油气田含油污泥生物处理技术研究进展

油气田含油污泥是石油钻井、运输、储存过程中产生的主要污染物。随着油气田开发的逐步深入,含油污泥所带来的生产和环境矛盾越来越突出。原有的含油污泥处理方式已经不适用新的环保要求。目前,物理化学处理方法初步实现了含油污泥减量化和原油资源回收,但其并不能从根本上去除含油污泥的石油污染物,甚至有可能造成二次污染。生物处理方法有低毒、环保、效率高等特点,具有较广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了含油污泥的来源、特征、处理标准和环境影响。将生物处理技术分为生物表面活性剂（BSF）洗油法和生物降解法,并从BSF的类型和特性、洗油机理、降解工艺、降解菌、对处理效果的影响因素以及BSF增强生物降解作用等方面进行了详细阐述。文章指出BSF洗油法主要应用于高含油污泥（含油率≥6%）的处理,含油率可降到2%以下;对于低含油污泥（含油率≤6%）采用微生物降解技术处理,可达到0.3%的生态标准。生物处理技术是最有前景的满足资源回收的环保型的含油污泥处理技术。     

天然气净化厂含甲醇污泥固化处理研究

采用硅酸盐水泥作为固化剂,对天然气净化厂含油、含甲醇污泥进行固化处理,探讨了固化时间与固化配方对固化物抗压强度的影响,测定了固化物浸出液COD的释放速率。研究结果表明,当固化剂/污泥=1.15时,并加入质量分数2%添加剂后,固化物的抗压强度达到6.76 MPa,72 h浸取液的COD值为35.2 mg/L,达到国家污水排放标准,可以满足安全填埋或者堆放的要求。     

撬装式含油污泥处理装置的结构设计开发

含油污泥主要来源于原油开采、油气集输及污水处理场。污泥中一般含油率在10%~50%,含水率在40%~90%。介绍了含油污泥的相关特点,系统比较了其他含油污泥处理技术与本套装置所采用的处理技术之间的优缺点。详细介绍了本套含油污泥处理装置"清洗-除油-离心法"和"热解法"相互结合的处理技术。通过"清洗-除油-离心法"技术处理后的污泥可实现污泥矿物油含量≤1%,再经过深度热解处理技术可实现污泥矿物油含量≤0.3%的规定,从而达到≤0.3%的农用土壤要求指标。     

含油污泥热解处理技术研究进展

原油的开采和运输过程中会产生大量含油污泥,为了达到资源化,无害化的目标,需要对含油污泥进行处理来达到节约资源保护环境的目的。含油污泥等固体废弃物可以通过热解、填埋、焦化、固化、微生物处理等多种处理技术。含油污泥热解处理技术可以使含油污泥中的原油成分再次利用,不造成资源浪费,并且对含油污泥处理彻底。本文主要讲解热解含油污泥技术,通过改变反应温度、反应时间、升温速率、控制氮气流量和添加催化剂来对含油污泥资源化回收利用进行总结。     

生物表面活性剂处理含油污泥的机理分析及应用现状

生物表面活性剂在含油污泥资源化处理方面具有极大的应用潜力。详细分析了生物表面活性剂从含油污泥中回收原油及其强化微生物降解含油污泥的机理,介绍了生物表面活性剂处理含油污泥的应用现状。     

冶金污泥用于路基回填土的试验研究

以冶金污泥资源化为宗旨,对冶金污泥固化/稳定化后用于路基回填土进行研究。试验研究表明,通过适宜固化处理工艺,冶金污泥能够满足路基回填土物理化学、力学以及重金属浸出安全性等要求。选用水泥、石灰和粉煤灰作固化剂（内掺）,适宜掺量为20%（水泥5%、粉煤灰10%、石灰5%）和掺量为25%（15%水泥、10%粉煤灰）,对于公路等级较低的公路,还可以进一步减少固化剂掺量,以降低成本。     

含油污泥固化处理技术研究

取某油库含油污泥为实验对象,在对含油污泥的处理中,以油含量和渣含量两点为切入点,以固化成砖的抗压性作为分析,来阐述含油污泥固化处理技术。通过实验得出含油污泥在制砖中的最佳比例,以及含油污泥的比例对砖块的抗压性能的影响,达到含油污泥资源化的目的。     

粉煤灰用于含油污泥固化处理的试验研究

采用水泥和粉煤灰为主要原料,对胜利油田含油污泥进行了固化处理研究,综合考虑经济因素和抗压强度,选定配方为污泥∶水泥∶粉煤灰∶水=1∶1∶1∶1.5.测定结果表明其抗压强度3d后达到2MPa左右,7d后抗压强度提高到6 MPa左右,15d后达到强度8MPa左右.无害化测试结果表明:固化后的污泥对环境和人体不产生污染和伤害,达到了普通建筑材料要求的技术指标.     

