超临界氨合成

Ammonia synthesis at supercritical conditions was first studied over iron and active carbonsupported ruthenium catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor. The influences of 15 kinds of different supercritical media, such as alkanes of C7-C13, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene, cis-decalin, o-xylene,ethylbenzene, quinolin, n-hexane and aniline etc. and reaction conditions (catalyst, temperature, space velocity, particial pressure of media) on ammonia at supercritical condition were investigated.Supercritical medium was decomposed under reaction conditions over Fe and Ru/AC catalysts. The decomposition products deactivated the catalysts. Alkane decomposed the least, and the rate of deactivation was the slowest. Therefore alklane was a relatively good medium. The decomposion of supercritical medium was the key for the deactivation of catalysts. Another important reason for the decrease of ammonia concentration was that the effective pressure of syngas decreased because of the presence of supercritical media. The active temperature of catalyst was the decisive factor in supercritical ammonia synthesis. Supercritical catalytic reaction was viable only at a lower temperature. Ammonia ynthesis at supercritical conditions is possible if a catalyst with active temperature lower than 573 K could e developed and the decomposition of supercritical media could be prevented.     

非均相羰基氧化一步合成碳酸二苯酯的研究(Ⅴ)筛选催化剂及优化合成条件

Pd/LaxPbyMnOz, Pd/C, Pd/molecular sieve and Pd-heteropoly acid catalysts for direct synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by heterogeneous catalytic reaction were compared and the results of DPC synthesis indicated that the catalyst Pd/LaxPbyMnOz had higher activity. The Pd/LaxPbyMnOz catalyst and the support was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM, the main phase was Lao.szPbo.asMnOa and the average diameter could be about 25.4nm. The optimuna conditions for synthesis of DPC with Pd/LasPbyMnOz were determined by orthogonal experiments and the experimental results showed that reaction temperature was the first factor of effect on the selectivity and yield of DPC, and the concentration of O2 in gas phase also had significant effect on selectivity of DPC. The optimum reaction conditions were catalyst/phenol mass ratio l to 50, pressure 4.5MPa, volume concentration of O2 25%, reaction temperature 60℃ and reaction time 4 h. The maximum yield and average selectivity could reach 13% and 97% respectively in the     

液相合成甲醇催化剂活性的研究

The effects of reduction procedure, reaction temperature and composition of feed gas on the activity of a CuO-ZnO-Al2O3 catalyst for liquid phase methanol synthesis were studied. An optimized procedure different from conventional ones was developed to obtain higher activity and better stability of the catalyst. Both CO and CO2 in the feed gas were found to be necessary to maintain the activity of catalyst in the synthesis process. Reaction temperature was limited up to 523K, otherwise the catalyst will be deactivated rapidly. Experimental results show that the catalyst deactivation is caused by sintering and fouling, and the effects of CO and CO2 on the catalyst activity are also investigated. The experimental results indicate that the formation of water in the methanol synthesis is negligible when the feed gas contains both CO and CO2. The mechanism for liquid-phase methanol synthesis was discussed and it differed slightly from that for gas-phase synthesis.     

钌基氨合成催化剂氢氮吸附性能的研究

The effects of promoters K, Ba, Sm on the chemisorption and desorption of hydrogen and nitrogen, dispersion of metallic Ru and catalytic activity of active carbon (AC) supported ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis have been studied by means of pulse chromatography, temperature-programmed desorption, and activity test. Promoters K, Ba and Sm increased the activity of Ru/AC catalysts for ammonia synthesis significantly, and particularly, potassium exhibited the best promotion on the activity because of the strong electronic donation to metallic Ru. Much higher activity can be obtained for Ru/AC catalyst with binary or triple promoters. The activity of Ru/AC catalyst is dependent on the adsorption of hydrogen and nitrogen. The high activity of catalyst could be ascribed to strong dissociation of nitrogen on the catalyst surface. Strong adsorption of hydrogen would inhibit the adsorption of nitrogen, resulted in decrease of the catalytic activity. Ru/AC catalyst promoted by Sm2O3 shows the best dispers     

Cu/Zn/Al/Zr纳米纤维催化剂上的CO2加氢合成甲醇过程

A highly active Cu/Zn/Al/Zr fibrous catalyst was developed for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation.Various factors that affect the activity of the catalyst,including the reaction temperature,pressure and space velocity,were investigated.The kinetic parameters in Graaf’s kinetic model for methanol synthesis were obtained.A quasistable economical process for CO₂ hydrogenation through CO circulation was simulated and higher methanol yield was obtained.     

