两性表面活性剂（六）——两性表面活性剂的应用性能

介绍了两性表面活性剂的应用性能,包括泡沫力、去污力、润湿力和乳化力,指出两性表面活性剂的上述应用性能皆与体系的pH密切相关,两性表面活性剂本身泡沫力和去污力在实际应用中并不重要,但它们与其他表面活性剂,特别是阴离子型表面活性剂混合体系的泡沫力和去污力却很重要,可以极大地改变配方体系的许多性能。     

阴离子双子表面活性剂合成现状及应用前景

在对传统单链表面活性剂进行分析的基础上,重点论述了阴离子双子表面活性剂的性质和实现产业化有可能采取的合成途径,并且介绍了目标阴离子双子表面活性剂的结构和表面活性,同时也对其在洗涤剂、化妆品和工业助剂等领域的应用前景进行了分析,最后也对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Synthesis and properties of novel alkyl sulfate gemini surfactants

Four anionic gemini surfactants of the sulfate type C₁₂C_nC₁₂, where n is the spacer chain length (n = 3, 4, 6, and 10) were synthesized. The structures of these surfactants were confirmed by FT‐IR, ¹H NMR, ESI mass spectra (ESI‐MS), and elemental analysis. The surface‐active properties of these compounds were investigated by means of surface tension, electrical conductivity, and fluorescence measurements. Premicellar aggregations were found for the four gemini surfactants, as revealed by the conductivity measurement. The formation of premicellar aggregates may account for the discrepancy between the critical micelle concentration (cmc) obtained by the surface tension and conductivity measurement. The cmc values of these gemini surfactants were much lower than that of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and decreased monotonously with the increase of spacer chain length from 3 to 10. The effect of spacer chain length on the performance properties like foaming, emulsion stability, and lime soap dispersing ability were also studied and discussed. Practical applications : Alkyl sulfate surfactants are one of the most widely used surfactants. The new alkyl sulfate gemini surfactants synthesized in our study are more surface‐active than sodium dodecylsulfate. These gemini surfactants possess low critical micelle concentrations, high emulsion stability, and excellent lime soap dispersing ability. They have potential applications in the fields of cosmetics, detergents, etc.     

Effect of oil viscosity on recovery processes in relation to foam flooding

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of oil viscosity on the oil-recovery efficiency in porous media. The pure surfactants (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate and various alkyl alcohols) were selected to correlate the molecular and surface properties of foaming solutions with viscosity, and the recovery of oil. Oil-displacement efficiency was measured by water, surfactant-solution and foam-flooding processes, which included 2 types of foams (i.e., air foam and steam foam). A significant increase in heavy-oil recovery was observed by steam foam flooding compared with that by air foam flooding, whereas for light oils, the steam foam and air foam produced about the same oil recovery. An attempt was made to correlate the chain-length compatibility with the surface properties of the foaming agents and oil-recovery efficiency in porous media. For mixed foaming systems (C₁₂ SO₄ Na + C_n H_2n+1 OH), a minimum in surface tension, a maximum in surface viscosity, a minimum in bubble size and a maximum in oil recovery were observed when both components of the foaming system had the same chain length. These results were explained on the basis of thermal motions (i.e., vibrational, rotational and oscillational) and the molecular packing of surfactants at the gas-liquid interface. The effects of chain-length compatibility and the surface properties of mixed surfactants are relevant to the design of surfactant formulations for oil recovery under given reservoir conditions.     

Coacervates as a Modern Delivery System of Hand Dishwashing Liquids

Hand dishwashing liquids can be produced in a coacervate form. Such a delivery system can be readily mixed with water and, in the initial dilution stage, may exhibit a high viscosity. This makes it feasible to formulate concentrated products which can be diluted by consumers. The surfactant concentration in the starting formulation is found to affect the possibility of producing hand dishwashing liquids in coacervate form. Hand dishwashing liquids in coacervate form are produced by the separation of the upper phase under the effect of sodium chloride, whose concentration is a key parameter. An increase in the concentration of anionic surfactants in the starting formulation, requires a slight increase in the concentration of sodium chloride to start coacervation and this results in an increase in coacervate volume. The properties of the coacervate, i.e. viscosity, washability, emulsifying power and foamability, are reported and found to be similar to those of typical commercial products.     

低碳醇对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能的影响

普通碳氢表面活性剂与磺基甜菜碱氟碳表面活性剂(FS)相比,泡沫性能和耐油性不好。醇通常强烈地影响表面活性剂的自组织行为,醇的加入能提高表面活性剂的泡沫性能。本文采用Ross-Miles法探讨了低碳醇对FS与阴离子碳氢表面活性剂(AOS)复配体系FS/AOS泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,当甲醇、无水乙醇、异丙醇浓度分别为5%、3%、3%,复配体系FS/AOS的起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好,在加入醇之后,煤油含量60%～80%时起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好。不同碳数的低碳醇对复配体系泡沫性能的影响规律为:发泡性能甲醇最好、异丙醇次之、无水乙醇最差,异丙醇的稳泡性能较甲醇和无水乙醇差。     

