超临界二氧化碳微乳液的研究进展

系统地阐述了超临界二氧化碳微乳液的形成机理和概念,讨论了能形成超临界二氧化碳微乳液的表面活性剂和助表面活性剂的结构设计和选择。介绍了傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、核磁共振(NMR)、紫外可见光谱(UV-VIS)、X射线小角散射(SAXA)、中子小角散射(SANS)和动态光散射(DLS)等近代测试方法在超临界二氧化碳微乳液结构特性研究中的应用,并对超临界二氧化碳微乳液的研究应用进行了展望。     

乳液研究的新进展

概括介绍乳液和乳液技术在许多方面的最近进展。主要讨论微乳液和粗乳液的特性及其在化妆品和医药品和食品工业领域的应用，微乳液中间相的制备，复合乳液的制备及特性，微乳液的Ｚｅｔａ－电位，乳化液膜和Ｏ／Ｗ型微乳液浮选分离。     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(XII)——微乳液

离子液体表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂构建微乳液具有明显的优势,且结构可设计;所制备的微乳液分为单相微乳液和多相微乳液,其相图主要包括拟三元相图和“鱼状”相图;微乳液的微观结构,如液滴尺寸、相互作用或极性等,可通过电化学技术、动态激光散射、小角X射线散射等技术来确定。此类微乳液可广泛应用于纳米粒子制备、聚合反应、金属离子萃取等领域。     

阳离子表面活性剂中相微乳液形成和特性

研究了阳离子表面活性剂双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵和溴代癸基吡啶复配时，中相微乳液形成和特性，就阳离子表面活性剂复配，盐度和正丁醇浓度对中相微乳液形成，相态和界面张力的影响进行了系统研究，从中寻找亲水亲油平衡（ＨＬＢ值）不同值离子表面活性剂复配形成中相微乳液的一些规律。     

NMR方法在表面活性剂溶液研究中的应用

通过近年来ＮＭＲ方法在表面活性剂溶液研究中的具体应用实例，介绍了微乳液体体系各组分自扩散系数的ＮＭＲ测量和微乳液结构关系；表面活性剂溶液相图的ＮＭＲ确定；表面活性剂溶液增溶平衡和增溶作用ＮＭＲ研究等结果。     

超临界二氧化碳反相微乳技术

介绍了微乳形成的原理及结构类型,分析了超临界二氧化碳(SFC)反相微乳的结构特点,及表面活性剂(SAA)、助表面活性剂(CSAA)、pH、离子强度、温度和压力对SFC反相微乳的影响,讨论了SFC反相微乳聚集体结构的分析和测试方法。综述了SFC反相微乳技术在萃取、合成、清洗等方面的应用。引用文献29篇。     

微乳液的研究及应用进展

介绍了微乳液的概念、制备、形成理论及助表面活性剂在微乳液中的作用。综述了微乳液自从被发现以来，由于其特殊的物理化学性质，即超低的界面张力、大的界面面积、热力学稳定性和增溶能力而得到广泛应用，并在基础研究和工业领域方面也取得了越来越多有意义的成果。     

阳离子表面活性剂中相微乳液的形成和特性（II）

溴代十六烷基吡啶嗡／醇／正庚烷／盐水体系能形成多相区微乳液，本文系统研究了盐度，表面活性剂的浓度（０．２５％～５．６％）醇的种类（丙醇，丁醇，戊醇和己醇）和丁醇浓度（２．０％～６．０％）以及油的种类对体系中相微乳液的形成，相态和其特性（最佳含直Ｓ，盐宽△Ｓ和界面张力等）的影响。     

微乳聚合最新研究进展

概括了有关微乳液的一般特性及形成的基本条件，系统阐述了近年来对微乳聚合的成核机理，反应动力学和聚合物的粒径及其分布的新研究，归纳了用不同的表征方法对微乳聚合物结构和特征的研究，同时也简要总结了当前对微乳聚合研究的几大热点。     

微乳液在化妆品及洗涤剂中的应用

阐述了微乳液的性能，用Winsor的R比理论解释了微乳液的形成机理，简述了微乳液的制备；详细综述了微乳液在化妆品及洗涤剂当中的应用。利用微乳液的一些特殊的性质，如超低的界面张力、增溶性、热力学稳定和光学上透明，将其用于化妆品和洗涤剂中可以制得性能优良的产品。同时概述了无中等链长醇的微乳液在洗涤剂中的应用。     

超临界CO2微乳体系及其应用

论述了超临界CO2微乳体系的基本原理,重点对表面活性剂在超临界CO2中形成微乳的机制进行了总结。同时介绍了超临界CO2微乳体系在金属离子萃取、生物活性分子的提取、化学反应、合成纳米材料及染色等方面的应用,并展望了该技术的发展趋势。     

Molecular dynamics simulation of supercritical CO2 microemulsion with ionic liquid domains: Structures and properties

Supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsions are great medium to combine two immiscible substances through forming nanoscale polar cores in nonpolar continuous phase with the help of proper surfactants. The properties of microemulsions could be significantly affected by their constituents and structures. In this work, molecular dynamics simulation was implemented to study supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsions containing ionic liquid[bmim] [PF₆] and water by adding surfactant Ls-36. Results showed that the above components could form spherical aggregates in CO₂ bulk phase with[bmim] [PF₆] and some water as the inner core, surfactant headgroups and water as the intermediate shell, and surfactant tails as the outer shell. The microstructure information about the outer shell was further investigated by defining an angle between the surfactant tail and the normal direction of the aggregate outer surface, which ranged from 78° to 125°. The influence of the ionic liquid content on the size and structure of microemulsions was explored and the best molar ratio between the ionic liquid and surfactant was around 1.25 for getting maximum water solubility.     

