瓷砖形貌对瓷砖刮平机振动及噪声影响的实验研究

为了研究瓷砖刮平机加工机理,分析刮平机的结构和运行原理,对粗、中、精刮瓷砖进行了SEM实验,同时对刮平机进行了振动和噪音实验。通过SEM实验得出粗刮后的瓷砖表面轨迹平行,轨迹由冲击坑组成;中刮后的瓷砖表面轨迹交叉贯通;精刮后的瓷砖表面平整,少见刮痕。通过振动和噪声实验得出:粗刮阶段,平行轨迹处振动大;中、精刮阶段,交叉轨迹处振动小;空载和工作状态噪音值相差很小。     

利用破损陶瓷和陶瓷废料制造陶瓷透水砖

利用破损陶瓷和陶瓷废料为主要原料,低成本制造高附加值的透水砖。依此方案生产透水砖,陶瓷破损料和陶瓷废料的加入量最多可占到75%,在较大范围内调整破损洁具、抛光砖、瓷片和抛光砖磨屑间的加入比例也可以适应烧成工艺。     

论功能型建筑陶瓷的作用及其应用

将建筑陶瓷功能化是陶瓷行业的主要发展方向之一。本文对功能型建筑陶瓷,如自洁陶瓷、抗菌陶瓷、太阳能陶瓷、远红外辐射陶瓷、防静电陶瓷、发光陶瓷、调湿陶瓷、负离子陶瓷、多孔隔热陶瓷、透水砖、吸声陶瓷、吸收电磁波陶瓷和吸收二氧化碳陶瓷等方面进行了归纳,并阐述了各种功能型瓷砖的原理、工艺和应用。     

Ceramic tile surface defect detection based on deep learning

Ceramic tiles are widely used in the construction field. In actual production, the difficulty in extracting texture ceramic tile features and the small size of defects lead to low detection accuracy and inefficiency. To solve these problems, we propose a detection method based on improved YOLOv5s. Firstly, the network layer is deepened in the backbone network and the attention mechanism CBAM module is added. Then, a small-scale detection layer is added, and the model is increased from a three-output prediction layer to a four-output prediction layer. Thirdly, the network feature fusion is enhanced in the neck network. Finally, the original convolution is replaced with depthwise separable convolution, and a lightweight ceramic tile detection system is constructed. Experimental results show that our model can solve the problems caused by small defects and insufficient feature information effectively.     

水煤浆渣用于烧制陶瓷的研究

建筑陶瓷业每年要产生大量的水煤浆渣,废料堆放成为重要难题。这里以建筑陶瓷水煤浆废料为主要原料研制了以石英和莫来石为主晶相的陶瓷抛光砖,并采用XRD、SEM分析了建筑陶瓷水煤浆渣掺量对陶瓷抛光砖的晶相、气孔结构与断裂模数的影响。研究结果表明:水煤浆渣掺量为5%的抛光砖具有很好的力学性能,满足瓷质砖标准。     

抛光机磨头微观冲击机理与实验

为了研究磨头微观加工机理,提出低、高速磨头微观冲击机理。建立微观冲击速度和振幅模型。通过SEM实验得出瓷砖微观缺陷形成过程,并验证了冲击机理理论符合瓷砖表面形貌。通过振动实验得出:粗抛阶段,低速磨头可以减少瓷砖缺陷,降低冲击振动;精抛阶段,高转速磨头可以提高瓷砖的表面质量。     

磨粒的“后部效应”对瓷砖破碎及振动的影响

为了研究磨头微观加工机理,提出低、高速磨头微观冲击机理。建立微观冲击速度和振幅模型。通过SEM实验得出瓷砖微观缺陷形成过程,并验证了冲击机理理论符合瓷砖表面形貌。通过振动实验得出:粗抛阶段,低速磨头可以减少瓷砖缺陷,降低冲击振动;精抛阶段,高转速磨头可以提高瓷砖的表面质量。     

Determination of Density Variation and Microstructure in Reaction‐sintered SiC Ceramics Using Ultrasonic Time‐of‐Flight

Ultrasonic time‐of‐flight (TOF) is investigated as a predictor of density variation across reaction‐sintered silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. The importance of this research is heightened by the fact that the reaction‐sintered SiC ceramic tiles being investigated are manufactured using the reaction sintering process that involves the infusion of liquid silicon into a porous ceramic preform. This can potentially lead to the formation of islands of free silicon, small closed areas of un‐sintered silicon material as well as conventional porosity. All these defects can result in local variations of density which cannot be detected by conventional bulk density measurement techniques. To study the microstructural differences, the porosity dependence of ultrasonic TOF of the reflected signals was investigated to establish a correlation between the velocity and density across the ceramic tile that aids in characterizing the material. The data suggest that for these ceramic tiles, TOF C‐scan mapping surfs as a much better indicator of sample homogeneity than the amplitude of the back wall echo. At the current time, ceramic tiles are inspected offline and this takes time and effort and is very expensive. In particular, this study contains the procedure followed to establish a quantitative method to quantify density variation across selected ceramic tile.     