Preparation and properties of novel water‐soluble surfactants. I. Synthesis and surface activity of polycarboxylated multihydrophilic surfactants

A series of novel surfactants containing multianionic and nonionic hydrophilic moieties were prepared by reacting fumaric acid with polyoxyethylenated stearyl ether in the presence of a peroxy‐type free radical initiator to form a carboxylic‐acid‐group‐containing addition product. The structure of these surfactants was confirmed by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. These surfactants exhibit excellent functional properties of self‐sequestering. This means that besides good surfactant properties, including surface tension, foaming, and wetting, they possess autonomous sequestering ability without any help of additional sequestering agent. When used in cotton bleaching procedures, these surfactants increase the penetration of the fibers of gray fabrics and increase the whiteness of bleached cotton. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3559–3564, 2006     

Comparative Study of Effect of Surfactant-Polymer Interactions on Properties of Alkyl Polyglucosides and Alpha Olefin Sulphonate

The properties of Alpha Olefin Sulphonate (AOS) and Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) were studied in the presence and absence of nonionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, poly vinyl pyrrolidone and methyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl cellulose. Properties like surface tension, foaming, viscosity and emulsification were studied at a constant concentration of polymer (0.1%) and varying concentrations of surfactant. It was found that at low surfactant concentrations there is an association between surfactant and polymer at the liquid/air surface in the case of an anionic surfactant and a nonionic polymer, which is not seen in the case of nonionic surfactants and nonionic polymers. A nonionic polymer reduces the surface tension of AOS by forming a surfactant-polymer complex which in turn increases the foamability, emulsifying property and viscosity of solution. APG does not show any effect on its surface tension in the presence of nonionic polymers but its foamability and emulsifying properties are improved. Reduction in surface tension is not the only reason behind increased foamability in the presence of the polymer. Higher molecular weight polymers give a rich, creamy foam because of increased viscosity in the surfactant solution as compared to lower molecular weight polymers.     

新型耐酸耐盐泡沫驱油剂的研究

模拟汕头某油井地质情况,即在pH值为3,温度为50℃,质量分数为0.1%,矿化度为5000mg/L,搅拌速度为3000r/min条件下,选用起泡性能好的表面活性剂,在单一组分和两组分的起泡剂体系中,测试起泡体积倍数。结果表明,两组分体系相对于单一起泡剂有比较好的起泡效果,阴离子型表面活性剂AES与两性表面活性剂CAB-35的复配体系起泡效果最好。     

表面活性剂的性能与应用(XXⅥ)——表面活性剂在化妆品中的应用

介绍了化妆品中常用的表面活性剂。表面活性剂具有乳化、增溶、分散、起泡、润湿等作用,在各种化妆品中广泛应用。简要分析了生物表面活性剂、烷基聚葡糖苷表面活性剂、壳聚糖类表面活性剂等的研究进展。最后对表面活性剂在化妆品中的应用进行了总结和展望。     

Effect of Hydrophobic Plant Extract on the Physicochemical Properties of a Transparent Fabric Softener

This article investigates the effect of hydrophobic supercritical CO₂ raspberry seed extracts on the physicochemical and functional properties of a modern, transparent fabric softener. The addition of a hydrophobic extract to a transparent softener formulation increased the turbidity and dynamic viscosity of the product compared to the reference formulation (with no added extract). In addition, fabric rinsed in a bath containing the transparent fabric softener enriched with the hydrophobic extract was characterized by a higher degree of softness and slightly lower values of fabric rewettability (two parameters determining the usable properties of this type products) in relation to the values determined for a fabric exposed to the rinsing process in an aqueous solution of the transparent fabric softener without added extract. The results obtained in the assessment of physicochemical properties point to the modification of the structure of fabric softener resulting from the growth of surfactant aggregates due to solubilization of the hydrophobic extract. As a consequence, the deposit—an adsorption layer of surfactants (responsible for key characteristics relevant to the performance of this type of products) remaining on the fabric after the rinsing process—is modified.     

表面活性剂对化妆品流变学特性影响的研究进展

化妆品中的表面活性剂具有润湿、分散、乳化、增溶、起泡、消泡和洗涤去污等功能。介绍了表面活性剂的分类情况．化妆品的流变学特性的基础知识及流体的分类。最后详细介绍了化妆品中表面活性剂对化妆品流变学参数特性的影响，以及在化妆品的配方、感官评价、生产、运输等方面的影响。     

柠檬酸酯类表面活性剂的性能测试

对柠檬酸单酯类表面活性剂（MAEG-EC-Na、MAE03-EC-Na）和柠檬酸酯类表面活性荆（AEC-EC-Na、AE03-EC-Na）的物化性能进行了测定和比较。结果表明：柠檬酸单酯二钠盐的CMC和托Mc均比柠檬酸酯钠盐的低I柠檬酸单酯类表面活性剂在硬水中的发泡能力比在蒸馏水中的好,且泡沫更稳定;复配体系的泡沫性能比较好,泡沫体积均高于565mL,泡沫稳定性均大于0．955;用NaCI对复配体系增稠,体系的粘度变化是一个突变过程,NaCI对MAEG-EC-Na复配体系粘度的影响最大。     

