质子交换膜燃料电池的研究开发与应用

质子交换膜燃料电池是当前时期的新型发电装置,对我国发电技术水平提升意义重大。但在质子交换膜燃料电池推广应用中,其核心技艺限制较多。因此,本文基于质子交换膜燃料电池的研究开发现状,对质子交换膜燃料电池的具体应用展开分析。借此明确该燃料电池实践价值,强化燃料电池研究力度。     

磺化聚芳烃质子交换膜的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池是21世纪最清洁的能源之一,质子交换膜是其核心组件,目前商业化的质子交换膜存在着成本高、无法高温操作、甲醇渗透率高等缺点,因此开发新型低成本,高性能的聚芳香烃质子交换膜的研究热点之一。本文介绍了聚芳烃质子交换膜的改性方法及产生的效果。     

高温质子交换膜研究进展

高温质子交换膜燃料电池解决了传统质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂易受CO等杂质气体毒化、水热管理复杂等问题,成为当今燃料电池发展的主要方向。高温质子交换膜是实现高温操作的关键部分。本文结合质子传递机理,分析了以水作为质子溶剂、非水质子溶剂质子交换膜以及无机固态质子导体膜的研究现状,认为有机/无机复合膜和非水质子溶剂膜,尤其是其中的磷酸掺杂的PBI膜是高温质子交换膜的发展方向。     

直接甲醇燃料电池用阻醇质子交换膜研究进展

直接甲醇燃料电池是近十年兴起的新型燃料电池,并以其独特的优点引起了人们广泛的关注。作为其重要组成部分的质子交换膜的性质是影响电池性能的关键因素。本文在介绍近两年质子交换膜研究最新进展的基础上,综述了天然聚合物用作质子交换膜材料的研究情况,并分析了其优劣势及应用前景。     

聚砜类燃料电池质子交换膜研究进展

介绍了质子交换膜的分类，综述了主链型聚砜质子交换膜、侧链型聚砜质子交换膜、无机掺杂复合型聚砜质子交换膜等聚砜类燃料电池质子交换膜的最新研究进展，全面阐述了磺化聚砜的形貌、结构对材料物理化学性能的影响，并展望了聚砜类燃料电池质子交换膜的发展前景。     

一种新型磺化聚酰亚胺质子交换膜的合成与表征

质子交换膜是质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极的核心部件之一,它的性能好坏对整个系统的运行起着至关重要的作用．目前在质子交换膜燃料电池中普遍采用的质子交换膜材料是全氟磺酸系列薄膜,这类材料具有较高的质子传导率、化学及机械稳定性,但用于直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）时则存在甲醇渗透、导致燃料电池输出性能大大降低的问题     

质子交换膜燃料电池研究现状及发展

质子交换膜燃料电池是一种高效清洁的发电技术,具有反应动力学快、启动温度低等特点。目前质子交换膜燃料电池技术发展迅速,有望得到广泛推广和普及。本文从质子交换膜燃料电池核心组件出发,对近年来质子交换膜燃料电池的发展进行了简要概述。从材料出发,对核心组件进行分类,详细介绍了质子交换膜、催化剂以及气体扩散层的研究现状和技术特点,综述了各组件的研究方法、改进方法以及研究进展,展望了质子交换膜燃料电池的研究方向和未来发展趋势。基于高温环境下的各种优势,具有短侧链、低当量的且适用于高温低湿环境的质子交换膜仍将是重点研究对象。质子交换膜燃料电池将进一步向低Pt甚至无Pt方向发展,同时未来将实现无增湿条件下的水平衡。     

质子交换膜的应用与市场研究

介绍了质子交换膜的概念、产品及产品的类型、功能原理及主要性能指标;对质子交换膜的应用作了汇总与归纳;研究了质子交换膜在氯碱工业应用的市场规模与发展趋势、产品价格及其变化、主要产品供应商和国内主要消费企业;介绍了质子交换膜燃料电池及其应用状况前景、燃料电池质子交换膜市场现状与未来展望,分析了国内质子交换膜产业链状况.     