含油废水处理厂污泥的厌氧消化试验

为研究含油废水处理产生的剩余污泥和气浮污泥的厌氧消化性能,试验采取序批式厌氧消化两种含油污泥的方法,对含油污泥的组成变化及产气性能进行测定,并将其结果与市政剩余污泥进行对比。试验结果显示,经过35天的厌氧消化,含油剩余污泥和含油气浮污泥的可挥发固体（VS）降解率分别为4.98%和3.74%,TCOD降解率分别为10%和3.4%,产气量分别为0.97 L/gVS和0.56 L/gVS。经过和市政剩余污泥对比后表明,含油气浮污泥厌氧消化性能差,不宜进行厌氧消化处理;含油剩余污泥厌氧消化性能相对强于含油气浮污泥,但弱于市政剩余污泥。     

桩基施工泥浆固化处理新技术的应用研究

桩基工程施工废弃泥浆直接排放的污染风险较大,需要对其进行处理。因此,以某桩基工程施工废弃泥浆经过絮凝和脱水处理后的絮凝体为研究对象,开展了泥浆固化处理实验研究,以固结体的无侧限抗压强度为评价指标,主要考察了固化剂类型、固化剂掺量、泥浆絮凝体含水量、养护温度和养护时间等因素对固化处理效果的影响。结果表明：不同类型固化剂的加入均能提高固结体的无侧限抗压强度,其中新型复合固化剂GT-2的固化处理效果最好。当实验用泥浆絮凝体的含水量固定在40%时,目标桩基施工废弃泥浆固化处理的最佳实验参数为：选择固化剂类型为新型复合固化剂GT-2,固化剂的掺量为6%,养护温度为35℃,养护时间为28 d。在此实验条件下泥浆固结体的无侧限抗压强度值可以达到0.631 MPa,达到了良好的固化处理效果。现场应用结果表明,新型复合固化剂GT-2的加入能够对现场桩基施工废弃泥浆起到较好的固化效果,并且处理成本较低,具有良好的环境、经济和社会效益。     

Solvent effect on the curing of polyimide resins

The effect of the solvent 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) on the curing of polyimide resins synthesized from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) has been investigated. Three polyimide precursors, i.e., the polyamic acid (PAA), with controlled amount of NMP were prepared. The study was aimed first to independently investigate the decomplexation process, which involved the evolution of hydrogen-bonded NMP from PAA, without interference from imidization. This was accomplished by TGA at varying heating rates using different solvent content in PAA. The observed one-stage decomplexation process suggested that the complex formation of NMP and PAA was not the same as the model compound studied by others. An average value of 150 kJ/mol for the activation energy of the decomplexation process was obtained. The study then sought to identify the effect of the decomplexation on the imidization kinetics by employing DSC at several drying temperatures and also varying heating rates. This allowed one to control the extent of plasticization that occurred to facilitate the imidization process. Our DSC data showed that over-drying PAA resulted in prolonged imidization due mainly to the lack of plasticization by decomplexed NMP. The estimated enthalpy of imidization and that of decomplexation were 114 KJ/mol and 53 kJ/mol NMP, respectively. Finally, the imidization kinetics was independently investigated using FTIR, without the interference from decomplexation process. The results indicated that there were four stages during the entire imidization process. Up to a temperature of 150°C, less than 20% of amide groups had reacted to give imide groups and the reaction was slow. Most of the imidization took place between 150 and 180°C with conversion as high as 90%. The imidization process was completed after the temperature was further raised to 250°C. Above 250°C, the reverse reaction became more significant (due probably to configurational and packing preference) and resulted in a lowering of final conversion back to 80%. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

胶粘剂固化行为对性能的影响

研究了一种中温固化耐高温胶粘剂固化行为对胶粘剂力学性能和耐久性能的影响,表明胶粘剂只有达到一定的固化程度,才能获得一定的交联密度,耐热性能、粘接强度和耐久性能。同时胶粘剂的固化时间和温度存在等效性关系。     