Catalyst retention in continuous flow with supercritical carbon dioxide

This review discusses the retention of organometallic catalysts in continuous flow processes utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide. Due to its innovative properties, supercritical carbon dioxide offers interesting possibilities for process intensification. As a result of safety and cost considerations, processes that use supercritical carbon dioxide are preferably done in continuous flow, as they require a pressure upwards of 74 bar. Many of the reactions that benefit from the application of supercritical carbon dioxide also involve the use of a homogeneous catalyst however, requiring efforts to recycle the catalyst when these are applied in continuous flow. Alternatively, the catalyst may be retained in the reactor by modifying the process or catalyst, such as by catalyst immobilization, membrane separation, or biphasic processing exploiting the properties of supercritical carbon dioxide. Each of these methods is discussed, including their advantages and drawbacks. Also discussed are milli- and micro-flow processes and their possibilities for integrated catalyst retention and handling supercritical carbon dioxide.     

Supercritical Fluid Technologies for Ceramic-Processing Applications

The applications of supercritical fluid technologies for ceamic processing are reviewed. The novel physical and chemical properties of these densified gases are summarized and related to their use as solvents and processes benefit from the unique properties of supercritical fluids. The rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions provides a technique for producing fine uniform powders and thin films of widely varying materials. Supercritical drying technologies allow the formation of highly porous aerogel products with potentially wide application. Hydrothermal processes leading to the formation of large single crystals and microcrystalline powders can also be extended into the supercritical regime of water. Additional applications and potential applications are identified in the areas of extraction of binders and other additives from ceramic compacts, densification of porous ceramics, the formation of powders in supercritical microemulsions, and in preceramic polymer processing.     

超临界流体技术在聚合物加工中的应用

简要介绍了超临界二氧化碳的性质及其在聚合物科学中的应用优势，结合目前国内外超临界流体技术在聚合物加工中应用的最新进展，重点介绍了超临界流体技术在聚合物结晶，发泡聚合物的制备，共混聚合物的加工和共混聚合物膜的相分离中的应用。     

Microemulsions of water in supercritical carbon dioxide: an in-situ NMR investigation of micelle formation and structure

High-pressure NMR spectroscopy was used for the first time to investigate microemulsions of water in supercritical carbon dioxide. The emulsions were formed using a family of anionic perfluoropolyether ammonium carboxylate surfactants. This system holds promise as a reaction medium for conducting homogeneous catalytic reactions within the aqueous micellular cores while, at the same time, exploiting the facile mass transfer properties of the supercritical fluid. Ammonium hexafluorophosphate was used as a water-soluble ionic guest to investigate micelle formation and structure. Under micelle-forming conditions, the PF₆⁻ guest, surfactant, and water were uniformly dispersed throughout the CO₂ phase, as demonstrated by in situ NMR imaging. In addition, the micelles were observed to form even in the absence of mechanical stirring. This spontaneous formation of micelles demonstrates that the NMR spectral properties were obtained under conditions that result in the production of thermodynamically stable microemulsions. The nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) was used to probe the micellular structure through dipole–dipole interactions between the PF₆⁻ anion and the fluorinated backbone of the surfactant. A strong negative homonuclear NoE was observed between the PF₆⁻ guest and the fluorine moiety that is located directly adjacent to the surfactant's carboxylate head group. This highly specific negative NOE indicates an ordered arrangement, where the PF₆⁻ anion and carboxylate ion are located in close proximity to one another. This close association of two negatively charged ionic groups in an aqueous environment is unusual and suggests that the PF₆⁻ guest is concentrated within the electric double layer that forms at the micellular interface.     

不同再生技术再生胶的结构与性能研究

对比了两种再生技术,即高温高压动态脱硫再生和超临界CO2流体脱硫再生对废旧轮胎的再生效果,并研究了再生胶结构性能。结果表明,利用高温高压动态脱硫再生技术生产的再生胶,具有相对分子质量高、力学性能优异、门尼粘度高、溶胶含量低、产品外观差的特点,而利用超临界CO2流体脱硫再生技术生产的再生胶,具有门尼粘度适中、溶胶含量高、产品外观优异、相对分子质量低、力学性能不佳的特点。     

超临界CO2的最新应用进展

超临界CO2工艺作为一种干净，没有污染的绿色工艺正日益引起广泛的重视和应用。文章介绍了超临界CO2工艺的特点和最新研究成果以及自己的实验成果，并对超临界CO2在萃取、聚合和氧化等反应中应用进行了详细的阐述。     

超临界二氧化碳中丙烯酸乙酯/3-氯丙烯接枝天然橡胶的合成与表征

采用超临界二氧化碳溶胀聚合法,以丙烯酸乙酯（EA）/3-氯丙烯（AC）为单体对天然橡胶进行了接枝改性,合成了接枝共聚物NR-g-(EA/AC)。考察了压力和引发剂用量对接枝聚合反应的影响;对NR-g-( EA/AC)进行了红外光谱、力学性能、耐溶剂性、耐燃性、硬度的测试及接枝效率和接枝率的计算,并与溶液聚合法所得NR-g-( EA/AC)的性能进行了比较。结果发现,在接枝橡胶中成功的引入了—C=O和—Cl基团;接枝橡胶的弹性模量、拉伸强度、硬度、耐燃性和耐溶剂性较天然橡胶的有了显著提高。使用溶液法和超临界二氧化碳溶胀聚合法改性天然胶乳都获得了较高的转化率和接枝率,所得产品的机械力学性能相近,但溶液法所得产品的耐溶剂性能优于后一种方法。由于超临界二氧化碳的绿色溶剂性质,超临界二氧化碳溶胀聚合法有望取代溶液聚合法而发展成一种绿色的接枝改性天然橡胶方法。