C_3/MRC天然气液化工艺模拟及影响因素分析

带丙烷预冷的混合制冷剂液化天然气工艺具有流程简单、效率高、运行费用低、适应性强等优点,因而得到广泛应用。利用流程模拟软件HYSYS对带丙烷预冷的混合制冷剂液化工艺进行了模拟,给出了流程中涉及到的主要物流参数,并通过改变天然气进料压力、高压制冷剂压力、低压制冷剂压力等参数分析了其对流程工艺液化率及功耗的影响。     

双混合制冷剂液化流程模拟与分析

与级联式、丙烷预冷液化流程相比,双循环混合制冷剂液化流程在功率消耗、生产率等方面有了更明显的改善,使液化循环更高效、能耗更低。文章对双循环混合制冷剂液化流程用HYSYS软件进行模拟,针对天然气和混合制冷剂的物性特点,选用P-R方程作为计算这两类混合物的状态方程,并分析不同组分配比、天然气压力及预冷温度等对冷剂循环量、压缩机功耗、液化率等的影响。     

天然气液化工艺动态分析

针对在天然气液化过程中原料气参数时常发生变化,导致液化流程工艺参数处于不稳定状态,而这些参数的变化对液化系统产生的影响不能通过静态模拟来分析。利用Aspen Dynamics对液化系统在受到扰动的情况下进行动态模拟,以得到系统响应曲线并作动态分析。结果表明:系统对原料气参数变化做出不同程度的动态响应,其中温度干扰对系统稳定性影响较大,当施加不同方向的扰动时,系统出现反响现象,同时,根据模拟中液化系统所出现的反响特征,提出通过控制预冷制冷剂压缩机功率和深冷制冷剂节流阀开度来分别控制预冷和深冷制冷量的控制配对,通过动态模拟,证明该控制结构能对干扰迅速做出调整,提高了系统的稳定性。     

双混合制冷剂天然气液化过程实验分析

浮式天然气液化装置（LNG-FPSO）具有便于迁移、设备可靠、安全性高等特点,适应于海上油气田的开发。而混合制冷剂流程效率高、处理量大,在海况较平稳、气田产量大的条件下具有明显优势。利用与中海石油气电集团技术研发中心合作研制的浮式双混合制冷剂液化实验装置来验证双混合制冷剂流程的准确性,并对目标气田的原料气产量、原料气入口温度及压缩机频率等进行敏感性分析,以及海上适应性进行研究评价。通过实验发现双混合冷剂液化工艺可满足平稳海况下大规模天然气液化处理,原料气温度、压力在一定范围内变化对流程影响较小,采用变频式压缩机可有效降低低负荷下系统能耗。     

三种天然气液化流程模拟分析

结合实际参数,利用HYSYS软件分别对闭式混合冷剂、带丙烷预冷的混合冷剂及调峰型液化流程进行模拟计算,通过分析比较三种天然气模拟流程过程中制冷剂、功耗、液化率等参数,得到三种天然气液化流程的优缺点,为实际工艺流程的选择提供指导。     

双混合制冷剂天然气液化过程实验分析

浮式天然气液化装置(LNG-FPSO)具有便于迁移、设备可靠、安全性高等特点,适应于海上油气田的开发。而混合制冷剂流程效率高、处理量大,在海况较平稳、气田产量大的条件下具有明显优势。利用与中海石油气电集团技术研发中心合作研制的浮式双混合制冷剂液化实验装置来验证双混合制冷剂流程的准确性,并对目标气田的原料气产量、原料气入口温度及压缩机频率等进行敏感性分析,以及海上适应性进行研究评价。通过实验发现双混合冷剂液化工艺可满足平稳海况下大规模天然气液化处理,原料气温度、压力在一定范围内变化对流程影响较小,采用变频式压缩机可有效降低低负荷下系统能耗。     

小型撬装式LNG装置的流程模拟

为了使小型撬装式LNG（液化天然气）装置的流程研究具有普遍意义,通过对液化流程的评价,分别从混合制冷剂液化流程和膨胀机液化流程中选择了极具代表性、性能最佳的丙烷预冷混合制冷剂液化流程和N2-CH4膨胀机液化流程,并结合液化流程的发展趋势,综合多种液化流程的优点,提出了节能新型混合制冷剂液化流程,对以上液化流程进行了模拟计算,并比较了流程的关键参数.结果表明,节能新型混合制冷剂液化流程简便灵活、能耗低、液化率高,适应于小型撬装式LNG装置.     

