橘皮柠檬烯的研究与应用进展

综述了柑橘皮中的柠檬烯在制备和应用方面的研究进展。介绍了柑橘皮柠檬烯曲提取分离技术、分析方法、生理与生物活性及其应用的研究进展,并对柠檬烯的应用前景进行了展望。     

柑橘精油对泡沫塑料降解的研究

白色污染,是一个世界性的难题,聚苯乙烯高分子化合物是很难降解的。从柑橘皮香精油提取出柠檬烯,对提取到的产物进行折光率测定,并与柠檬烯标准值进行对比,同时通过质谱图与标准柠檬烯质谱图比较,分析得出产物的成分为d-柠檬烯,该产物可以用来降解聚苯乙烯,是无污染的技术。     

柑橘皮渣总黄酮的提取工艺优化研究

为了综合利用柑橘皮渣,提高其经济价值和药用价值,减少资源浪费和环境污染,以柑橘皮渣为原料,研究柑橘皮渣黄酮类物质的提取工艺并对其进行优化。结果表明,将柑橘皮渣烘干后粉碎成粉末,用石油醚进行预处理后采用70%乙醇提取4h,浓缩、干燥,黄酮的提取率可高达80%以上。为柑橘的综合利用提供了新的途径。     

富含果胶和黄酮类化合物的柑橘皮渣干燥工艺研究

为全组分高值化利用柑橘皮渣,研究了富含果胶和黄酮类化合物的柑橘皮渣干燥工艺。依次采用热风干燥和微波真空干燥脱除柑橘皮渣的水分,考察柑橘皮渣铺放厚度、干燥温度、干燥时间对皮渣含水率、果胶和总黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,热风干燥的最佳工艺条件为:皮渣铺放厚度2.0 cm,60℃干燥0.5 h;微波真空干燥的最佳工艺条件为:真空度-0.085 MPa,铺放厚度2.5 cm,50℃干燥2.0 h。在该条件下,柑橘皮渣含水率降至10%以下,果胶含量损失少于20%,总黄酮含量损失少于15%。该干燥工艺简单,可操作性好,能在脱除柑橘皮渣水分的同时最大限度保留了其中的果胶和黄酮类化合物,为全组分高值化利用柑橘皮渣提供有益的参考,为异地提取柑橘皮渣中果胶、黄酮等活性物质提供方便。     

富含果胶和黄酮类化合物的柑橘皮渣干燥工艺研究

为全组分高值化利用柑橘皮渣,研究了富含果胶和黄酮类化合物的柑橘皮渣干燥工艺。依次采用热风干燥和微波真空干燥脱除柑橘皮渣的水分,考察柑橘皮渣铺放厚度、干燥温度、干燥时间对皮渣含水率、果胶和总黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,热风干燥的最佳工艺条件为:皮渣铺放厚度2.0 cm,60℃干燥0.5 h;微波真空干燥的最佳工艺条件为:真空度-0.085 MPa,铺放厚度2.5 cm,50℃干燥2.0 h。在该条件下,柑橘皮渣含水率降至10%以下,果胶含量损失少于20%,总黄酮含量损失少于15%。该干燥工艺简单,可操作性好,能在脱除柑橘皮渣水分的同时最大限度保留了其中的果胶和黄酮类化合物,为全组分高值化利用柑橘皮渣提供有益的参考,为异地提取柑橘皮渣中果胶、黄酮等活性物质提供方便。     

柑橘皮渣总黄酮提取工艺研究

以超声波提取法优选柑橘皮渣总黄酮提取工艺。采用L9(34)正交实验法,以浸膏得率(%)和浸膏中总黄酮含量(%)为评价指标,考察物料比(g∶mL)、乙醇含量(%)、提取时间(min)和提取温度(℃)对柑橘皮渣总黄酮提取的影响。结果表明以20倍量70%乙醇于50℃下超声提取40 min,提取2次为最佳提取工艺。该优选的工艺条件可提高柑橘皮渣综合利用率,并为制备高附加值柑橘产品提供一定参考。     

超临界CO2萃取柑橘精油的工艺研究

以柑橘皮为实验材料,以柑橘精油萃取率为指标,用超临界二氧化碳萃取方法,在萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间、投料量试验的基础上,经正交试验对柑橘皮中精油的萃取工艺条件进行了优化。研究发现柑橘皮中精油超临界二氧化碳萃取的最佳萃取工艺条件为压力30 MPa,温度32℃,投料量120 g,萃取时间2.5 h,柑橘精油的萃取率为3.60%。     

柑橘皮中果胶提取工艺研究进展

介绍了果胶的原料来源、果胶的功能及性质。阐述了从柑橘皮中提取果胶的工艺特点,并解析了各种提取技术的优势和不足,对柑橘皮提取果胶技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

