组合式液固分布器中预分布器结构优化

介绍了一种用于液固循环流化床换热器中的组合式固液分布器。利用体积容积法、U形管压差计和刻度尺研究了固液预分布器的结构形式在不同表观液速和液体黏度下对各管束中的固含率、下管箱静压降及床层高度的影响。采用标准差函数进一步衡量了管束间固含率的均匀程度。实验结果表明,双层挡板式预分布器在较低的下管箱静压降和床层高度下能将固体颗粒均匀地分布到各换热管束中。     

液固循环流化床换热器管束的固含率

在二维中试循环流化床中使用组合式固液分布器进行实验,考察下管箱表观液速,主分布器内径、主分布器下插深度,颗粒加入量和粒径对径向管束固含率的影响.结果表明:固含率随主分布器内径、颗粒加入量和下管箱表观液速的增加而增大,随粒径的增大而减小,随主分布器下插深度几乎没有变化;固含率不均匀度随颗粒粒径的增大而增大,随下管箱表观液速、颗粒加入量,主分布器下插深度增加而减小,但达到一定深度后,不均匀度不再随之减小,随主分布器内径几乎没有变化.在综合考虑各影响因素的基础上,提出计算固含率的经验公式,并用实验数据拟合了公式中的参数.     

利用套管结构实现液固均匀分布

基于分支管路原理和液固流态化的性质,提出了一种用于多管液固循环流化床的组合式液固分布器.利用建立的小型冷态试验装置,考察了管束中的颗粒循环速率和固含率.试验结果表明,在多管循环液固流化床下管箱安装组合式分布器可以实现固体颗粒在管束中的均匀分配.     

液固循环流化床换热器中固体颗粒分布

利用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统对多管液固循环流化床换热器中的两相流动特性进行了研究。探讨了下管箱中的分布板结构对固体粒子的体积分数分布、固体粒子的速度分布,以及液固两相流压降的影响。实验结果表明:在循环流化床换热器进口段安装适当结构的多孔板分布器,即多孔板的面积小于床层截面积,且床中心处的遮挡面积大于边缘处的遮挡面积,可以有效地提高固相速度的均匀程度,在较高流速下,能较好地改善固体颗粒在管束中的不均匀分布。     

液固分布器的数值模拟和结构优化

流化床内液固两相流的均布问题一直是制约流化床发展的难点。本文采用颗粒动力学双流体模型来描述液固两相流，应用CFD方法模拟了二维液固流化床换热器下管箱中的流场流动特性，并用模拟手段优化了下管箱中液固分布器的结构参数。模拟结果与试验值吻合较好，模拟结果表明：在V型挡板角度小于滑落角的挡板型式下，多孔板的开孔率在35%左右，开孔直径大小在12mm左右时，下管箱中固含率的不均匀度最小，这种结构参数下液固分布器的分布效果最好。     

气液固循环流化床换热器中预分布器结构的优化

引言 气液固循环流化床换热器是将循环流化床与沸腾传热两项技术结合而开发出的一种新型高效传热和防、除垢设备.国内外众多学者对此设备进行了研究[1,2].然而,关于此换热系统正常运转的核心技术--颗粒分布技术的文献较少.荷兰的Klaren申请了专利[3],叶施仁等[4]设计了单层孔板式固液分布器,姜锋等[5]选取直径小于下管箱直径的多孔板作为固液分布器,但上述固液分布器的大规模工业应用未见相关报道.     

液固流化床内固含率时空分布特性的CFD模拟

采用Brandani等考虑拟平衡状态下颗粒与流体相互作用的双流体模型,通过在商业软件CFX4.4平台上增加用户自定义子程序模拟了高0.5 m、宽0.1 m的二维液固流化床内固含率的时空分布特性。为了保证数值模拟精度、节省计算机运行时间,首先确定了适宜的网格尺度、时间步长和收敛判据。随后,考察了液固两相物性和操作条件对流化床内固含率时空分布特性的影响,模拟结果表明：增大颗粒粒径或密度会使颗粒向下加速运动,导致床层高度下降而垂直方向上任一水平面的平均固含率呈现增大的趋势;减小液体黏度或密度则会使颗粒向下加速运动,导致床层固含率增大;突然增大液速会使颗粒向上加速运动,导致床层固含率减小;升高温度的实质是使液体的黏度和密度均呈现下降的趋势,结果使颗粒向下加速运动,床层固含率增大。上述模拟结果与颗粒受力的理论分析相一致。     

