2006～2007年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2006年7月～2007年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2006～2007年世界塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

知识创新是工业尿素合成技术创新之本——实验室研究篇

对国内外研究者在尿素合成反应的热力学、动力学、化学平衡及相平衡等方面的研究成果进行了总结和评价,提供了尿素合成反应的热力学、动力学数据和相图,提出了一些新理念.     

加压稀硝"三合一"主机修理小结

我公司年产80 kt加压稀硝装置是国内首例完全国产化装置,其"三合一"主机的汽轮机、减速机由杭汽制造,空压机、膨胀机由陕鼓生产.自1986年装置建成投运以来,每年检修都发现机组气封严重磨损,机壳与转子不同心.为此,公司利用2006年11月大修和2007年7月停车机会对机组进行了全面整修,以期从根本上消除存在的问题.     

夹层粘接在大型机床导轨修理中的应用

1 "夹层粘接"新工艺 "夹层粘接"是作者经多年研究、开发的一种新技术,在设备大修理工作中,对于严重摩擦磨损的机床导轨,采用独特的"夹层粘接"工艺,以夹布塑料为加厚层,填充F4为表面耐磨层,使机床导轨恢复了原有的精度和尺寸要求,缩短了修理时间,减轻了劳动强度,节约了修理费用,取得了显著的综合效益.     

中国工程塑料市场综述(下)

4.3 聚碳酸酯海关进出口分析 1999～2006年间PC进口量年均增长27.91%,比1998～2005年间PC进口量年均增长率31.27%下降3.36个百分点.国内产量偏低、市场需求巨大的现状进一步暴露.中国PC消费主要依靠进口,2006年中国产量仅占总消费量的10%上下.1999～2006年间PC进口量年均增长27.91%,比1998～2005年间Pc进口量年均增长率36.68%下降3.36个百分点.2006年初级形状的聚碳酸酯进口地有45个,主要进口地为泰国(占16.49%),其次为中国(12.86%)、新加坡(11.50%)、美国(10.95%)、日本(10.65%)、韩国(9.81%)、中国台湾省(9.50%)、西班牙(7.46%),八进口地进口量占总进口量的89.2%.     

意大利ES公司变频器进入中国市场

3月11日,"意科走进中国"新闻发布会在京举行,与来自冶金、石化、电力、建材、水处理、纺织、市政等行业的专家、用户及十几家业内知名的媒体共同分享了意科公司的发展历程,意科变频器的创新标准以及意科在奥运年全面推向中国市场的决心和计划.     

骨胶生产中蒸骨制胶操作方法

1 对蒸骨制胶过程的认识 蒸骨制胶的过程也就是用蒸汽使骨料块在密封的锅内受热、受压,使骨质疏松,由生胶质热解转变为可溶解于热水的动物胶质(习惯上称之为"骨胶")的过程.     

工业评述2001～2002年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2001年7月到2002年6月有关国外塑料工业的相关期刊资料,介绍了2001年到2002年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界各地域塑料原材料的产量及构成比,日本、美国、加拿大、德国、法国、比利时、墨西哥、芬兰、西班牙等国家的树脂产量、消费量及增长率,以及日本、西欧、北美等地区的不同品种塑料原料消费量和增长率统计.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等有关技术作了详细的介绍.     

合成TBHQ的工艺改进

研究了以工业品甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)和对苯二酚(HQ)为原料,在磷酸催化下,合成TBHQ的工艺参数.对催化剂的活性、原料的配比和反应时间等进行了优化考察.当对苯二酚∶甲基叔丁基醚∶磷酸=1∶1∶0.5(mol),反应温度为125℃,反应时间3.5h,TBHQ的收率达85.7%.与传统方法相比,该方法具有价廉、操作简单的特点,具有较高的开发、应用价值.用MTBE作原料合成TBHQ未见有关文献具体报道.     

湖光山色清新隽永——访江西省高级工艺美术师杨修勇

在我的办公桌上,放着一把<井岗山八角楼>粉彩山水壶,每当我空闲时,总喜欢拿在手中把玩,这件小小的山水壶虽不能展现气势豪雄的大写意山水画面,也不可能真正达到烟云满纸的效果,但细腻的工笔,雅静的画意给人一种清心的感觉和享受.     

利用磷矿制备饲料添加剂磷酸二氢钙

以磷矿为原料制备磷酸,通过化学沉淀法脱氟除杂质得到净化的磷酸,再将净化后的磷酸与碳酸钙反应制备饲料级磷酸二氢钙.考察了硫酸质量分数、石灰乳用量、反应时间和反应温度4个因素对磷酸二氢钙产率的影响,得到了制备磷酸二氢钙的最佳工艺条件:硫酸质量分数60％,石灰乳用量7.00 g,反应时间1.5h,反应温度50℃.在此最佳工艺...     

Cementing mechanism of potassium phosphate based magnesium phosphate cement

Magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) are materials that belong to chemically bonded ceramic materials. They have a wide range of potential applications, due to their superior performance. In this paper, the reaction products and cementing mechanism of magnesium phosphate bonded cement based on the dead burned magnesia and the mono-potassium phosphate (MPP) are investigated. Fine powder and grains of dead burned magnesia were used to prepare pure cement paste and bonding cluster samples, respectively. The cement reaction products and their micro-morphology in the both different samples are examined. The microstructure of specimens is analyzed by SEM, TEM, XDR, and optical microscopy. Struvite of potassium (MgKPO₄·6H₂O) is observed in the reaction products. According to the analysis, it is found that struvite exists in both crystalline and amorphous form. There is also residual magnesia in the hardened cement paste. By means of microscopy observation, it can be seen that reaction products form around the unreacted magnesia and can develop into a continuum structure, which further produces the hardened paste. Struvite can grow up to form the more perfect crystal in a long term curing age, if large enough space is available during the hydration process.     

