂改性研究

采用碳酸盐共沉淀法和高温烧结工艺将一定量的Mo⁶⁺掺杂到Li_1.20Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂正极材料中。利用XRD、SEM、EDS和恒流测试仪研究Mo⁶⁺掺杂对Li_1.20Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂正极材料的晶体结构、微观形貌和电化学性能的影响。结果显示,Li_1.20Mn_0.52Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mo_0.02O₂表现出更低的阳离子混排和优异的电化学性能。经过Mo⁶⁺掺杂后的正极,由于Li⁺高速的迁移速率,使得首次不可逆容量损失降低,并展现出更好的高倍率性能和优异的循环稳定性。在0.5C倍率下循环100周后,Li_1.20Mn_0.52Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mo_0.02O₂的容量保持率达到92.2%,远远大于Li_1.20Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂的87.5%。另外,当放电倍率增大到5C时,Li_1.20Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂的放电比容量要比Li_1.20Mn_0.52Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mo_0.02O₂低21.0 mA·h/g。因此,采用Mo⁶⁺掺杂改性Li_1.20Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂正极材料,可以有效提高锂电池的循环保持率和高倍率放电性能。     

258.15 K下五元体系Li+,Na+,Mg2+//SO42-,Cl--H2O相平衡研究

中国含锂盐湖大部分位于青藏、新疆等干旱少雨、冬季寒冷且漫长的地区。为指导低温提锂工艺的开发和设计、利用冬季冷能进行目标离子的富集及明确含锂盐湖在低温下的析盐规律,采用等温溶解平衡法对258.15 K、二水氯化钠饱和条件下的交互五元体系Li⁺,Na⁺,Mg²⁺∥SO₄^2-,Cl^--H₂O相平衡关系进行研究并构建等温平衡相图。结果表明,相图中有4个共饱点、6个两盐结晶区(NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+Li₂SO₄·H₂...     

B2O3对低膨胀硼硅酸盐玻璃结构及性能影响的研究

以Na₂O-B₂O₃-SiO₂低膨胀玻璃为基础玻璃体系,用B₂O₃逐步取代SiO₂,采用高温熔融法制备出低膨胀硼硅酸盐玻璃。通过红外光谱、扫描电镜分析了玻璃微观结构,X射线光电子能谱分析了桥氧和非桥氧含量,研究了B₂O₃含量对硼硅酸盐玻璃机械性能、热膨胀性能和紫外-可见光透过率的影响。结果表明:B₂O₃含量的增加使玻璃结构中的[BO₃]增多,玻璃分相逐渐加重;该体系玻璃的机械性能良好,显微硬度达802 kg/mm²,抗折强度达147 MPa;转变温度和软化温度都逐渐降低,热膨胀系数逐渐增加;玻璃样品的可见光透过率在90%左右,无明显规律,[BO₃]增多,玻璃结构中非桥氧的含量增加,玻璃的紫外-可见光透过率逐渐降低。     

四元体系Li+,K+,Mg2+//B4O72——H2O 273 K相平衡

利用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2--H₂O 273 K相平衡关系。测定了该体系平衡时各组分的溶解度和平衡液相密度。根据实验数据和固相组成分别绘制了四元体系Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2--H₂O 273 K时的稳定相图、水图以及相应的密度-组成图。结果表明：该体系组分之间没有形成复盐和固溶体,属于简单共饱和型体系;体系的稳定相图由1个共饱点,3条单变量曲线,3个固相结晶区组成,结晶区分别对应Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O和MgB₄O₇·9H₂O;平衡液相密度在共饱点处达到最大。研究还对该四元体系在273 K、288 K和348 K不同温度时的稳定相图作了对比分析和讨论。     

钕-铝系稀土色料的研制

通过钕-铝系列色料合成实验,分析不同配比及不同矿化剂等对色料呈色效果的影响,确定最佳工艺方法。对实验结果进行XRD及色度分析,确定其主晶相为钕酸铝,试样的明度均在70以上,色彩鲜艳亮丽。     