松香基双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以丙烯酸改性松香为原料,在相转移催化剂作用下与环氧氯丙烷反应得到季铵化试剂,进而在一定温度条件下分别与三乙胺和吡啶反应合成了两种松香基双季铵盐型阳离子表面活性剂。分别测定出它们的w(H2O)=0 5%和0 6%,w(N)=3 75%和3 87%,阳离子表面活性物质量分数为93 5%和94 2%,临界胶束浓度为0 27mmol/L和0 53mmol/L,乳化力为30s和2480s,泡沫力为89mm和85mm,泡沫稳定性为54mm和65mm。表明它们具有良好的表面活性。将其分别与十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)配成质量分数为1%的水溶液,等体积比混合后均不产生沉淀,说明此两种松香基双季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂与阴离子表面活性剂具有很好的相容性。     

The Formation of pH-Sensitive Wormlike Micelles in Ionic Liquids Driven by the Binding Ability of Anthranilic Acid

Wormlike micelles are typically formed by mixing cationic and anionic surfactants because of attractive interactions in oppositely charged head-groups. The structural transitions of wormlike micelles triggered by pH in ionic liquids composed of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bromide-based ILs (ionic liquids) and anthranilic acid were investigated. These structures were found responsible for the variations in flow properties identified by rheology and dynamic light scattering, and account for the structures observed with cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM). High-viscosity, shear-thinning behavior, and Maxwell-type dynamic rheology shown by the system at certain pH values suggested that spherical micelles grow into entangled wormlike micelles. Light scattering profiles also supported the notion of pH-sensitive microstructural transitions in the solution. Cryo-TEM images confirmed the presence of spherical micelles in the low-viscosity sample and entangled wormlike micelles in the peak viscosity sample. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis revealed that the pH sensitivity of ionic liquid systems originated from the pH-dependent binding ability of anthranilic acid to the cationic headgroup of ionic liquids.     

Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids through the Addition of Sulfonic Derivatives of Alkyl Polyglucosides

The effect of a sulfonic acid derivative of alkyl polyglucosides on the safety of hand dishwashing liquids was assessed. In this study, it was found that an increase in the concentration of the natural origin raw material in samples led to a decrease in the zein number, and reduced changes in the pH level of bovine serum albumin solution, compared to a reference sample formulated without these compounds. These findings suggest a high level of reduction in the skin-irritation effect after applying hand dishwashing liquids. In addition, the application of this type of anionic surfactants in products decreases their ability to emulsify fats. Consequently, the skin-drying effect produced by the washing process and removal of protective epidermal lipids may be significantly reduced.     

双亲油基-双亲水基型表面活性剂

介绍一类新型表面活性剂 双亲油基 双亲水基型表面活性剂 ,包括阴离子型、阳离子型、非离子型等。讨论了各种类型双联表面活性剂的合成方法及产品理化性能 ,如表面张力及临界胶束浓度、水溶助长性、增溶性、润湿性、泡沫性、生物安全性等 ,同时指出该类表面活性剂具有重要的实用价值和广阔的开发前景。     

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH₄) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non-anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH₄-SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH₄, N₂, and CO₂), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110°C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH₄ foam is better than that of CO₂ foam, while N₂ foam is the most stable, and CO₂ foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO₂ molecules with H₂O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH₄-SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.     

Effect of Temperature on Foaming Ability and Foam Stability of Typical Surfactants Used for Foaming Agent

Foam has extensive applications in a wide range of industrial fields. Some surfactants are used as foaming agents in the preparation of foam. The performance of the foaming agent directly affects the application of the foam. In this paper, experiments were designed and conducted to reveal the influence of temperature on foaming performance of 10 typical anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphiprotic surfactants. They were exposed to different temperature conditions to measure the foaming capacity (FC), foaming expansion (FE), and foam’s half-life. FC and FE represent foaming ability (FA), and half-life represents foam stability (FS). The results show that the FC increased at elevated foaming temperature, while FS decreased with rising temperature. Anionic surfactants are less affected by temperature and have better FA and longer FS. It seems that 20–30 °C is an ideal foaming temperature. This study lays an important foundation for the efficient preparation and utilization of foam in industrial fields.     

表面活性剂在家用洗涤剂中的应用

表面活性剂是具有表面活性的物质,能改变物质的表面张力。表面活性剂的分子都是由亲水基和疏水基构成,大部分能溶于水,产生润湿、乳化、渗透、发泡、去污等作用。家用合成洗涤剂所用的表面活性剂主要要有去污能力,同时还考虑乳化、发泡等各项性能的综合效应。在目前的洗涤剂中仍大量使用阴离子表面活性剂,非离子表面活性剂的用量正在日益增加,阳离子表面活性剂则被大量用于洗涤后处理,两性离子表面活性剂使用量较少。随着洗涤剂越来越专用化,表面活性剂的品种数量也在飞速发展。