燃料电池用的含氟质子交换膜的研发现状

质子交换膜是燃料电池中的关键部件。本文介绍了有关用于燃料电池的质子交换膜的研发现状。     

质子交换膜燃料电池系统低温启动技术研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车具有绿色环保、续航里程长等优点,但在温度较低的环境下存在启动困难甚至失败的问题,这一问题严重制约了质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车的发展。研究调查了质子交换膜内部结冰的原理,简述了0℃以下低温环境下启动过程对质子交换膜本身、催化层、气体扩散层以及膜电极整体带来不同程度的损伤,重点分析了质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车低温启动的策略,可大致分为三类：停机吹扫的控制策略、外部辅助加热和无辅助加热。分析表明每种方法都有其各自的优点与缺点,但总的来说单一的启动方法对质子交换膜燃料电池电动汽车低温启动的效果不如多种方法混合使用的效果理想,未来燃料电池电动汽车的低温启动技术将会朝着多种方法共同协助的趋势发展。     

基于TRIZ理论的质子交换膜燃料电池膜材料研究进展分析

对质子交换膜燃料电池膜材料的重要性、性能要求以及TRIZ理论的核心思想、基本发明原理进行了介绍,并结合实际技术内容,通过TRIZ理论的标准求解过程,即参数选择、矛盾矩阵分析和发明原理求解印证了质子交换膜燃料电池的膜材料性能改进研究的实际发展历程。由求解过程和结论可知,基于TRIZ理论推导过程给出的相关发明原理能够合理预测膜材料导电性、稳定性的发展趋势;通过掌握TRIZ理论,能够更有针对性地寻找对膜材料改进的可行之路。对于质子交换膜而言,至少可以在提纯工艺、遴选工艺以及燃料电池组件协同功能性方面寻找提升性能的途径。     

A new synthesis approach for proton exchange membranes based on ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene

A new approach for gas-phase modification of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) film for synthesis of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) has been successfully realized. First, the membrane precursors have been prepared by soaking the films in a monomers/AIBN solution followed by their modification with polystyrene (PS) in styrene vapor at 110°C. The developed method is characterized by high efficiency, simplicity, and ecological purity. The modified UHMWPE films containing up to 60 wt% of PS have been obtained. Then, PEMs were prepared by sulfonation of these precursors. According to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of the sulfonated samples, almost uniform distribution of PS through the film thickness was observed. The membranes with an ion exchange capacity up to 2.7 mmol/g and proton conductivity up to 60 mS/cm (water, 25°C) were obtained. Comparative tests of the obtained UHMWPE-sulfonated PS and commercial Nafion-115 membranes in a hydrogen–air fuel cell have been carried out. It has been shown that the cell with the synthesized membranes exhibits better performance than that with Nafion-115.     

纳米TiO_2及SiO_2表面改性质子交换膜的阻抗电导率

采用钛酸丁酯及硅酸乙酯及硅烷偶联剂对全氟磺酸离子膜进行了表面改性,制备了燃料电池质子交换复合膜,测定了不同温度时膜的阻抗电导率σ。实验结果表明,在-30℃及90℃时,复合膜的阻抗电导率σ分别为9.04×10-7S·cm-1及1.24×10-5S·cm-1,随着温度的升高,膜的阻抗电导率相应增大。     

高温质子交换膜燃料电池用离子液体聚合物电解质的研究进展

综述了近十几年来高温质子交换膜燃料电池用离子液体聚合物电解质的研究进展及其在高温质子交换膜燃料电池中的应用进展,指出了此类电解质目前存在的亟待解决的两个问题：咪唑类离子液体毒化Pt基催化剂和复合膜中离子液体的长期稳定性。最后对高温质子交换膜燃料电池用离子液体聚合物电解质的发展前景作了展望,即开发与Pt基催化剂相容的离子液体聚合物电解质以及预防复合膜内离子液体的流失,即提高高温质子交换膜燃料电池的性能及长期稳定性,最终提高高温燃料电池的寿命。     

Proton exchange composite membranes from blends of brominated and sulfonated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)

