流体-固体两相流的数值模拟

鉴于流体 -固体两相流及其数值模拟在化学工程中愈来愈广泛的应用 ,本文综述了Euler坐标系下流体相湍流模型、颗粒轨道模型以及流体 -颗粒双流体模型的基本原理和数值模拟方法 ;对相间耦合和颗粒间的相互作用也进行了介绍 ,特别是对能详细描述多颗粒间相互作用的颗粒离散单元法在流体 -固体两相流中的应用进行了详细描述 ;在评述各模型的优缺点和分析目前存在的问题的基础上 ,提出了今后的发展方向     

循环流化床气固两相流动数值模拟的研究进展

对循环流化床气固两相流动数值模拟的研究进展进行介绍,包括传统的欧拉双流体模型、基于颗粒动力学理论的双流体模型、基于拉格朗日坐标系下的颗粒轨道模型、能量最小多尺度模型和小室模型,并对上述模型的原理、发展和优缺点进行了描述。     

DSMC方法在大规模气固两相撞击流中的应用

将直接模拟Monte Carlo（DSMC）方法应用于颗粒数目庞大的大规模气固两相撞击流的数值模拟研究,旨在解决基于拉格朗日法模型难以模拟含大量颗粒碰撞的多相流问题,建立了气固两相撞击流的数理模型。应用所建立模型计算分析了撞击流中的气相流动、颗粒运动、颗粒及颗粒碰撞位置分布;并对模型中考虑颗粒碰撞和不考虑颗粒碰撞时,计算获得的颗粒运动行为、停留时间以及对气相的影响等结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：经发展,DSMC方法能够有效地应用于大规模气固两相撞击流的数值研究;颗粒运动区域可分为颗粒碰撞区、颗粒射流区和颗粒发散区;颗粒碰撞主要发生在颗粒碰撞区内,使得颗粒在该区域富集,且明显缩短颗粒在撞击区的停留时间;在所研究的较小固气比条件下,颗粒的存在对气相流动的影响不显著。     

水平管气力输送的数值模拟研究

对气体相湍动能采用修正的k-ε二方程模型,颗粒相湍动动能采用颗粒动力学方法,考虑两相间的相互作用,发展建立了水平管气力输送的数学物理模型和计算方法.该模型能计算颗粒相压力、粘性系数、扩散系数、导热系数、颗粒温度等流体力学特性参数.用文献实验得到的压降和转捩速度验证了所建模型和计算方法的正确性.就水平管中圆柱坐标系下典型的三维悬浮气力输送过程进行了初步数值研究,得到了管道沿程压降、平均气体速度、平均颗粒速度和平均颗粒浓度的变化、以及输送方向上不同截面处的颗粒浓度分布.结果表明:在给定的输送条件下,颗粒在管中并不总是维持同样的悬浮状态,在入口和快速加速度段,悬浮颗粒易集中于管中心区域,从加速段到恒速段,悬浮颗粒逐渐向管底沉降;颗粒浓度在管截面上有两种分布状态.为进一步利用该法研究气力输送打下了基础.     

考虑颗粒间碰撞的稠密气/固流动二阶矩两相湍流模型

将统一二阶矩两相湍流模型和颗粒动力学理论结合,推导并封闭了稠密两相流考虑颗粒间碰撞的统一二阶矩两相湍流模型.该模型用颗粒动力学理论模拟颗粒之间的碰撞,用各向异性的统一二阶矩模型考虑气相和颗粒相的湍流脉动,并用输运方程描述气固两相湍流之间的相互作用.最后用该模型对狭窄槽道内的气粒两相流动进行了模拟,模拟所得的颗粒水平方向和垂直方向的雷诺应力和实验结果吻合良好.结果表明,考虑颗粒间碰撞之后,颗粒水平方向雷诺应力的预报得到了明显改进.     

摩擦-动力应力模型研究喷动床内气固两相流动过程

考虑颗粒滑动的半持续性接触应力和颗粒碰撞瞬时接触应力对颗粒相应力的贡献,建立了喷动床内气体颗粒两相流动计算模型。采用颗粒动理学和Johnson 等的摩擦应力模型,数值模拟喷动床颗粒流动过程,获得了喷动床喷射区、环隙区和喷泉区内颗粒流动特性。模拟计算与He等的实验结果进行了对比。同时分析了摩擦应力模型对颗粒相黏度变化的影响,表明中速颗粒流的颗粒相摩擦应力模型将直接影响喷动床气体颗粒两相流动的预测。     