Production of defluorinated dicalcium phosphate from phosphate rock concentrate

A new process to produce defluorinated dicalcium phosphate (DCP) using phosphate rock concentrate has been developed. This new process has as main characteristic the low concentration of P₂O₅ in the liquid phase. The process comprises three main steps: solubilization of the phosphate rock concentrate with sulfuric acid, defluorination of the phosphoric acid solution with potassium sulfate and neutralization of the phosphoric acid solution with calcium hydroxide. The P₂O₅ precipitated in the pH range between 2.00 and 5.00 consisted basically of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Use of partially acidulated phosphate rocks as phosphate fertilizers

Partially acidulated phosphate rocks (PAPRs) are manufactured by acidulation of PRs with less than the stoichiometric amounts of, usually, phosphoric or sulphuric acids. Products of similar composition to PAPRs are also prepared by cogranulating superphosphate with PRs. For most crops the agronomic value of PAPRs is determined by the availability to plants of their water-soluble P as well as their PR P component. The acid unreacted PR present in the directly acidulated PAPR, is considered to be less reactive than the original PR. This is probably the result of surface coatings of chemical compounds formed during acidulation. Under some soil conditions, in the presence of plants, the PR component probably dissolves faster than the original PR. For seasonal crops, except for fast growing ones such as squash (Cucurbita maxima), reactive PRs partially acidulated so that the final products contain about 50% of its total P in water-soluble form, are generally as effective as fully acidulated superphosphate. For permanent pastures the water P content may be reduced to about 40% of total P without reducing their agronomic effectiveness of the product. In medium P retentive soils pH seems to have little or no influence on the agronomic effectiveness of PAPRs. In highly P retentive soils increasing soil pH reduces the agronomic effectiveness of phosphoric PAPRs apparently by reducing the solubility of the PR component of PAPRs. Even at low pH the dissolution of unreacted PR in sulphuric PAPRs is less than that in phosphoric PAPRs, probably due to the possible coating of calcium sulphate on the residual PR in sulphuric PAPRs. Results on the agronomic effectiveness of PAPRs prepared from unreactive rocks were highly variable and no generalisation could be made regarding the degree of acidulation needed for the products to be consistently effective. Single superphosphate (SSP) cogranulated with reactive rocks (SSP/PR) was agronomically less effective than SSP, and also than phosphoric PAPRs of similar water-soluble P.     

用混合磷矿石生产优等品磷酸二铵的措施

甘肃瓮福公司采用云南、贵州、四川多个矿点磷矿石生产磷酸二铵(DAP),根据磷矿石杂质含量和杂质转化率,采取数据模型法确定科学的配矿比例,并加强配矿管理,合理地控制关键工艺指标,达到稳定生产,磷酸二铵优等品达95%以上。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理磷酸盐工业废水

探讨了磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理磷酸盐工业废水的可行性.研究了pH值、反应物摩尔比、搅拌速度、反应时间、陈化时间等因素对磷酸盐去除效果和氨氮残留量的影响.实验得出,在外加MgSO4·7H2O和NH4C1处理磷酸盐浓度为1753.46 mg/L的磷酸盐工业废水时的较佳实验条件为:搅拌速度为200 r/min左右,反应时间为20 min,pH=9.5,n(Mg):n(P):,n(N)=1.4:1.11:1.0.在陈化时间为30min以及在上述实验条件下,磷酸盐的去除率为98.69%,处理水中的残磷量为9.16mg/L,残氮量为64.10mg/L.并对所得沉淀物进行了X衍射光谱和扫描电镜分析.     

Anionic phosphate surfactants

Conclusions A study of the sodium monoalkyl phosphates and sodium dialkyl phosphates has shown that the dialkyl esters, in general, possess markedly superior surfactant and detergent properties compared to the monoalkyl esters. This is true whether we are comparing equivalent mol wt mono- and diesters or when comparing those made from the same alcohols. The branched chain didecyl ester, in addition to giving aqueous solutions of exceptionally low surface tensions and possessing a very low critical micelle concentration, also performs exceptionally well in built detergents. In fact, our data indicate that its performance characteristics are considerably better than commercial surfactants used today in these types of products.     

The determination of phosphate availability for some less conventional phosphate fertilisers

More than in the case of the other major fertiliser elements the performance of phosphorus in fertilisers in dependent on the state of chemical combination of the element. As distinct from typical American practice where fully acidulated fertilisers are emphasised, some other countries have moved in part to production of materials of less than full acidulation where some reliance is placed on the reactivity of the original phosphate rock. Solutions of various aliphatic acids and their salts have been used as tests for the availability of phosphorus in fully acidulated fertilisers and, to a degree, for phosphate rocks themselves. Less than fully acidulated products are at present assessed in the same way as fully acidulated materials, but in this and other evaluations problems and anomalies arise which are discussed within the framework of a number of fertiliser systems. Analytical data are adduced which illustrate the effects of some extraneous cations on the results achieved which conflict with some previous opinions. Research towards a fuller understanding of the subject is suggested.     

黄麦岭磷矿矿石工艺矿相学研究

经红外光谱测试及单矿物化学分析，确定了磷灰石的种类；通过显微镜观察，系统地研究了不同自然类型磷矿石中磷灰石的嵌布嵌镶关系；利用线测法测定了磷灰石的嵌布粒度；采用一粗一精一扫浮选流程，按原来的浮选条件和药剂制度所得精矿，研究了其单体解离度及选矿回收率；提出了改进选矿工艺流程的可能途径和方法。