New composite proton exchange membrane was prepared by mixing a 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) solution of sulfonated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (SPPO) in sodium form and brominated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (BPPO) for hydrophilic‐hydrophobic balance, then casting the solution as a thin film, evaporating the solvent, and treating the membrane with aqueous hydrochloric acid. The resulting membranes were subsequently characterized using FTIR‐ATR, SEM‐EDXA, and TGA instrumentation as well as measurements of basic properties such as ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, proton conductivity, methanol permeability, and single cell performance. Water uptake, IEC, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability all increased with a corresponding increase of SPPO content. By properly compromising the conductivity and methanol permeability, membranes with 60–80 wt % SPPO content exhibited comparable proton conductivity to that of Nafion^® 117, with only half the methanol permeability, thereby demonstrating higher single cell performance. The membranes developed in this study could thus be a suitable candidate electrolyte for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)‐based proton‐exchange membranes through the ultraviolet‐induced graft copolymerization of allyl methacrylate for applications in fuel cells

The ultraviolet‐induced graft copolymerization of allyl methacrylate into poly(ethylene terephthalate) films and the subsequent sulfonation of the grafted film were performed to prepare a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). The sulfonation reaction occurred at the grafted chain under mild conditions; that is, the grafted film was easily transformed into a PEM. The mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of the prepared PEM (i.e., the ion‐exchange capacity, water uptake, tensile strengths at different water uptakes and temperatures, stability in hydrogen peroxide solutions, and proton conductivity) were measured with titrimetric and gravimetric analyses; most were found to be better than those of Nafion. The maximum ion‐exchange capacity and proton conductivity of the PEM were observed to be 0.072 mmol/g and 0.0458 S/cm, respectively. Because this PEM is inexpensive to prepare with available raw materials and has the properties required for fuel cells, it could be an attractive and suitable device for use in fuel‐cell technology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Characterization and actuation behavior of SPS/SGO ion exchange polymer actuator based on PEDOT: PSS/SGO composite electrode

ABSTRACT

This paper studied the fabrication of new hybrid-type poly(3,4- ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/sulfonated graphene oxide electrode-based polymer actuator produced by film casting method. Sulfonated Poly(1,4-phenylene ether-ether sulfone) (SPS) ion-exchange polymer membrane-based ionic polymer composite actuators were fabricated using the different concentration of SGO. The characterization and actuation were demonstrated. By altering SGO concentration, four different SPS based membrane actuators were analyzed. The effects of SGO concentration on the morphology, proton conductivity, ion exchange capacity, and water uptake capability were studied. The maximum tip displacement and force by varying concentration of SGO were evaluated for the actuation performance.     

光电化学池降解苯酚溶液制氢

以质子交换膜分隔建立阴/阳双室光电化学池(PEC),溶胶-凝胶+粉末涂覆法制各的ITO负载纳米TiO2薄膜光电极浸入盛有含苯酚污染物的碱性电解液的阳室,铂电极作为对电极浸入盛有酸性电解液的阴室,通过导线建立两室的电子回路.光照Tio2/ITO产生的光电压与阴、阳两室电解液pH差产生的化学偏压叠加,使该体系无需外加偏压直接在阴室将H+还原为H2,并同时降解阳室中的有机污染物苯酚.结果表明:光电化学池中苯酚的存在可以作为电子牺牲剂利于电化学析氢,并表现出比光催化更好的降解率.对该光电化学池外加1.4 V的偏压能显著提高氢的产量及苯酚的降解率.     

新型细菌纤维素基阻醇质子交换膜的制备及表征

以凝胶贴附法,在Nation膜两侧贴附细菌纤维素（BC）膜,制备出BC／Nation／BC夹心复合膜,以期结合Nation膜的良好导电性和BC膜的优秀阻醇性,制备新型阻醇质子交换膜。利用扫描电镜、热重分析对其形态结构和热稳定性进行研究,并对夹心膜的尺寸稳定性、质子传导率和甲醇渗透率进行表征。结果发现,复合膜的夹心结构紧密,热稳定性良好,尺寸稳定性比市售的Nation膜有很大改善,提高了43％。夹心膜的质子传导率随温度的升高明显上升,虽略低于Nation膜,但是甲醇渗透率明显降低一个数量级,阻醇性能得到了很大改善。组装成电池后,单电池开路电压达到922mV,最大发电功率密度为7．2mW／cm^2。该结果表明夹心复合膜作为新型质子交换膜应用于直接甲醇燃料电池中具有很大潜力。