抑制碳负载钌基氨合成催化剂甲烷化的研究

The effects of promoters K, Ba, Sm on the resistance to carbon-methanation and catalytic activity of ruthenium supported on active carbon (Ru/AC) for ammonia synthesis have been studied by means of TG-DTG (thermalgravity-differential thermalgravity), temperature-programmed desorption, and activity test. Promoters Ba,K, and Sm increased the activity of Ru/AC catalysts for ammonia synthesis significantly. Much higher activity can be reached for Ru/AC catalyst with bi- or tri-promoters. Indeed, the triply promoted catalyst showed the highest activity, coupled to a surprisingly high resistance to methanation. The ability of resistance of promoter to methanation of Ru/AC catalyst is dependent on the adsorption intensity of hydrogen. The strong adsorption of hydrogen would enhance methanation and impact the adsorption of nitrogen, which results in the decrease of catalytic activity.     

化学修饰Novozym-435酶催化合成维生素E琥珀酸酯的研究

Vitamin E succinate was synthesized in organic solvents using a modified Novozym-435 as catalyst.In order to improve the catalytic performance of Novozym-435,the enzyme was modified using acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride and succinic anhydride separately.We found that both the hydrolytic activity and the thermal stability of the modified Novozym-435 were enhanced compared with the unmodified enzyme.The modified Novozym-435 catalysts were used to synthesize the succinate derivative of vitamin E.Compared with the native Novozym-435,the catalytic activity of the modified novozym-435 in promoting the synthesis of vitamin E succinate was dramatically increased,with the novozym-435 modified with succinic anhydride(N435-S)as the most active catalyst.Conditions for the synthesis of vitamin E succinate were also optimized.A mixture of tert-butanol and DMSO(volume ratio of 2︰3)was the most suitable medium for the reaction,whereas the appropriate molar ratio of vitamin E to succinic anhydride and reaction temperature were 1︰5 and 40°C,respectively.Under these reaction conditions,the yield of vitamin E succinate reached 94.4%.N435-S could be reused for five batches.     

Non-phosgene synthesis of hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate from thermal decomposition of hexamethylene-1,6-dicarbamate over Zn–Co bimetallic supported ZSM-5 catalyst

A non-phosgene route for the synthesis of hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate(HDI) was developed via catalytic decomposition of hexamethylene-1,6-dicarbamate(HDC) over Zn–Co bi-metallic supported ZSM-5 catalyst.The catalyst was characterized by FTIR and XRD analyses. Three solvents dioctyl sebacate(DOS), dibutyl sebacate(DBS) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate(BMIMBF_4) were investigated and compared; DOS gave better performance. The catalytic performances for thermal decomposition of HDC to HDI using DOS as solvent were then investigated, and the results showed that, under the optimized reaction conditions, i.e.,10 wt%concentration of HDC in DOS, 250 °C temperature, 60 min reaction time, 83.8% yield of HDI had been achieved over Zn–Co/ZSM-5. Decomposition of the intermediate hexamethylene-1-carbamate-6-isocyanate(HMI) over Zn–Co/ZSM-5 in DOS solvent was further studied and the results indicated that yield of HDI from HMI reached to 69.6%(98.6% HDI selectively) at 270 °C, which further increased the yield of the total HDI(HDI_(tol)) to as high as 95.0%. Recycling of catalyst showed that HDI and HMI yield slightly decreased, and by-product yield increased after the catalyst was reused for 4 times. At last possible reaction mechanism was proposed.     

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.     