柑橘皮柚皮苷提取工艺研究

采用乙醇-乙酸浸提法提取柑橘皮中的柚皮苷,通过单因素实验研究了不同因素对柚皮苷提取率的影响,并在此基础上进行正交实验,得出优化工艺条件为:料液比1∶25 g/m L,乙酸比例10%,提取温度80℃,提取时间3 h。在此工艺条件下,柚皮苷提取率为5.78%。此方法成本低、毒性低、重复性好,能够用于工业化生产。     

汉中柑桔皮多糖的微波预处理-热水浸提工艺研究

采用微波预处理-热水浸提法,通过单因素及正交试验,在不同料液比、微波时间、浸提时间和浸提温度下探讨汉中柑橘皮多糖的提取工艺。结果表明,汉中柑橘皮多糖的最佳提取条件为液比1:40(g:mL)、微波时间90s、浸提时间1h、浸提温度80℃,此条件下,提取率可达39.25%。该法操作简单,提取率高,可用于柑橘皮中多糖的工业提取。     

Optimization of citrus peels D-limonene extraction using solvent-free microwave green technology

Attention is presently drawn to the development of a new and green alternative technique for the extraction of essential oil from citrus plant materials. This study was aimed at the extracting essential oil from orange and lemon peels using solvent-free microwave method. This process uses microwave-assisted hydro-diffusion technique to extract essential oil from citrus peels. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of microwave power (200–1,000?W) and extraction time (10–40?min) on the essential oil yield. The oil extracted was characterized using Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis to determine the functional groups and chemical components present, respectively. The optimum yield of extract from orange and lemon peels were 3.7 and 2.0%, respectively at corresponding power of 1,000?W and time of 10?min. The analysis of variance results showed that the resulting models for both orange and lemon peels were significant and microwave power had greater influence on the extraction processes at both linear and quadratic levels. The FTIR analysis revealed prominent functional groups of alkenes that majorly constitute limonene compound at 1,642 and 1,643?cm^?1 for orange and lemon peels, respectively. The present process permits fast and efficient extraction, avoids water and solvent consumption, and allows substantial energy savings.     

Drying of Citrus sinensis Peels in an Inert Fluidized Bed: Kinetics,Microbiological Activity,Vitamin C,and Limonene Determination

Citrus sinensis peel drying kinetics in a fluidized bed with inert material were investigated. Drying impact on microbiological activity as well as limonene and vitamin C content was also studied. Drying parameters studied were as follows: temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C; air velocities of 0.73 m/s and 0.85 m/s; and orange peel:sand weight ratios of 1:0, 1:1, and 1:2. High temperatures, high air velocity, and the presence of inert material increased the drying rate. Nine thin-layer drying models were fitted to the experimental data of Citrus sinensis peels. The Midilli et al. model was found to be the most suitable model for describing the drying kinetics of Citrus sinensis peels. Vitamin C and limonene content were higher in the product dried using a fluidized bed than in the sun-dried product. Drying of Citrus sinensis peel in a fluidized bed also may reduce microorganism growth, increasing storage life.     

Application of chemically modified orange peels for removal of copper(II) from aqueous solutions

The present study concerns the process of chemical activation of agricultural waste, namely orange peels, to remove copper ions from aqueous solutions. In fact the use of orange peels without any pretreatment leads at the most a copper retention percentage of the order of 75%, whereas percentages over 99% could be achieved by means of chemical activations with sulphuric acid, caustic soda, methanol and acetic anhydride. A parametric study was also included, investigating the influence of the pH, initial concentrations of metal and the type of activation on the copper retention onto the orange peels. The results showed that saturation was reached after 10 and 5 min, for the cases of no pretreatment and the chemical activation of the orange peels, respectively. The pH study indicated that a value between 4 and 6 seemed to be the most adequate. The results did also show that the copper initial concentration value did have an influence on the retention capacity for the natural solid support. The sorption kinetic study showed that the process could be considered of a pseudo-second order, whereas the obtained equilibrium data were best fitted to the Freundlich model.     