Research on automatic mosaic ceramic tiling method based on color matching

Mosaic ceramics are widely used in construction-related fields, but with the development of society, architects are no longer satisfied with their utilitarian value and have begun to pay more attention to their artistic value. For example, mosaic ceramics with unique artistic effects are frequently used for paving. This article proposes a comprehensive color difference method based on the probability density of gray values to control the paving system and produce paved mosaic patterns with different artistic effects. Experiments show that our method can easily lay out mosaic ceramic work with a certain aesthetic value based on artistic images. Our method may provide an effective technical reference for the use of mosaic ceramics for entertainment, in the home, and as an aspect of architecture, to enrich people's aesthetic requirements.     

Hydro deformation in ceramic tiles at the pre-firing stage

The production of ceramic tiles with larger sizes and reduced thickness has increased the challenge of producing high-quality ceramic tiles in short single-firing cycles. For porcelain tiles, the pressing step is of upmost importance for the microstructure of the green bodies. The particle size distribution, mineral composition of the pastes and porosity before firing define the water flow during the decoration process. Hydro deformation is the curvature of unfired ceramic tiles caused by water absorption during the decoration step before firing. In this work, the hydro deformation is studied in function of tile thickness, compaction, and clay composition according to a 2^K factorial design. Two compositions of porcelain tiles (glazed and polished) were pressed at two thicknesses (3–6 mm) and pressing pressures (35.5–49.8 MPa) forming ceramic tiles with 55 × 110 mm² of surface area. Chemical (XRF), mineralogical (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG), specific surface area (BET), granulometric, bulk density, and porosity analyses were performed for the green tiles of both compositions. To simulate the hydro deformation during the decoration step, the curvature (mm) of the tiles was studied within a 0–180 min interval. The water absorption rate through the surface (g.m⁻²·s⁻¹) of the tiles in an interval of 0–180 s was studied as a function of thickness, pressure and porcelain tile composition. As a result, the thickness of the tiles can change the curvatures from concave to convex. Pressing conditions and composition of the tiles can change the water absorption rates. Porcelain tiles with higher content of clay minerals develop convex curvatures. For tiles with lower content of clay minerals, concave curvatures were developed.     

现代瓷砖的造型艺术设计

现代社会的发展与人们审美观念的改变,影响着瓷砖艺术的发展,本文主要从现代瓷砖的尺寸设计、形状设计与表面造型设计三个方面对现代瓷砖的设计进行一个浅显的剖析,通过案例分析激发大家的思维,为设计师提供一些新的设计创意点。     

微晶玻璃／陶瓷复合墙地砖的研制

以接近陶瓷砖的成本生产具有微晶玻璃质量的新一代复合墙地砖是引人注目的课题。实验表明,将基础玻璃粉平铺于普通瓷质砖基板上,一起进行热处理,可制备出表层为微晶玻璃、基底为普通陶瓷的复合材料。它既具备微晶玻璃的各种优良特性和装饰效果,又可在普通陶瓷墙地砖厂通过适当技术改造来生产,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

瓷质抛光砖表面显微结构与防污性能的关系探讨

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等对抛光砖的表面显微结构进行了研究。结果表明：气孔率对抛光砖的防污性能有明显影响，但抛光砖中石英晶体在冷却过程中与玻璃体膨胀系数的差异产生的热应力，促使玻璃体沿石英周边形成了微裂纹，抛光时机械力的作用使晶粒剥落造成表面孔洞，是造成瓷质抛光砖容易吸污的主要原因之一。     

提高陶瓷砖釉面硬度的途径

有釉砖具有良好的装饰效果,但是釉面硬度较低,容易出现划痕。本文概述了有釉砖的釉面硬度、耐磨性的检测方法。并通过分析影响有釉砖釉面硬度的因素．提出了通过调整配方组成、引入微晶玻璃、改进工艺制度、进行表面处理等途径可提高有釉砖的釉面硬度。     

Non-destructive measurement of bulk density distribution in large-sized ceramic tiles

An apparatus has been designed, built, and patented that is able, non-destructively, to determine bulk density distribution in large-sized ceramic tiles. The proposed method, based on the X-ray absorption technique, provides numerous advantages compared with current methods: it enables complete maps of the bulk density distribution, and is neither destructive nor toxic. The measurements are performed with a low-power X-ray emitter tube. The measurement system is housed in a shielded enclosure.This technique has been used to examine ceramic tiles fabricated under different industrial conditions, modifying press operating parameters. The use of high-precision laser telemeters also enables maps of tile thicknesses to be obtained, which allow tile surface mass to be determined. The non-destructive character of the method enables fired tiles, which had previously been examined in the unfired state, to be inspected, thus facilitating the interpretation of manufacturing defects that could originate in the forming and/or firing stage.     