用于TS-1催化剂回收的陶瓷膜污染机理

Ceramic ultrafiltration membranes were used to separate titanium silicalite-1(TS-1) catalysts from the slurry of catalytic ammoximation of cyclohexanone to oxime.Silica was shown to have a great effect on membrane fouling in the alkaline environment of this system.In the ammoximation system,there are three main silica sources,which are residual silica on the catalyst particles surface during preparation,silica dissolved from TS-1 catalyst particles by ammonia solvent,and silica sol added into the reaction slurry to inhibit the dissolution erosion of the TS-1 catalyst.The silica dissolved by ammonia has been proved to influence membrane fouling most among the three silica sources.This was because the amount of silica dissolved by ammonia was the largest,and the polymerization of silica monomers at high concentration caused colloid particles formation,which led to a dense cake layer depositing on the membrane surface.Meanwhile,the size reduction of catalyst particles caused by alkaline dissolution also increased specific resistances of cake layers.     

氨合成铁、钌催化剂联用工艺

在实验室和工业侧线装置上考察了FA-Ru型氨合成钌催化剂与铁系A202型催化剂的性能差异，以及铁催化剂和钌催化剂联用工艺与单铁催化剂工艺对氨合成效果的影响。结果表明，FA-Ru催化剂在低温（375～425℃）、低压（10～15 MPa）、低氢氮比（R=1.5～2.3）和合成气高氨浓度（10%～16 %，体积分数）条件下，活性比A202催化剂相对提高44%～75%。铁催化剂与钌催化剂混装工艺的氨合成率随着钌催化剂装量的增加而增加，比单铁催化剂的氨合成率提高24.5%～44.8%。铁催化剂串钌催化剂工艺的氨合成率同样随着钌催化剂装量的增加而增加，比单铁催化剂的氨合成率提高27.7%～58.8%。对于铁、钌催化剂联用的氨合成工艺，在实验条件下，当钌催化剂用量达铁催化剂用量1/2以上时，催化剂的最高活性点温度降至400℃。工业侧线实验表明，FA-Ru催化剂在13.0 MPa、10000～15000 h-1条件下的氨合成率可达到铁催化剂在相同空速、26 MPa 压力下的水平。根据不同工况，铁催化剂串钌催化剂生产工艺比单铁催化剂生产工艺氨合成率可相对提高43%～56%。     

混合法制备铁钌复合催化剂的研究

以维氏体铁催化剂为载体,以十二羰基三钌为钌的前驱体,采用固相混合法制备系列铁钌复合催化剂,考察十二羰基三钌的分解温度、热分解气氛以及钌负载量对催化剂活性的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜和热重分析等考察催化剂的表面性质与催化活性关系。结果表明,采用固相混合法得到的铁钌复合催化剂用于氨合成反应活性得到提高,在氮气气氛中,十二羰基三钌分解温度为120℃,钌负载质量分数为0.6%时,催化剂活性较好。     

沉淀剂对Ru/MgO-CeO2氨合成催化剂催化性能的影响

以K<,2>RuO<,4>为钌前驱体,通过共沉淀法制备了Ru/MgO-CeO<,2>氨合成催化剂.考察了5种不同沉淀剂对Ru/MgO-CeO<,2>催化剂的结构和性能的影响,并运用X射线衍射(XRD)、CO吸附、N<,2>物理吸附和H<,2>程序升温还原(H<,2>-TPR)等技术对催化剂进行了表征,讨论了沉淀剂对氨合...     

Low temperature ruthenium catalyst for ammonia synthesis supported on BaCeO3 nanocrystals

The nanocrystalline barium cerate (BaCeO₃) was synthesized and examined as a support promoting ammonia synthesis catalyzed by particulate Ru. It was quite worthy noting that Ru/BaCeO₃ catalyst exhibited superior activity to the conventional ruthenium catalysts supported on γ–Al₂O₃, MgO and CeO₂ at low reaction temperature. The characterization including XRD, HRTEM, XPS and TPR results demonstrated that electronic interaction between Ce (IV) and Ru metals combined with strong metal-support interaction was responsible for such high catalytic activity at low reaction temperature.     