Phase equilibrium in binary La2O3-Dy2O3 and ternary CeO2-La2O3-Dy2O3 systems

Cerium oxide doped with oxides of rare earth elements is a multifunctional material, a wide range of uses which is associated with its unique physicochemical properties. Phase diagrams of multicomponent systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of new materials with improved characteristics.In this work, phase equilibria in ternary CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ and binary La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ systems in the whole concentration range were studied. No new phases have been identified in these systems. An isothermal section of the phase diagram of the CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ system at a temperature of 1500 °С is constructed. No new phases have been detected in the system. It was found that in the studied ternary system solid solutions are formed on the basis of (F) modification of CeO₂ with structure of fluorite type, monoclinic (B), cubic (C) and hexagonal (A) modifications of Ln₂O₃.In the La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ binary system (1500–1100 °С) three types of solid solutions are formed: based on hexagonal modification A-La₂O₃, monoclinic modification B-Dy₂O₃ and cubic modification C-Dy₂O₃ separated by two-phase fields (A+B) and (B+C), respectively. The boundaries of the regions of homogeneity of solid solutions based on A-La₂O₃ are determined by compositions containing 35–40, 20–25, 15–20 mol% Dy₂O₃ at 1500, 1250, 1100 °C, respectively. From the obtained data it follows that the solubility of Dy₂O₃ in the hexagonal modification of lanthanum oxide is 39 mol% at 1500 °C, 23 mol. % at 1250 °C and 16 mol% at 1100 °C. The limits of existence of solid solutions based on monoclinic B-modification are determined by compositions containing 30–35, 65–60 (1250 °С), 35–40, 55–60 (1100 °С) 40–45, 70–75 (1500 °C) mol% Dy₂O₃.In the studied system, with a decrease in temperature from 1500° to 1100°C, there is a decrease in the solubility of La₂O₃ in the crystal lattice of cubic solid solutions of C-type from 16 to 10 mol%.     

Fe2+/H2O2体系O2生成路径

掌握Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系O₂的生成路径,可为避免H₂O₂无效分解,开发经济高效的Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系利用技术指明方向。采用添加自由基捕获剂的方法,探究Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内各种自由基对O₂生成速率的影响,进而确定O₂的生成路径。结果表明:Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系内不会产生大量O₂^-·,O₂^-·不是生成O₂的主要反应物质;O₂^-·被全部捕获后,体系中仍产生大量O₂^-·,但此时无O₂生成,证明生成O₂的反应由·OH和HO₂·两种自由基直接参与。分析认为反应·OH+HO₂·-H₂O+O₂是体系内O₂生成的主要路径。控制Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系定向生成·OH,抑制HO₂·的产生,是提高Fe²⁺/H₂O₂体系中H₂O₂利用率的有效手段。     

Polycrystalline In2O3 and In2O3/Y2O3 photoanodes

Single crystal In₂O₃ shows promise as a photoanode for the decomposition of water. Because of various difficulties in the preparation of the single crystal material, two simple techniques were developed for the preparation of polycrystalline In₂O₃ anodes. One method involves the thermal decomposition of the nitrate while the other utilizes the chemical vapour deposition technique. Voltammograms and photoresponse spectra of these anodes are compared to the single crystal material. Among other observations, it is noted that the quantum efficiencies of the thermally decomposed films are comparable to the single crystal material. It is also shown that the on-set potential can be shifted to more negative values by forming the mixed oxide In₂O₃/Y₂O₃.     

Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中铝、铁的反应行为

以Al2O3, Fe2O3和Na2CO3为原料,对Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中的反应行为进行了详细研究. 基于溶出率与时间、温度的关系,证明Na2O×Al2O3和Na2O×Fe2O3的生成反应动力学都服从Zhuralev-Lesokin-Tempelman模型,表观活化能分别为186.59和80.92 kJ/mol,表明Na2O×Fe2O3比Na2O×Al2O3在动力学上更易形成;Al2O3易与Na2O×Fe2O3反应形成Na2O×Al2O3和Fe2O3,在1273 K烧结30 min,所得熟料Al2O3溶出率达98.51%;Fe2O3对Na2O×Al2O3的形成有双重作用,在1273 K下可加速Na2O×Al2O3的形成,超过1323 K,促使Na2O×Al2O3分解成Na2O和b-Al2O3,且随着温度升高或时间延长,分解程度增高,从而导致熟料中Al2O3溶出率显著降低.     

H2O2 / O3, H2O2 / UV And H2O2 / Fe2+ Processes For The Oxidation Of Hazardous Wastes

Activated hydrogen peroxide produces very reactive OH-radicals which destroy hazardous contaminants in water. The principles and different methods of activation are described. Results from laboratory studies show the numerous applications of this new technology. A successful scaleup of laboratory tests to an industrial level is discussed. Finally, a cost estimate for treating different types of water with hydrogen peroxide is presented.     

Propylene metathesis over Re2O7/Al2O3-B2O3 catalysts

A series of alumina aluminum borate (AAB) with various Al/B molar ratios were prepared by the coprecipitation method. The supported rhenium oxide catalysts with various contents of Re₂O₇ were also prepared by the impregnation method with perrhenic acid. The catalytic activity and stability of Re₂O₇/AAB catalysts for the reaction of propylene metathesis were tested in a fixed-bed microreactor. It was found that Re₂O₇/AAB is more active, stable and regenerable than Re₂O₇/Al₂O₃ for propylene metathesis. The optimum Al/B molar ratio was found to be in the range of 4–10.     

Barium aluminate hydrates—VI. 2BaO.Al2O3.5H2O and 2BaO.Al2O3.H2O

The compound 2BaO.Al₂O₃.5H₂O has been synthesised and studied by infra-red, X-ray and thermal analytical techniques. The compound of approximate formula 2BaO.Al₂O₃.H₂O forms as a dehydration product. The results are interpreted in terms of the known structure.