Environmentally Friendly Radiation Hard d-Limonene and Laccol Copolymers Synthesized via Cationic Copolymerization

In the modern world, petroleum-based synthetic polymers have a great number of applications in fields ranging from food packaging to space travel. However, the processing of petroleum products and the resulting depletion of fossil fuels are major environmental concerns in today's society. As a result, the development of sustainable polymers which are made up of renewable resources and waste products is an immerging area of research. Considering the world food production, citrus fruit is most abundant and its contribution to waste generation is immense. Therefore, this study focuses on offering an alternative to the use of petroleum-based polymers and also providing a regulatory pathway to manage citrus waste by developing novel copolymers of laccol and limonene. Two environmentally friendly compounds, laccol, derived from the sap of Toxicodendron succedaneum tree and limonene, extracted from orange peels, were copolymerized via cationic polymerization to generate d-limonene:laccol copolymers with radiation hardening capabilities which is relevant in fields such as nuclear energy generation, medicinal sterilization, commercial irradiation, and space exploration. Formation of these copolymers was verified with infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using different methods and exposed to Co-60 gamma radiation to identify alterations to their properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:607–618, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR WATER-BASED EXTRACTION OF PECTIN FROM ORANGE PEELS

The extraction of pectin from orange peels has been studied using microwave and conventional extraction, with operating conditions including different extraction periods, different solvent pHs, and different types of solvent systems. The extracted pectin from orange peels was initially precipitated with concentrated ethanol and was quantified by the carbazole assay. For microwave extraction, the greatest total amount of pectin yield was found to be 5.27% on a dry basis for 15 minutes of extraction, although the greatest amount of material per unit time (%/min) was obtained after 5 minutes. This amount was the same as that extracted using Soxhlet extraction for three hours. The 15-minute microwave extraction period was further investigated at pH values of 1.5, 2.0, 5.5, and 10.0. The greatest amount of pectin was extracted from orange peels at the most strongly acidic condition of pH 1.5. The effect of a solvent system containing ethanol and EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) with a 15-minute extraction period and a pH of 1.5 was studied, giving approximately double the amount of pectin extracted using distilled water.     

A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR WATER-BASED EXTRACTION OF PECTIN FROM ORANGE PEELS

The extraction of pectin from orange peels has been studied using microwave and conventional extraction, with operating conditions including different extraction periods, different solvent pHs, and different types of solvent systems. The extracted pectin from orange peels was initially precipitated with concentrated ethanol and was quantified by the carbazole assay. For microwave extraction, the greatest total amount of pectin yield was found to be 5.27% on a dry basis for 15 minutes of extraction, although the greatest amount of material per unit time (%/min) was obtained after 5 minutes. This amount was the same as that extracted using Soxhlet extraction for three hours. The 15-minute microwave extraction period was further investigated at pH values of 1.5, 2.0, 5.5, and 10.0. The greatest amount of pectin was extracted from orange peels at the most strongly acidic condition of pH 1.5. The effect of a solvent system containing ethanol and EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) with a 15-minute extraction period and a pH of 1.5 was studied, giving approximately double the amount of pectin extracted using distilled water.     

Protective Effect of Encapsulation in Fermentation of Limonene-contained Media and Orange Peel Hydrolyzate

This work deals with the application of encapsulation technology to eliminate inhibition by D-limonene in fermentation of orange wastes to ethanol. Orange peel was enzymatically hydrolyzed with cellulase and pectinase. However, fermentation of the released sugars in this hydrolyzate by freely suspended S. cerevisiae failed due to inhibition by limonene. On the other hand, encapsulation of S. cerevisiae in alginate membranes was a powerful tool to overcome the negative effects of limonene. The encapsulated cells were able to ferment the orange peel hydrolyzate in 7 h, and produce ethanol with a yield of 0.44 g/g fermentable sugars. Cultivation of the encapsulated yeast in defined medium was successful, even in the presence of 1.5% (v/v) limonene. The capsules’ membranes were selectively permeable to the sugars and the other nutrients, but not limonene. While 1% (v/v) limonene was present in the culture, its concentration inside the capsules was not more than 0.054% (v/v).     

Novel Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Orange Waste and Its Thermal and Antibacterial Activity

Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials - Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared via eco-friendly synthesis (using orange peels) are investigated. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa...     

气相色谱-质谱与嗅觉测量法联用分析橙油中致香物质

采用气相色谱-质谱与嗅觉测量法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry,GC-MS/O)联用的分析方法,对橙油的致香物质进行了分析与鉴别。GC-MS检测到35种挥发性物质,其中相对质量分数较高的化合物为柠檬烯(80.79%)、芳樟醇(3.85%)、癸醛(2.90%)、β-月桂烯(1.94%)、α-蒎烯(0.82%)、辛醛(0.71%)等。而GC-O分析到的具有香气的化合物为α-蒎烯、辛醛、柠檬烯、芳樟醇、α-松油醇、癸醛、肉豆蔻醛、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛及一种具有花香、甜橘香的未知物质。采用强度法与稀释法相结合鉴别了橙油中的关键致香物质,结果表明,α-松油醇和未知物质具有最大的香气强度和稀释因子(FD因子),即二者对橙油整体香气贡献最大。采用GC-MS/O联用技术可以有效筛选出精油中的香味活性物质,而强度法与稀释法结合又可快速、准确、全面地分析样品中关键致香物质。