气固颗粒系统模拟的研究进展

综述了气固颗粒系统模拟方法的发展状况。首先,从宏观、中观及直接数值模拟角度对基于欧拉-欧拉架构下的双流体模型、拉格朗日-欧拉架构下的离散气泡模型以及欧拉-拉格朗日架构下的计算流体力学和离散单元法耦合模型(CFD-DEM)及直接数值模拟方法就模型基本原理、计算量、预测精度以及应用前景等方面进行对比和分析。接着,针对工程应用前景较强的双流体模型和CFD-DEM模型进行了详细阐述,着重强调了欧拉架构下的模型植入过程,颗粒相的动力学过程和微观行为描述、两相耦合作用及相间耦合模型描述。基于欧拉-拉格朗日架构下的多相耦合模型的普适性,模型的应用已经从研究尺度的模拟逐渐走向工程尺度的模拟,成为今后研究多相颗粒系统的热点。     

微裂缝内液固两相流动特性研究

应用欧拉-拉格朗日模型,对微裂缝中液-固两相流动过程进行数值模拟。在数学模型中,液相采用连续相模型,颗粒当做离散分散在连续相中,并考虑了相间耦合作用。对于物理模型,建立了二维直微裂缝模型,研究裂缝的液相粘度、液相速度和颗粒密度等因素对裂缝中两相流动的影响。模拟得到了微通道内颗粒瞬时分布状态、颗粒运动轨迹、颗粒停留时间、颗粒轴向速度分布、液相轴向速度分布等参数的变化规律,定性的揭示了储层裂缝内液固两相流动过程。     

用蒙特卡罗方法预测液固两相体系中颗粒的超声衰减

为研究高浓度颗粒两相流中超声复散射现象并建立颗粒表征模型,从单颗粒弹性散射理论出发,采用蒙特卡罗方法预测不同粒度、浓度及超声频率下玻璃微珠/水颗粒两相体系中颗粒的超声衰减特性.在颗粒体积浓度低于1%时,蒙特卡罗方法与基于单散射理论的ECAH模型吻合较好,随颗粒体积浓度和颗粒尺寸增加,声的衰减呈非线性变化,二者差异增加.利用该方法预测颗粒半径为35和90μm的液固两相体系随浓度衰减变化的结果与文献实验值基本一致.蒙特卡罗方法可用于50%固相体积浓度范围内超声衰减计算并为超声法颗粒测量提供理论模型基础.     

双尺度二阶矩两相湍流模型和水平槽道内两相流动的数值模拟

对有颗粒碰撞的两相流动,常常采用将颗粒湍流模型和反映颗粒碰撞作用的动力学模型叠加的方法来构造稠密两相流动的二阶矩湍流模型,在理论上不协调.基于将颗粒脉动分成湍流引起的大尺度脉动和颗粒间碰撞产生的小尺度脉动的概念,建立了两相流动的双尺度二阶矩湍流模型.用该模型对水平槽道内两相流动进行了数值模拟.预报结果和实验结果符合,和单尺度二阶矩湍流模型的结果接近,表明了本模型的可行性.模拟结果还给出了大尺度和小尺度雷诺正应力分布,发现在同一方向上前者比后者大.     

Signal modelling and algorithms for parameter estimation in pneumatic conveying

Capacitive measurement principles offer a non-invasive approach to determine particle velocity as well as particle concentration in pneumatic conveying. In order to assess the quality of a reconstruction method, it is mandatory to know the prevailing velocity and concentration profiles. For particulate bulk solids transportation, accurate reference systems are either not available or very expensive. Based on measurement data, a signal model of the particle flow is developed for dilute phase and dense phase conveying. These models are used to demonstrate the applicability of proposed algorithms for parameter determination — a cross-correlation technique for dilute phase and a two-step approach using the Fourier transform for dense phase.     

Using discrete simulation of microprocesses in dispersed phases in analyzing multiphase flows with reactions

An approach to define collisional properties and kinetic coefficients for simulating multiphase flows with reactions by integrating discrete and continuum models is developed. Accordingly, the microprocesses are investigated separately by numerical simulations of a discrete system in order to obtain information about collision frequencies, diffusion rates, etc., and then this information is incorporated into a continuous population balance model. The approach is demonstrated on a two-phase turbulent flow in a pipe type reactor where a single irreversible coalescence reaction between the identical species of the dispersed phase takes place and on diffusion of droplets in a turbulent field. A generalization of the approach to a polydispersed system of species is outlined.     

液固两相流中磨蚀-腐蚀的数值模拟

Erosion-corrosion of liquid-solid two-phase flow occurring in a pipe with sudden expansion in cross-section is numerically simulated in this paper. The global model for erosion-corrosion process includes three main components: the liquid-solid two-phase flow model, erosion model and corrosion model. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is used to simulate liquid-solid two-phase flow, while the stochastic trajectory model was adopted to obtain properties of particle phase. Two-way coupling effect between the fluid and the particle phase is considered in the model. The accuracy of the models is tested by the data in the reference. The comparison shows that the model is basically correct and feasible.     