撬装型混合制冷剂液化天然气流程的热力学分析

从热力学的角度出发,详细分析了撬装型混合制冷剂液化流程SP-MRC的关键参数对流程性能（包括比功耗、液化率、比制冷剂流量和比冷却水负荷）的影响。这些关键参数包括：分离器S1和S2的温度;高压制冷剂和低压制冷剂的压力;天然气的入口压力和LNG的储存压力;天然气的组分;混合制冷剂的组分。     

混合制冷剂中重烃对天然气液化流程的影响（英文）

混合制冷剂(MR)组分是影响天然气液化流程性能的最重要因素之一。在某些特定的液化天然气(LNG)装置中,丁烷和戊烷等重组分不受欢迎。研究了以下4种混合制冷剂组分用于单混合制冷剂(SMR)流程的效果:含有异丁烷(C4)和异戊烷(C5)的MR;不含C4的MR;不含C5的MR;不含C4和C5的MR。对各流程的比功耗进行了对比。结果表明,相比于异丁烷,异戊烷对降低能耗的贡献更大;另外,工况1的能耗比工况4低18%。更进一步地,提出了采用不同制冷剂进行预冷的SMR流程。对于工况4,采用丙烷预冷的流程能耗可降低12%。     

C_3/MRC混合制冷剂组成对液化天然气流程的影响

介绍了丙烷混合制冷循环液化天然气流程的原理,由于设备众多、流程复杂,提出了相关必要的约束条件。关键参数的选择对流程的可行性、压缩机耗功、原料天然气和混合制冷剂的流量及装置的技术经济性等关键指标尤为关键。重点考察混合制冷剂、原料天然气的组成对液化流程的影响,以比功耗作为目标函数来进行流程优化,以获取流程混合制冷剂的最优配比。     

小型天然气膨胀液化工艺模拟及研究

国内油气资源分散、单井产量小,边远地区的油气资源较丰富,可以利用小型液化天然气装置制成LNG后外输,同时小型天然气膨胀液化工艺又是我国LNG研究工作的重点。利用Aspen Hysys软件对N2-CH4膨胀制冷液化流程进行模拟、研究和分析,得出影响该流程的主要参数:制冷剂高压压力、主换热器出口温度、制冷剂氮气含量、天然气进料压力和LNG储存压力对液化率和比功耗的影响。     

混合制冷剂中重烃对天然气液化流程的影响

混合制冷剂(MR)组分是影响天然气液化流程性能的最重要因素之一。在某些特定的液化天然气(LNG)装置中,丁烷和戊烷等重组分不受欢迎。研究了以下4种混合制冷剂组分用于单混合制冷剂(SMR)流程的效果:含有异丁烷(C₄)和异戊烷(C₅)的MR;不含C₄的MR;不含C₅的MR;不含C₄和C₅的MR。对各流程的比功耗进行了对比。结果表明,相比于异丁烷,异戊烷对降低能耗的贡献更大;另外,工况1的能耗比工况4低18%。更进一步地,提出了采用不同制冷剂进行预冷的SMR流程。对于工况4,采用丙烷预冷的流程能耗可降低12%。     

Design and analysis of multi-stage expander processes for liquefying natural gas

Multi-stage expander refrigeration cycles were proposed and analyzed in order to develop an efficient natural gas liquefaction process. The proposed dual and cascade expander processes have high efficiency and the potential for larger liquefaction capacity and are suitable for small-scale and offshore natural gas liquefaction systems. While refrigeration cycles of conventional expander processes use pure nitrogen or methane as a refrigerant, the proposed refrigeration cycles use one or more mixtures as refrigerants. Since mixed refrigerants are used, the efficiency of the proposed multi-stage expander processes becomes higher than that of conventional expander processes. However, the proposed liquefaction processes are different from the single mixed refrigerant (SMR) and dual mixed refrigerant (DMR) processes. The proposed processes use mixed refrigerants as a form of gas, while the SMR and DMR processes use mixed refrigerants as a form of gas, liquid- or two-phase flow. Thus, expanders can be employed instead of Joule-Thomson (J-T) valves for refrigerant expansion. Expanders generate useful work, which is supplied to the compressor, while the high-pressure refrigerant is expanded in expanders to reduce its temperature. Various expander refrigeration cycles are presented to confirm their feasibility and estimate the performance of the proposed process. The specific work, composite curves and exergy analysis data are investigated to evaluate the performance of the proposed processes. A lower specific work was achieved to 1,590 kJ/kg in the dual expander process, and 1,460 kJ/kg in the cascade expander process. In addition, the results of exergy analysis revealed that cycle compressors with associated after-coolers and companders are main contributors to total exergy losses in proposed expander processes.     