分布板对液固流化床换热器颗粒分布的影响

以三维Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,结合k-ε二方程湍动模型,以直径为1 mm刚玉球作为颗粒相,水为流动相,采用隐式有限体积法对流化床换热器内的液固二项流动进行数值模拟.研究了换热器下管箱安装分布板与否及分布板板面结构形式对颗粒分布的影响,并通过下管箱内压力分布的实验结果对所采用的数值计算方法进行验证.结果...     

大型气液同轴喷射分布器数学模拟

大型浆态床的气液分布器设计需要同时考虑气体均布、气液传质和防止堵塞三个方面的要求,基于此提出了一种大孔径气液同轴喷射的分布器构型。首先通过单喷嘴冷模实验测量了全塔平均气含率和大、小气泡相含率,证明气液同轴喷射能够显著强化气液传质,减小气泡直径。随后对所设计的外径6.3 m的多环大型气液分布器内部的流动进行了三维瞬态模拟以探讨改进气体均布的措施,模拟发现,对于多环分布管结构,采用管径随环径增大的变直径分布器代替常用的等直径分布器能够明显改善气体分布的均匀性。最后对该分布器在不同载荷下的气体均布指标进行了计算机模拟,结果表明在?40%的负荷变化范围内,分布器的气体均布性能仍然比较稳定,能够满足工业应用的要求。     

液固提升管-流化床组合反应器中流化床径向固含率分布的实验研究

在一套新型液固提升管-流化床组合反应器中，以水-玻璃珠为液-固体系，对f500 mm′4000 mm的液固流化床反应器内不同高度颗粒固含率的径向分布进行了实验，考察了表观液速和颗粒循环速率操作条件对颗粒固含率径向分布的影响. 实验表明，液固流化床内流动区域在轴向上可以划分为分布器影响区、过渡区和均匀流化区，径向上可以划分为中心区和环隙区. 这种分布特征主要取决于分布器的结构、尺寸及其流化介质. 本工作还对液固流化床与气固喷动床的三区流动结构进行了比较.     

Heat transfer between very shallow fluidized beds and an immersed horizontal tube

A new correlation is proposed for the heat transfer coefficient between an immersed horizontal tube and very shallow fluidized beds (static bed heights of 10-40 mm). The correlation is based upon experimental data obtained in this work for a horizontal tube with an outside diameter of 13.1 mm, immersed in beds of spherical alumina particles with mean particle sizes of 335-1261 microns. The maximum bed pressure drop was 92.5 mm water. The effects of tube elevation, static bed height and distributor design were investigated. Nine different distributors were used, with maximum pressure drops ranging from 3 to 800 mm water and open areas from 2.2 to 36%. A comparison between the proposed correlation and data reported in the literature showed an agreement of approximately ±10%.     

Liquid Holdup in a Pilot‐Scale Turbulent Contact Absorber – An Experimental and Comparative Study

Liquid holdup in a turbulent contact absorber was determined experimentally. Experiments were performed in a 44.7 cm diameter Perspex column. Hollow spherical high‐density polyethylene balls were used as packing. The effect of liquid and gas velocities, static bed height, diameter and density of packing on liquid holdup was investigated for the range of gas velocities greater than minimum fluidization velocities. Also, the effect of gas and liquid distributors on liquid holdup was studied. Correlations for liquid holdup were developed and compared with those in the literature. It was observed that liquid holdup increased with the increase in liquid velocity, packing density, and the decrease in static bed height. Liquid holdup also increased with gas velocity when the gas distributor section was included, while no effect was observed for the bed. Lack of information on the contribution of liquid and gas distributors seems to be the logical explanation for the wide variation in data reported in the literature.     