活性炭负载钌催化剂上氨合成反应动力学研究

在固定床反应器中对Ba-Ru-K/AC催化剂在相应的工业条件下［温度(350~450) ℃,压力10 MPa,V(H₂)∶V(N₂)=1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0,空速(60 000~180 000) h^－1］,进行了系列动力学测试。采用改进的Temkin动力学方程对实验数据进行拟合,考虑到H₂和NH₃的吸附对催化剂作用的阻碍效应,优化得到动力学模型参数n、α、w₁和w₂分别为1、0.15、0.5和1.4。结果表明,在Temkin方程中加入H₂和NH₃的吸附项能够获得可靠的动力学模型,用Arrhenius和Van’t Hoff方程对动力学和热力学参数k、K_H2和K_NH3进行线性拟合,得到氨合成反应的活化能为90.2 kJ·mol^－1,远低于铁基催化剂,说明Ru上N₂的解离吸附活化能垒远低于传统磁铁矿基催化剂和维氏体基催化剂。H₂的吸附热为76.2 kJ·mol^－1,证明Ba-Ru-K/AC催化剂上H₂的吸附较强烈,对N₂的吸附有强烈的抑制作用。改进的Temkin动力学方程能应用于使用Ru/C催化剂的氨合成反应器的设计和操作。     

Ammonia synthesis over ruthenium catalyst supported on perovskite type BaTiO3

Ammonia synthesis reaction was performed over a novel ruthenium catalyst supported on perovskite-type BaTiO₃. It was quite worth noting that Ru/BaTiO₃ catalyst exhibited outstanding activity for ammonia synthesis. The results of XRD, CO₂-TPD, H₂-TPR and TEM indicated that the strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) between a partially reduced support and Ru combined with strong basicity of support was responsible for such high catalytic activity. The electrons could be easily transferred from the support to the surface of Ru particles by the SMSI effect facilitated the cleavage of NN and greatly enhanced the activity for ammonia synthesis.     

The effect of cobalt on the activation of fused iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis

BET, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and McBain thermobalance were used to investigate the effect of cobalt on the reduction behavior and activity of used iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. Activity tests were carried out under 10 MPa in the 350–450°C temperature rang. Studies were performed on the traditional multipromoted iron catalyst and on the series of catalysts prepared with addition of cobalt. Addition of cobalt promoted the iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis. The most active sample was that containing approx. 5.5% wt Co. Cobalt changed the reduction behavior of the catalyst. The rate of the surface change during reduction was higher for the case of the ‘cobalt catalyst’; however the rate of mass change was higher for a typical iron catalyst. The process of reduction was probably followed by the formation of an Fe₃Co compound and by the surface faceting, with the exposure of an Fe(111) plane.     

以RuCl3为前驱体的无氯Ru/Al2O3氨合成催化剂的制备

用等体积浸渍法制备了一种以RuCl₃作为钌母体，分别以γ-Al₂O₃和δ,θ-Al₂O₃为载体的负载型无氯Ru/Al₂O₃氨合成催化剂。该催化剂用水合肼还原，以Sm(NO)₃和Ba(NO₃)₂作助剂。催化剂各组分n(Ru)∶n(Ba)∶n(Sm)=1∶0.55∶1.6。用N₂物理吸附、XRD、XRF和CO化学吸附等方法对载体和催化剂进行表征。结果表明，以δ,θ-Al₂O₃为载体的催化剂，其氨合成活性高于以γ-Al₂O₃为载体的催化剂的活性；用水合肼还原并用热碱液和纯水洗涤的催化剂不残留Cl^-，Ru金属分散度高，其氨合成活性与用无氯钌前驱体制备并用H2还原的催化剂的活性相当，在压力10.0 MPa，空速10 000 h^-1的反应条件下，475 ℃转化率为81.2%，在500 ℃时转化率可以达到100%。而用H₂还原以RuCl₃作为钌母体的Ru/Al₂O₃催化剂时，因还原后催化剂上有Cl^-残留，其催化活性较低。     

活性炭负载钌基氨合成催化剂的制备

利用浸渍法制备了活性炭负载钌基氨合成催化剂,讨论了影响钌分散度与氨合成催化活性的若干因素. 研究发现,若活性炭载体具有较大的比表面和较好的孔结构将有利于活性组分的分散. 同时,在浸渍之前,样品需在100～200 ℃干燥6～8 h. 催化剂各组分浸渍后对载体的表面结构影响不同,实验发现,Ba的添加可能为Ru的分散提供了合适的表面,而K主要填充于载体中孔并和Ru充分接触,并为Ru提供电子.同时要控制母体钌水溶液的pH值,并选用合适的浸渍顺序,方能达到较好的效果.