Vitrification effect on the curing reaction of epoxy resin

Summary The curing reaction of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A(DGEBA) with triethylene tetramine(TETA) was studied by the differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The reaction was affected as the vitrification occurred when the glass transition temperature(T_g) of the reaction mixture exceeded the curing temperature. In order to describe the curing reaction in the rubbery state as well as in the glassy state, the reaction kinetic equation containing the generalized WLF equation term was proposed and the parameters were determined from the DSC data.Nomenclature a_T time temperature shift factor, dimensionless - A_T temperature dependent frequency factor, /sec - A_Tg temperature dependent frequency factor at T_g, /sec - A_To temperature dependent frequency factor at T_g, /sec - A empirical parameter in temperature dependent frequency factor, dimensionless - B empirical parameter in temperature dependent frequency factor, K - C₁ empirical parameter in the generalized WLF equation, dimensionless - C₂ empirical parameter in the generalized WLF equation, K - D correction parameter in temperature dependent frequency factor, K - E activation energy, cal/mole - E_x/E_m ratio of lattice energies for crosslinked and uncrosslinked polymer, dimensionless - F_x/F_m ratio of segmental mobilities for crosslinked and uncrosslinked polymer, dimensionless - H_t cumulative heat generated up to time t, cal/g - H_RXN heat of reaction under complete conversion, cal/g - n reaction order, dimensionless - S _r scan rate of the DSC experiment, °C/sec - t time, second - T temperature, K - T_g glass transition temperature of the partially cured reaction mixture, K - T_go glass transition temperature of uncured reactant, 253 K - X conversion, dimensionless     

Modeling the effect of the curing conversion on the dynamic viscosity of epoxy resins cured by an anhydride curing agent

Nanocomposites of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with Mg‐Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were prepared with different compositions, viz., 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt %, of LDH, by solution‐intercalation method. The effect of LDH contents on thermal, physicomechanical, and morphological property of PVA films were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis reveals that LDH layers promote a new crystalline phase for PVA. The tensile analysis of PVA/LDH nanocomposites indicates reduction in tensile strength and modulus with change in LDH concentration and moisture. The microstructure analysis by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrates exfoliation and dispersion of LDHs in the PVA matrix in a disorderly fashion. The primary focus of the present investigation is to explore the potential of LDHs as nanofiller in a polyhydroxy polymer without surface modification. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

硫化体系对再生胶性能影响的实验研究

考察了硫化体系中硫磺、促进剂M,促进剂TMTD,活性剂硬脂酸用量对再生胶制品拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率的影响.结果表明:适当提高硫化温度能减少硫磺的用量;在硫化温度为140℃,硫化时间为5min的条件下,当硫磺,促进剂M,促进剂TMTD和硬脂酸用量分别为1.5份,0.5份,0.5份,1.5份以及再生胶为100份时,再生胶硫...     

催化剂对HTPB-IPDI黏合剂体系的固化催化作用研究

为了降低黏合剂端羟基聚丁二烯( HTPB)和固化剂异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)的固化反应温度,提高生产效率,缩短固化时间,研究了二月桂酸二丁基锡(T-12)、乙酰丙酮铁(Fe(AA)3)和三苯基铋(TPB)3类催化剂对HTPB -IPDI黏合剂体系固化催化作用的影响.实验结果表明,加入TPB质量分数为0.05％时,其适用期可以达到6h,TPB是HTPB -IPDI黏合剂体系比较理想的固化催化剂.     

The effect of some catalysts on the curing of oxiranes with p-phenylenediamine

The effect of some alcohols, acetylacetonates of transition metals, and manganese stearate and naphthenate on the curing reaction of a diglycidyl ether of ether of bisphenol-A with p-phenylenediamine is studied. Maximum catalytic activity is shown by the manganese compounds and triethanolamine.     

The synergistic effect of dicyandiamide and resorcinol in the curing of epoxy resins

The synergistic effect of dicyandiamide (Dicy) and phenolic substances was studied, with resorcinol as a model compound. It was found that when Dicy and resorcinol are used jointly, the curing temperature of epoxy resin can be significantly lowered. FTIR and DSC data were used to illustrate the mechanism of the synergism. The addition of the phenolic hydroxyl group to epoxide was facilitated by Dicy, which favors the formation of phenoxy anions. The reaction of Dicy with epoxide was facilitated by resorcinol, which can exert “electrophilic assistance” for the addition of the amino group to epoxide. The presence of resorcinol also favors the addition of the hydroxyl group to the cyano group. The thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy resins cured with Dicy/resorcinol or Dicy/phloroglucinol were studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1869–1874, 2003     

The effect of curing on the crystallization of poly(phenylene sulfide)

Summary Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) was cured in the melt and solid states under air and/or nitrogen environments. Crystallization behavior of such cured materials as a function of cure time at 320°C and 255°C was studied via differential scanning calorimetry. It was found, on general, that while short-time curing leads to an increase in crystallization rate, prolonged curing leads to a decrease in both crystallinity and crystallization rate. In contrast to the enhanced crystallization rate caused by curing in nitrogen at the melt state, no significant change of crystallization rate is observed while curing is done in the solid state (in nitrogen).