滇杨叶片提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响

[目的]探讨滇杨叶片提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为的影响。[方法]在室内利用选择性产卵试验方法分别测定了新鲜及萎蔫滇杨叶片的5种质量浓度(375～6000 g/L)的二氯甲烷提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响。[结果]试验结果表明:不同质量浓度的新鲜滇杨叶片和萎蔫的滇杨叶片的二氯甲烷提取物均对马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵具有显著的抑制作用。对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的抑制效果随浓度的升高而增强。     

坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响研究

为探明坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵行为的影响,以开发生物农药,在室内采用选择性产卵实验方法分别测定了5种不同质量浓度的坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响.结果表明：从产卵量来看,各处理组与对照之间差异极显著,其中10.000 g·L-1处理组与对照的落卵量差别较大、卡方位达到131.120,0.080 g·L-1处理组次之、卡方值为92.395,2.000 g·L-1处理组与对照的落卵量差别较小、卡方位仅为24.599;从驱避效果来看,当坡柳皂苷浓度为10.000 g·L-1、0.080 g·L-1时驱避效果较好,驱避引诱指教分别为0.1891、0.1881,但是当坡柳皂苷浓度为0.400 g·L-1时,无驱避效果,驱避引诱指数为-0.1056,其它处理组驱避效果较弱;从整体上来看,坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有驱避作用;坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾的交配影响较小,0.016 g·L-1、0.080 g·L-1、0.400 g·L-1、2.000g·L-1、10.000 g·L-1处理组的交配率分别为60.00％、67.50％、67.50％％、67.50％、72.50％.表明,坡柳皂苷对马铃薯块茎蛾具有一定的产卵驱避作用,有望成为一种绿色环保的马铃薯块茎蛾产卵驱避剂.     

侵染马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的球孢白僵菌对桃蚜的毒力测定

室内测定了从罹病马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)幼虫上分离到的球孢白僵菌Beauveris bassiana两菌株(Bb001，Bb004)对甘蓝桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的毒力。运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型，对死亡率随时间和剂量的变化趋势，以及两种菌株在不同温度下对桃蚜的毒力作了分析。结果表明：两种菌株对桃蚜均具有毒杀作用，菌株Bb004在21℃下表现了较高的毒力，菌株Bb001在21℃～28℃下对桃蚜均有较强的致病力，2l℃～25℃下是两菌株共同发挥毒力最佳的温度。其中，Bb001有较宽的适宜温度范围，而Bb004适宜温度范围较小。     

取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾对定虫隆敏感性的变化

取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾３龄幼虫对定虫隆的敏感性发生了显著的变化。其中，以取食萝卜的小菜蛾３龄幼虫最为敏感，其次是甘蓝、菜心、西洋菜和白菜，取食花椰菜的最不敏感。但用不同寄主植物饲养小菜蛾一个完整的世代，再统一用菜心饲养至３龄，用定虫隆生测的结果是，其敏感性差异不明显。本文还对因不同寄主植物诱导的小菜蛾药剂敏感性变化的实质进行了讨论。     

榆林地区不同产地马铃薯中淀粉含量的测定与比较

探究马铃薯淀粉的最佳提取工艺,比较榆林市不同产地马铃薯淀粉的含量。通过单因素实验对影响马铃薯淀粉提取率的因素进行考察,并在此基础上设计正交实验,得出最佳提取工艺条件。然后应用旋光法比较榆林地区主要产地的马铃薯中淀粉的含量。结果表明,提取的最佳条件:料液比为1∶5 g/m L,pH为6.0,浸泡温度25℃,浸泡时间3.5 h。影响马铃薯淀粉提取率的主次顺序为料液比浸泡时间浸泡温度pH值。几个主要产区的马铃薯的淀粉含量:靖边县最高,榆阳区最低。榆林地区不同产地的马铃薯淀粉含量存在不同程度的差异,主要与土壤类型有关。     

榆林地区不同产地马铃薯中淀粉含量的测定与比较

探究马铃薯淀粉的最佳提取工艺,比较榆林市不同产地马铃薯淀粉的含量。通过单因素实验对影响马铃薯淀粉提取率的因素进行考察,并在此基础上设计正交实验,得出最佳提取工艺条件。然后应用旋光法比较榆林地区主要产地的马铃薯中淀粉的含量。结果表明,提取的最佳条件:料液比为1∶5 g/m L,pH为6.0,浸泡温度25℃,浸泡时间3.5 h。影响马铃薯淀粉提取率的主次顺序为料液比>浸泡时间>浸泡温度>pH值。几个主要产区的马铃薯的淀粉含量:靖边县最高,榆阳区最低。榆林地区不同产地的马铃薯淀粉含量存在不同程度的差异,主要与土壤类型有关。     

