RDX粒度对机械感度的影响

系统研究了RDX粒度对撞击感度和摩擦感度的影响．实验测试的RDX平均粒径为1．5～124μm,并在此粒度范围内分为5个粒度等级。其中撞击感度用特性落高法表示,摩擦感度用特性正压力表示。结果表明：炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度均随粒度的减小而降低。从理论上分析了炸药粒度变化对机械感度影响的机理。     

纳米Al对RDX基炸药机械感度和火焰感度的影响

采用机械混合法制备了含纳米Al的RDX基混合炸药,测试了其机械感度和火焰感度,用扫描电镜表征了纳米Al及其炸药的表面形貌,分析了感度变化的原因。结果表明,加入纳米Al后,RDX基炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度增大;随着纳米Al含量的增加,撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度明显增大;且含纳米Al炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度和火焰感度均高于含微米Al炸药。纳米Al及含纳米Al炸药均存在微量团聚现象,在一定程度上影响了含纳米Al的RDX基炸药的感度。     

RDX的TNT包覆钝感研究

为降低RDX的机械感度，维持其爆炸性能，研究了用少量TNT包覆RDX的钝感方法。以RDX为主体炸药成分，以质量分数3％～10％的TNT为含能钝感剂，再加入质量分数2％～3％的含能增塑剂和微量水溶性表面活性剂，利用TNT和含能增塑剂在水中不同温度的熔化和凝固结晶，通过水悬浮分散包覆工艺，将TNT和含能增塑剂包覆在RDX颗粒的表面，制得内层为RDX、外层为TNT的双层混合炸药。分析了包覆钝感的工艺条件及炸药包覆后的粒径和SEM的变化情况。研究表明，该RDX—TNT双层混合炸药的撞击感度可降至20％以下，摩擦感度降至28％以下，压制成药柱的密度为1．73g／m^3，爆速可达8400m／s。     

硝酸铵粒度对改性硝酸铵机械感度的影响

为使粉状改性铵油炸药在性能上真正代替铵锑炸药,了解硝酸铵粒度与炸药机械感度的关系,参照GJB772A-97标准对不同粒度的改性硝酸铵的机械感度进行了测定.研究表明,改性硝酸铵的粒度对其机械感度有明显影响,在一定粒度范围内,随着改性硝酸铵粒度的增大,机械感度有所增大;当粒度继续增大时,机械感度随着粒度的增大而下降.从理论上分析了改性硝酸铵粒度变化对机械感度影响的机理.     

纳米LaCoO3对RDX基混合炸药的热分解特性和感度的影响

用DSC和DTA研究了LaCoO3对含AP的RDX基混合炸药热分解特性的影响。结果表明,纳米LaCoO3对含有AP的RDX基爆炸混合物的热分解具有一定的催化作用;纳米LaCoO3使RDX基混合炸药的撞击感度和热感度降低,摩擦感度增大。     

硬脂酸包覆超细RDX及其撞击感度

为改善超细RDX的性能,采用硬脂酸(SA)为钝感添加剂,获得了以超细RDX为基的钝感混合炸药.通过测试接触角、计算表面能验证其包覆可行性,SA能够包覆UFRDX.用扫描电镜对包覆后的样品进行表征验证,并测试了SA包覆后的超细RDX的撞击感度.结果表明,其表面形貌得到明显改善,SA可降低其撞击感度,说明钝感剂SA的加入是降低炸药撞击感度的有效方法.     

超细RDX/Al混合炸药的制备及性能

以超细RDX为主体炸药,通过添加Al粉,干法工艺制备出超细RDX/Al混合炸药;对制得的样品进行了撞击感度、摩擦感度测试。实验结果表明,相对超细RDX,超细RDX/Al混合炸药的撞击感度和摩擦感度有一定程度的降低。     

超细RDX/Ni混合炸药的制备及其撞击感度研究

以超细黑索今(RDX)为原料,在其中加入一定量、一定粒度的Ni粉,通过干混法和湿混法2种方法制备出超细RDX/Ni混合炸药,并对其撞击感度进行测试.通过分析其爆炸概率,进而得到镍粉的含量和粒度对超细黑索今(RDX)撞击感度的影响规律以及制备方式对撞击感度的影响.     