PVD hard coatings on ceramic tiles for aesthetic applications: surface characterisation and corrosion properties

The development of innovative ceramic tiles looks for materials with improved mechanical and tribological properties as well as a higher corrosion resistance (high relative humidity, daily watering, household chemical cleaners). In addition, a greater durability leads to lower environmental impact. Along with their improved functionality and recyclability, ceramic tiles should also provide aesthetic properties. Ceramic tiles can be treated to modify the physico-chemical properties of the surface by metal coatings or metallic compounds, also providing an attractive metallic sheen appearance. In the present paper, titanium nitride (TiN) and zirconium nitride (ZrN) coatings were deposited on glazed porcelain stoneware by an industrial PVD multicathode arc deposition system under a reactive nitrogen atmosphere. After the process, the tiles showed a gold-like colour, a smooth surface and a coating thickness between 0.7 and 1.6 μm. The coating composition, scratch resistance and corrosion behaviour have been evaluated. It can be concluded that both coatings are suitable for use in domestic environments due to their stability and resistance to aggressive conditions. Few references have been found regarding these coatings on ceramic tiles for domestic and industrial applications, but it has been proved that they bring added value to traditional ceramics, giving new functional properties of ceramics both decorative and highly corrosion and mechanical resistance.     

The effect of talc-chlorite schist on properties of ceramic tiles

In order to use fine-fraction talc-chlorite to improve the properties of ceramics, they were tested as a grog additive to clay in ceramic tile mixtures. The use of talc-chlorite increases the strength and decreases the shrinkage of tiles, compared to traditional mixtures, and ensures a minimum number of components in the batch.     

Estimation of the minimum material removal thickness during the polishing process of ceramic tiles by laser triangulation

The possibility of controlling the thickness to be removed from each tile during the honing/polishing process of ceramic tiles would avoid unnecessary wear of the abrasive tools, directly minimizing energy and water consumptions. Such technology requires a conveyer belt capable of adjusting the height of the tile surface, together with a measuring system to estimate the most recommendable removal depth for each tile. While the former requirement is still not promptly available in the market, the on-line characterization of the geometrical characteristics of the tiles could be theoretically performed by many techniques. In this context, this study presents the 3D micro-inspection by laser triangulation as a promising technique to be employed at the production line prior to the honing process. To verify this hypothesis, six types of surfaces with different compositions were characterized in terms of 3D topography, waviness profiles, and surface roughness. The results indicate that the methodology adopted in this study is able to provide precise information regarding the minimum layer to be individually removed from the tile surfaces. In addition, it was also observed a relationship between the surface waviness and the tile composition. In contrast to the value of ca. 10% typically adopted in most ceramic industries, for the surfaces considered in this study, the minimum removal layers were found to be between 1.08% and 2.37% of the initial thickness.     

Enhanced bi-layer mosaic armor: experiments and simulation

Three different alumina/aluminum bi-layer armors having different striking faces, i.e., monolithic alumina, mosaic alumina, and mosaic alumina enhanced by aluminum honeycomb, were fabricated and tested under the impact of the flat projectile. The ballistic performance of each armor type was also investigated using three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulations. Upon validating the FE simulation results with experimental measurements, the ballistic limit velocity and failure mechanisms for each type of armor, as well as the influence of ceramic tile size, impact position, border effect, and inter tile gap width were quantified. For the enhanced mosaic armor, the metallic honeycomb lattice performed as a cellular skeleton to confine the ceramic tiles and fragments, leading to enhanced ballistic resistance. Besides, the honeycomb enhanced mosaic armor was also found to have much improved multi-hit ballistic resistance in comparison with monolithic and mosaic alumina. The honeycomb preserved the structural integrity of the mosaic armor so that a high level of residual ballistic resistance remained even after impact. With the extended reliability calculation method, single shot ballistic data were used to estimate the performance of the honeycomb enhanced mosaic armor under multiple projectile impacts.     

Stray Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (STRAFI) of Water Transport in Ceramic Substrates

Measurements of water transport in ceramic tiles made using the stray field magnetic resonance imaging technique (STRAFI) are reported. STRAFI represents one method of accomplishing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of solids and confined liquids.Water was demonstrated to saturate a sample, cored from an unglazed wall tile, within 4 minutes of exposure. The sample was in constant contact with water at the upper surface and open to air at the bottom. The water ingress was characteristically Fickian in its dynamics. Samples cored from glazed wall and floor tiles were demonstrated to be waterproof (down to 50 m spatial resolution) up to 20 h. Water was shown to ingress samples from abraded, glazed floor tiles, in which the glaze layer was damaged. In this situation, a dynamic equilibrium was established between water entering the upper surface and evaporating from the bottom surface. A gradient of water content through the tile developed. These observations held not only for the abraded tiles, but also for certain household tiles of lower porosity than the unglazed wall tile.