Distributor effects near the bottom region of turbulent fluidized beds

The distributor plate effects on the hydrodynamic characteristics of turbulent fluidized beds are investigated by obtaining measurements of pressure and radial voidage profiles in a column diameter of 0.29 m with Group A particles using bubble bubble-cap or perforated plate distributors. Distributor pressure drop measurements between the two distributors are compared with the theoretical estimations while the influence of the mass inventory is studied. Comparison is established for the transition velocity from bubbling to turbulent regime, U_c, deduced from the pressure fluctuations in the bed using gauge pressure measurements. The effect of the distributor on the flow structure near the bottom region of the bed is studied using differential and gauge pressure transducers located at different axial positions along the bed. The radial voidage profile in the bed is also measured using optical fiber probes, which provide local measurements of the voidage at different heights above the distributor. The distributor plate has a significant effect on the bed hydrodynamics. Owing to the jetting caused by the perforated plate distributor, earlier onset of the transition to the turbulent fluidization flow regime was observed. Moreover, increased carry over for the perforated plate compared with the bubble caps has been confirmed. The results have highlighted the influence of the distributor plate on the fluidized bed hydrodynamics which has consequences in terms of comparing experimental and simulation results between different distributor plates.     

Particle Holdup and Average Residence Time in the Cyclone of a CFB Boiler

Particle holdup and the average residence time in the cyclone of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler are important information for describing events post‐combustion in the cyclone that often lead to a noticeable increase in the temperature of the flue gas. The existing results for the variation of particle average residence time with fluidizing gas velocity are contradictory since they were obtained under different operation conditions. A cold CFB apparatus made of plexiglass was established with a riser of 5 m in height and 0.2 m in diameter and equipped with a standard Lapple cyclone. The particle holdup was directly measured by the mass in the cyclone when the system was shut down. The solid concentration at the cyclone inlet was kept in the range generally used in CFB boilers. The experimental results showed that the particle holdup in the cyclone was equal to ca. 10–40 % of the corresponding bed material in the riser and that it increases monotonously with both the fluidizing gas velocity and the initial static bed height, and approximately linearly with the solid circulation rate. In addition, within the experimental conditions, the cyclone pressure drop increases monotonously with particle holdup. It was found that the average residence time of the particles either increased or decreased linearly with the fluidizing gas velocity, depending on the initial static bed height. Nevertheless, both variation rates were very small. In a view of engineering applications, the average residence time of the particles in the cyclone is insignificantly affected by the fluidizing gas velocity, initial bed inventory and solid circulation rate, within the range of experimental conditions examined.     

Effect of distributors on Gas—Solid Fluidization

The efficient operation of a fluidized bed is very much dependent upon distributor performance, which in turn depends on its design parameters. The work reported here deals with the characteristics of such distributors as are commonly employed in laboratories, pilot plant and large scale operations. Specifically a porous plate distributor, two bubble cap distributors of different geometries and four Johnson screen distibutors of different percent open area have been investigated in a 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm square fluidized bed as a function of air fluidizing velocity and bed height. The pressure drop data for all the distributors have been correlated by a single equation with two unknown constants. The ratio of distributor pressure drop to bed pressure drop is found to increase rapidly with increase in fluidization velocity. The bed expansion ratio is found to increase with increase in excess fluidization velocity and distributor pressure drop but decreases with increase in bed height or weight.     

Effect of air distributor on the fluidization characteristics in conical gas fluidized beds

The effect of an air distributor on the fluidization characteristics of 1 mm glass beads has been determined in a conical gas fluidized bed (0.1 m-inlet diameter and 0.6 m in height) with an apex angle of 20‡. To determine the effect of distributor geometry, five different perforated distributors were employed (the opening fraction of 0.009–0.037, different hole size, and number). The differential bed pressure drop increases with increasing gas velocity, and it goes from zero to a maximum value with increasing or decreasing gas velocity. From the differential bed pressure drop profiles with the distributors having different opening fractions, demarcation velocities of the minimum and maximum velocities of the partial fluidization, full fluidization, partial defluidization and the full defluidization are determined. Also, bubble frequencies in the conical gas fluidized beds were measured by an optical probe. In the conical bed, the gas velocity at which the maximum bed pressure drop attained increases with increasing the opening fraction of distributors.