EAK基熔铸分子间炸药的能量和撞击感度

通过水下爆炸试验研究了RDX和HMX对EAK基熔铸分子间炸药水下能量的影响。结果表明,RDX和HMX对EAK基混合炸药起到明显的增能作用,但对含铝和非含铝体系有不同的作用效果。爆速和撞击感度测定表明,EAK—RDX混合炸药爆轰的理想化程度和稳定性及撞击感度随RDX含量的增加而增加。从能量和撞击感度两个方面综合考虑,RDX的较佳加入量应为20％～30％。     

不同胶粘剂对RDX降感效果的对比研究

为降低RDX(黑索金)炸药的机械感度,分别采用5种惰性胶粘剂[如F2602(氟橡胶)、F2604(氟橡胶)、EPDM3720(三元乙丙橡胶)、PVAc(聚醋酸乙烯酯)和Estane5703(热塑性聚氨酯)等]作为包覆剂,对RDX表面进行包覆处理。研究结果表明:不同胶粘剂均可成功包覆在RDX颗粒表面;包覆RDX的撞击感度随胶粘剂比例增加呈先升后降态势;F2602和F2604包覆RDX的摩擦感度随胶粘剂比例增加而增大,而其他3种胶粘剂的摩擦感度则随之下降。     

湿法研磨制备改性HMX及其机械感度研究

通过湿法研磨制备出不同粒度的改性HMX晶体,采用折光匹配法对其形貌进行表征,并测试了改性HMX的机械感度。讨论了研磨速率对HMX粒径的影响,以及改性前后HMX的机械感度,分析了湿法研磨对HMX机械感度的影响机理。结果表明,研磨速率为0.524m/s时得到的HMX粒度最小,为43.1μm,改性后的HMX摩擦感度降低60%,撞击感度降低68%,且研磨晶体粒度越小,晶体特性落高数值越大。晶体粒度及内部缺陷对机械感度的影响机制主要是研磨后晶体粒度减小且晶体内部缺陷减少,受到外力作用时,晶体内部热点产生和传播的概率降低。     

反应装甲冲击引爆试验研究

研究了HMX基钝感炸药的机械感度.根据测试结果初步确定了反应装甲的装药配方,最终装药配方由改变模拟反应装甲上、下板的材料和厚度以及穿甲弹与反应装甲法线的夹角,用反应起始装药的引爆效果确定.结果表明,钝感炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度均随HMX粒度的减小而降低,随钝感剂含量的增加而降低;反应装甲的装药配方为HMX97%、钝感剂3%.从理论上分析了炸药粒度变化对机械感度影响的机理,以及在穿甲弹参数和速度一定的条件下,反应装甲装药结构对冲击引爆的影响.     

高收率合成DADE的新方法

在比较DADE的3条文献合成路线基础上，研究了以2-甲基-4，6-嘧啶二酮为母体用硝硫混酸硝化生成中间体2-(二硝基亚甲基)-5，5-二硝基-2H-嘧啶-4，6-二酮、中间体水解合成DADE的方法。DADE总收率达到83％以上，用IR、MS、NMR及元素分析鉴定了其结构。     

细粒度ε-CL-20的制备及钝化

采用溶剂-非溶剂重结晶法制备了细粒度ε-CL-20,分析了加料方式、晶体生长控制剂种类等因素在结晶细化过程中对CL-20微晶形貌和粒度的影响.结果表明,上述几种因素对细粒度CL-20的形貌、粒径及聚集状态均有较大影响.采用超声波辅助技术可明显改善CL-20的晶体形貌和防止晶体团聚,显著降低产品的机械感度,所制备的ε-C...     

Impact and Friction Sensitivity of Energetic Materials:Methodical Evaluation of Technological Safety Features

Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters.     

Dependence of the Mechanical Sensitivity on the Fractal Characteristics of Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine Particles

Three fabrication methods were used to synthesize HMX powders with different particle sizes and microscopic morphologies. All as‐prepared samples were characterized by laser granularity measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical sensitivity and thermal stability of the different HMX powders were characterized using mechanical sensitivity tests and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Size distribution data and SEM images were used to find the size fractal dimension (D) and surface fractal dimension (D_s) of HMX samples, which were calculated by the least‐squares method and fractal image processing software (FIPS), respectively. The parameters D and D_s quantize two important properties of HMX particles, namely the complexity of the particle size distribution and the irregularity of the particle surface, which affect the thermal conductivity of the particle group if it is exposed to stimuli such as impact, friction or heating. The fractal dimensions reveal the dependence of the mechanical sensitivity of HMX on the powder size, size distribution and microscopic morphology. The results indicate that the proportion of fine particles in HMX powder increases as the D value increases, which causes decreased impact sensitivity. This occurs because hot spot formation leading to an explosion is more difficult because of the improved thermal conductivity of the particle group. Similarly, the surface roughness of HMX particles increases with an increase in D_s, causing an increase in friction sensitivity because of the excessive accumulation of frictional heat. In addition, thermal analysis results indicate that the maximum thermal decomposition rate of HMX decreases with increasing D and D_s.     