提升管内颗粒团聚行为的离散颗粒模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元方法对二维提升管气固流动过程进行了数值模拟。采用大涡模拟方法模拟气体湍流流动,采用离散单元方法模拟颗粒碰撞过程。基于网格内流体能量守衡,提出了动能加权平均法,实现Euler坐标与Lagrange坐标的耦合与分解。模拟计算得到的瞬态流型揭示了颗粒聚团的合并和破碎过程及颗粒的详细运动行为,定性地揭示了提升管内气体-颗粒两相流动过程。     

Modelling of dense gas-particle flow in a circulating fluidized bed by Distinct Cluster Method (DCM)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool to study the dense gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed. Most of the existing methods focus on the microscopic properties of individual particle. Therefore, the simulation scale is significantly limited by the huge number of individual particles, and so far the numbers of particles in most of the reported simulations are less than 10⁵. The hydrodynamics behaviour of particle clustering in a dense gas-solid two-phase flow has been verified by several experimental results. The Distinct Cluster Method (DCM) was proposed in this paper by studying the macroscopic particle clustering behaviour, and comprehensive models for cluster motion, collision, break-up, and coalescence have been well developed. We model the dense two-phase flow field as gas-rich lean phase and solid-rich cluster phase. The particle cluster is directly treated as one discrete phase. The gas turbulent flow is calculated by Eulerian approach, and the particle behaviour is studied by Lagrangian approach. Using the proposed method, a three-dimension dense gas-particle two-phase flow field in a circulating fluidized bed with square-cross-section, with particle number up to 7.162 × 10⁷ are able to be numerically studied, on which few results have been reported. Details on instantaneous and time-averaged distributions are obtained. Developing process of non-uniform particle distribution is visualized. These results are in agreements with experimental observations, which justified the feasibility of using the DCM method to model and simulate dense gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed with large number of particle numbers.     

Hydrodynamics in a RDC Extractor: Single and Two‐Phase PIV Measurements and CFD Simulations

The single and two‐phase flow field of a rotating disc contactor (RDC) extraction column is simulated with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The simulations were validated by particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The single phase setup was used to test different turbulence models, and a 2D and 3D grid approach. For the two‐phase simulations, a 2D computational grid and the Euler‐Euler model was used. The two‐phase PIV measurements are possible when using an iso‐optical system, where the refractive indices of both liquid phases are identical.     

鼓泡塔反应器气液两相流CFD数值模拟

对圆柱形鼓泡塔反应器内的气液两相流动进行了三维瞬态数值模拟,模拟的表观气速范围为0.02～0.30 m•s^-1; 模拟采用了双流体模型,并耦合了气泡界面密度单方程模型预测气泡尺寸,该模型考虑了气泡聚并与破碎对气泡尺寸的影响。液相湍流采用考虑气相影响的修正k-ε模型,两相间的动量传输仅考虑曳力作用。模拟获得了轴向气/液相速度分布、气含率分布、湍流动能分布以及气泡表面面积密度等,对部分模拟结果与实验值进行了定量比较,结果表明模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

CFD simulation of paint deposition in an air spray process

This work analyzes the mechanism of spray deposition by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in order to reproduce virtually the spraying of a paint gun adopted for use in the automotive industry and to predict paint drop trajectories and film builds on the target surface. The prediction of the flow of the continuous phase was obtained by solving the time averaged Navier-Stokes equations in connection with suitable closure models for turbulence (RNG and Realizable k-ε). The dispersed phase was treated by a Lagrangian approach, by tracking numerically a large number of representative particles from the gun exit to the target surface. The initial conditions for the droplets were estimated from a detailed simulation of the paint jet at the exit of the nozzle. In this way one could evaluate positions and velocities of droplets at impact and estimate the properties of the deposited layer of paint. The method was validated by comparison with experimental data obtained by phase doppler anemometry and, subsequently, the approach was applied to different geometries and operating conditions.     

Developing a new approach for evaluating a de-oiling hydrocyclone efficiency

In this study, a new mathematical approach for evaluating of a de-oiling hydrocyclone efficiency has been developed. This new model uses the flow pattern of disperse phase and the boundary layer separation theory. In the present model unlike the other existing models, it is assumed that the droplet concentration in the radial direction is not uniform within the hydrocyclone. The hydrocyclone separation efficiency is calculated considering the droplet size distribution of the feed and the boundary layer thickness. The present approach considers the effects of droplet load, hydrocyclone geometry, mean droplet size and flow rate on the efficiency. The model is validated by comparison of the calculated separation efficiency with several previous experimental studies.