多种杀虫剂对菜蛾绒茧蜂的毒性比较

10种不同类型的杀虫剂分别作用于菜蛾绒茧蜂（Cotesia plutellae）的蛹期和成虫期,观察这些杀虫剂对绒茧蜂的影响。试验表明,敌敌畏和杀虫双处理蜂茧后降低了成蜂羽化率,其他杀虫剂处理蜂茧后并未影响成蜂的羽化。在成虫触杀和胃毒试验中,毒死蜱、杀虫双和多杀霉素的毒力最高,在24h内可导致成蜂100％死亡,其他的菊酯类杀虫剂和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的毒力次之,阿维菌素和甲氧虫酰肼的毒力最低,没有任何影响。胃毒作用存活的雌蜂寄生率降低。在叶片残留试验中,毒死蜱的毒力最高,成虫死亡率达100％;敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、杀虫双和多杀霉素的成虫死亡率在22％～40％,其他几种杀虫剂均没有死亡。     

不同混凝剂对马铃薯淀粉废水混凝效果的影响

用混凝剂Fe2(SO4)3、PAC、PFSS、PAFC处理马铃薯淀粉废水,研究了混凝剂的种类、投药量、废水pH值、助凝剂PAM的投加量以及沉降时间等对混凝效果的影响。结果表明,混凝沉淀法预处理马铃薯淀粉废水优选混凝条件为:pH为7,混凝剂PAFC为1 200 mg/L,助凝剂PAM为5 mg/L,沉降25 m in。在此条件下,废水的浊度、COD去除率分别达97.27%及40.55%。投药量明显减少,而沉积物产量较高,为后续生化处理提供了有利条件。     

不同药剂对皂荚合欢罗蛾、皂荚幽木虱害虫的田间药效评价

[目的]测定不同药剂对皂荚合欢罗蛾、皂荚幽木虱的防治效果,评价不同药剂对合欢罗蛾、皂荚幽木虱的防治效果.[方法]合欢罗蛾、皂荚幽木虱在皂荚树上的发生盛期,不同药剂按推荐剂量对皂荚树进行叶面喷雾处理.[结果]合欢罗蛾防治效果较好的药剂是1.8％阿维菌素EC、60％乙基多杀菌素SC、10％溴氰虫酰胺SC、20％氯虫苯甲酰胺...     

Recent Advances in Molecular Improvement for Potato Tuber Traits

Potato is an important crop due to its nutritional value and high yield potential. Improving the quality and quantity of tubers remains one of the most important breeding objectives. Genetic mapping helps to identify suitable markers for use in the molecular breeding, and combined with transgenic approaches provides an efficient way for gaining desirable traits. The advanced plant breeding tools and molecular techniques, e.g., TALENS, CRISPR-Cas9, RNAi, and cisgenesis, have been successfully used to improve the yield and nutritional value of potatoes in an increasing world population scenario. The emerging methods like genome editing tools can avoid incorporating transgene to keep the food more secure. Multiple success cases have been documented in genome editing literature. Recent advances in potato breeding and transgenic approaches to improve tuber quality and quantity have been summarized in this review.     

A sex pheromone in the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller): Biological assay and preliminary chemical investigation

A sex pheromone was obtained from extracts of adult virgin female abdomens of the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella. A biological assay method was devised to test males for optimal responsiveness to the pheromone under varying conditions. Chemical analyses of pheromone extracts were initiated using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry.     

杀虫剂对不同寄主植物上的小菜蛾幼虫羧酸酯酶的体内抑制

敌敌畏对取分西洋菜，菜心和萝卜的小菜蛾４龄幼虫β－ＮＡ羧酸酯酶的体内抑制动态规律有显著的差异。取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾β－ＮＡ羧酸酯酶活性在受到敌敌畏的的抑制之后，其恢复速度不同，取食西洋菜的小菜蛾幼虫β－ＮＡ羧酸酯酶活性的恢复速度明显高于取食菜心和萝卜的小菜蛾。     

Role of pheromone components in evoking behavioral responses from male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Responses of the male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), to two sex pheromone components and female crude extract were studied. Both in a wind tunnel and the field, males were better able to locate a source consisting of a 11 mixture of (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate than a source consisting of the triene alone. The addition of the diene increased the time spent in the vicinity of the pheromone source, time spent on the source itself, and also increased the average number of visits to the source per individual when compared to the triene alone. The triene elicited high levels of locomotor activity and may play a major role in eliciting earlier (long-range) steps in the behavioral sequence of sexually activated moths. The diene appeared to influence later (short-range) behavior. The behavioral responses of males to a 11 mixture of the diene and triene were similar to those elicited by female crude extract.From a thesis submitted by M. Toth to the Australian National University in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.These studies were supported by an Australian Department of Education award under the AEAP award scheme.     