球形化TKX-50的制备及性能表征

为提高1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐(TKX-50)的流散性、降低机械感度、提高装药密度、增强使用的安全性和可靠性,采用冷却结晶结合超声辅助法制备了球形化TKX-50,探究了溶剂种类、冷却初始温度、降温速率及超声时间对TKX-50晶体形貌的影响;利用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、核磁共振仪、X射线衍射仪测定了其结构和形貌;采用差示扫描量热仪测定了其热分解性能;采用撞击感度仪和摩擦感度仪测定了机械感度。结果表明,采用冷却结晶结合超声辅助法,以丙酮与DMSO质量比为1∶4的混合溶液为溶剂,在65℃下配制饱和溶液,自然冷却至室温,将所得样品超声15 min,可制得粒径为171.515μm的球形化TKX-50;球形化后的TKX-50结构未发生变化,摩擦感度为64%,较原料TKX-50提高了24%;撞击感度为16%,较原料TKX-50降低了14%;分解温度为248.22℃,较原料略有提高。     

黏结剂对CL-20/FOX-7基PBX性能的影响

为了研究黏结剂对CL-20/FOX-7基PBX性能的影响,分别以Estane、EPDM、ACM、EVA为黏结剂,采用水悬浮法制备了含有不同黏结剂成分的CL-20/FOX-7基高聚物黏结炸药(PBX);采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对样品结构、形貌和热分解特性进行了表征;使用撞击感度测试仪、摩擦感度测试仪和小型烤燃实验装置测试了不同样品的机械感度和烤燃特性。结果表明,以EVA为黏结剂制备的CL-20/FOX-7基PBX造型粉颗粒密实,表面光滑且没有脱粘外漏现象,包覆粘结效果最好;以EVA为黏结剂制备的PBX活化能较细化CL-20提高了87.75 kJ/mol,较FOX-7原料提高了42.52 kJ/mol,说明使用EVA的PBX热稳定性较原料有一定提升;同时该PBX样品特性落高(H 50)较细化CL-20提高25.6 cm,摩擦感度爆炸概率降低52%,较使用Estane、EPDM和ACM的PBX样品机械感度更低;使用EVA的PBX药柱在升温速率为6K/min的慢速烤燃条件下,烤燃反应等级为燃烧,说明该配方能够达到烤燃安全试验要求,安全性能较好。     

Investigation of HMX‐Based Nanocomposites

Advanced munition systems require explosives which are more insensitive, powerful, and reactive. For this reason, nano‐crystalline explosives present an attractive alternative to conventional energetics. In this study, formulations consisting of 95 % octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and 5 % polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) were prepared with mean crystal sizes ranging from 300 nm to 2 μm. The process to create these materials used a combination of mechanical particle size reduction and spray drying, which has the advantages of direct control of crystal size and morphology as well as the elimination of ripening of crystals (which occurs during slurry coating of nanomaterials). The basic physical characteristics of these formulations were determined using a variety of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Compressive stress‐strain tests on pressed pellets revealed that the mechanical properties of the compositions improved with decreasing crystal size, consistent with Hall‐Petch mechanics. The 300 nm HMX/PVOH composition demonstrated a 99 % and 129 % greater strength and stiffness, respectively, than the composition with 2 μm HMX. The formulations were subjected to the Small Scale Gap Test, revealing a significant reduction in shock sensitivity with decreasing crystal size. The formulation containing 300 nm HMX registered a shock initiation pressure 1.6 GPa above that of the formulation with 2 μm HMX, a 44 % improvement in sensitivity. These results serve to highlight the relevance of structure‐property relationships in explosive compositions, and particularly elucidate the substantial benefits of reducing the high explosive crystal size to nano‐scale dimensions.