高含乙烷天然气氮膨胀液化分离流程

在液化页岩气的同时分离制取液化乙烷是一种经济合理的选择。采用HYSYS软件进行流程模拟研究,在传统氮膨胀液化流程的基础上设计了一种高含乙烷天然气的液化分离流程,并根据天然气中的乙烷含量,取10%、20%、30%、40%共4种含量,分析比较了不同液化压力下流程的比功耗。为降低流程的能耗,在满足LNG产品中C₂H₆含量小于1%、液化乙烷纯度达到99.5%的情况下进一步研究了制冷剂流量、氮气膨胀机出口压力、节流温度的影响,在此基础上结合HYSYS软件中的优化器进一步对流程进行了优化。结果表明,对应10%、20%、30%、40%的乙烷含量,比功耗分别降低7.24%、6.13%、5.8%、7.07%。     

C3/MRC液化流程中原料气成分及制冷剂组分匹配

针对两种代表性原料天然气No.1和No.2,利用Aspen HYSYS流程模拟软件对C3/MRC天然气液化流程进行了动态模拟,考虑了混合制冷剂高低压变化、混合制冷剂组分改变,通过模拟研究获得了混合制冷剂各个组分N₂、CH₄、C₂H₆及C₃H₈在制冷系统中的不同作用,同时获得了制冷剂组分与混合制冷剂高低压以及原料天然气c_p-T之间的依赖关系,全面动态地展示了制冷剂各组分在C3/MRC流程中的影响和作用。在此基础上,又对比了原料天然气No.1和No.2在不同混合制冷剂高低压下C3/MRC流程的能耗指标。研究结果表明：原料天然气的c_p-T关系是决定整个C3/MRC流程能耗高低的关键因素,而混合制冷剂的组分或高低压的选择则对系统能耗影响较弱。混合制冷剂的组成及其高低压力的选择应根据原料天然气的c_p-T关系进行合理选取,以确保流程设计更为合理。     

Plant-wide control for the economic operation of modified single mixed refrigerant process for an offshore natural gas liquefaction plant

The marine operation of floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) demands process compactness, flexibility, simplicity of operation, safety, and higher efficiency. The modified single mixed refrigerant (MSMR) process satisfies the FLNG process requirements and is accepted as a suitable technology for FLNG operation. The aim of this study was to develop a plant-wide control structure or strategy that can sustain the economic efficiency of the MSMR process. The NGL recovery and liquefaction units were integrated in the MSMR process to provide a compact plant structure with an efficient operation. Steady-state optimality analysis was intensively conducted in a rigorous dynamic simulation environment to determine the correct variable to sustain the economic efficiency of MSMR process. The results showed that the flow rate ratio of heavy and light mixed refrigerant (HK/LK ratio) is a promising self-optimizing controlled variable. Controlling this variable can sustain the MSMR optimality, even when the process is operated under off-design operating conditions or in the presence of disturbances. Based on the control structure tests, the control configuration with the HK/LK ratio loop showed excellent performance, maintaining the process stability against a range of disturbances. The proposed approach can also be applied to any cryogenic liquefaction technology for determining a possible optimizing controlled variable.     

Design and analysis of dual mixed refrigerant processes for high-ethane content natural gas liquefaction

Recovery and purification of ethane has a significant impact on economic benefit improvement of the high-ethane content natural gas. However, current LNG-NGL integrated processes mainly focus on conventional natural gas, which are not applicable to natural gas with high ethane content. To fill this gap, three dual mixed refrigerant processes are proposed for simulation study of high-ethane content natural gas liquefaction. The proposed processes are optimized by a combination method of sequence optimization and genetic algorithm. Comparatively analysis is conducted to evaluate the three processes from the energetic and exergetic points of view. The results show that the power consumption of Process 3 which compressing natural gas after distillation is the lowest. For safety or other considerations, some common compositions of the mixed refrigerant may need to be removed under certain circumstances. Considering this, case studies of mixed refrigerant involving six composition combinations are carried out to investigate the effects of refrigerant selection on the process performance.     

小型N_2-CH_4膨胀机天然气液化流程影响因素分析

利用HYSYS对小型N2-CH4膨胀机天然气液化流程进行模拟,分析关键参数对流程性能(比功耗、液化率)的影响。结果显示:降低制冷剂高压压力、LNG储存压力、制冷剂中甲烷含量和提高制冷剂低压压力、天然气入口压力,有利于减少比功耗;提高制冷剂高压压力、LNG储存压力、制冷剂中甲烷含量和降低制冷剂低压压力、天然气入口压力,有利于提高天然气液化率。     

Control structure synthesis for operational optimization of mixed refrigerant processes for liquefied natural gas plant

The best control structures for the energy optimizing control of propane precooled mixed refrigerant (C₃MR) processes were examined. A first principles‐based rigorous dynamic model was developed to analyze the steady‐state and dynamic behaviors of the C₃MR process. The steady‐state optimality of the C₃MR process was then examined in a whole operation space for exploring the feasibility of the energy optimizing control for possible control structures. As a result, the temperature difference (TD) between the warm‐end inlet and outlet MR streams was exploited as a promising controlled variable to automatically keep the liquefaction process close to its optimum. The closed‐loop responses were finally evaluated for every possible control structure candidate. Based on the steady‐state optimality and the dynamic performance evaluation, several control structures with a TD loop were proposed to be most favorable for the energy optimizing control of the C₃MR process. The proposed optimality approach can be applied to any natural gas liquefaction process for determining a proper controlled variable for optimizing operation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2428–2441, 2014