Host Plant Volatiles Synergize Response to Sex Pheromone in Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella

Plant volatile compounds synergize attraction of codling moth males Cydia pomonella to sex pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone). Several apple volatiles, known to elicit a strong antennal response, were tested in a wind tunnel. Two-component blends of 1 pg/min codlemone and 100 pg/min of either racemic linalool, (E)-beta-farnesene, or (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol attracted significantly more males to the source than codlemone alone (60, 58, 56, and 37%, respectively). In comparison, a blend of codlemone and a known pheromone synergist, dodecanol, attracted 56% of the males tested. Blends of pheromone and plant volatiles in a 1:100 ratio attracted more males than 1:1 or 1:10,000 blends. Adding two or four of the most active plant compounds to codlemone did not enhance attraction over blends of codlemone plus single-plant compounds. Of the test compounds, only farnesol was attractive by itself; at a release rate of 10,000 pg/min, 16% of the males arrived at the source. However, attraction to a 1:10,000 blend of codlemone and farnesol (42%) was not significantly different from attraction to codlemone alone (37%). In contrast, a codlemone mimic, (E)-10-dodecadien-1-ol, which attracted 2% males by itself, had a strong antagonistic effect when blended in a 1:10,000 ratio with codlemone.     

Mating Disruption of Guatemalan Potato Moth Tecia Solanivora by Attractive and Non-Attractive Pheromone Blends

The behavioral mechanisms of mating disruption in Guatemalan potato moth Tecia solanivora were studied using the sex pheromone components, (E)-3-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-3-dodecenyl acetate, and dodecyl acetate, formulated in a 100:1:20-ratio mimicking the female-produced blend, and in a 100:56:100 off-blend ratio. The mode of action of these two blends was tested in mating disruption experiments in the field and in a greenhouse, as well as in a laboratory wind tunnel. Field treatments with both blends at 80 g pheromone per ha reduced male attraction to trap lures baited with 100 μg of female sex pheromone. In mesh-house treatments, these two blends were equally effective at reducing male attraction to traps baited with live females and mating of caged females. Subsequent flight tunnel tests corroborated that both blends reduced attraction of naive males to calling females, and pre-exposure of males with either dispenser blend for 24 hr resulted in a strongly reduced response to calling females. The pre-exposure effect was reversible, with males again responsive after 24 hr in clean air. The two dispenser formulations produced a similar effect on male behavior, despite the differences in blend composition. One mating disruption dispenser formulated with either the female-blend or off-blend elicited the same rate of male upwind attraction in a wind-tunnel bioassay. Sensory overload and camouflage, therefore, are contributing mechanisms to mating disruption using either blend. The off-blend, which is more economical to synthesize, is a valuable tool for further development of mating disruption against this major pest of potatoes in Latin America.     

Potato Expressing Beetle-Specific Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa Toxin Reduces Performance of a Moth

Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis beetle-specific toxin Cry3Aa, which renders a genetically modified potato cultivar resistant to the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, exerts a deleterious effect on the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis. The caterpillars of S. littoralis feed less and produce smaller pupae on the genetically modified cultivar (NewLeaf Superior) than on the parental nontransgenic cultivar (Superior). The conversion efficiencies of total dry matter, combustion heat, carbon, and nitrogen from leaves to insect biomass are similar on both cultivars. In spite of similar food utilization and a relatively small difference in the body mass at pupation, female adults that developed from caterpillars fed on NewLeaf Superior lay a mean of 309 eggs compared to a mean of 713 eggs deposited by females that developed from caterpillars fed on Superior. Because of this difference and a simultaneous reduction in fertility (egg hatchability) from 78 to 48%, a pair of adults that fed as larvae on NewLeaf Superior produces only 148 larvae, whereas a pair of adults that fed as larvae on Superior produces 556 larvae. We suggest that small amounts of Cry3Aa that accumulate in insect tissue and persist until the adult stage are responsible for the decline in reproduction.