温敏性萃取水凝胶对生物大分子的分离

合成了均聚的聚N 异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)水凝胶以及N 异丙基丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰胺共聚的〔P(NIPAM-AM)〕水凝胶,并研究了它们的溶胀性能及其对生物大分子的萃取分离性能。结果表明,两种温敏凝胶具有很好的溶胀性能,其低临界共溶温度(LCST)分别为30 4和31 0℃,它们对蛋白质和酶的分离效率在LCST附近发生突跃,如PNIPAM水凝胶对白蛋白的分离效率在LCST前后从96 2%降至59 8%。当交联剂N,N 次甲基双丙烯酰胺(Bis)的质量分数w(Bis)>4%时,分离效率大于90%(LCST以下)。     

基于乙基纤维素大分子RAFT试剂的n-BMA细乳液聚合

以大分子乙基纤维素基RAFT试剂(EC-CPADB)为链转移剂,采用可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)聚合法,合成了乙基纤维素接枝聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯(PBMA)细乳液。通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、动态光散射激光粒度仪(DLS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、拉伸测试等进行表征。结果表明,纤维素大分子RAFT试剂EC-CPADB在细乳液聚合中发挥了一定的活性控制的作用,得到的聚合物分子量为141 100,并且分子量分布窄,PDI为2. 82,聚合物的玻璃化转变温度为21℃。大分子RAFT试剂EC-CPADB的加入,对聚合体系有一定的缓聚作用,但体系反应效率高,反应2 h,转化率大于90%;大分子RAFT试剂EC-CPADB的存在,对乳液粒子的形貌没有明显影响,乳液粒径大小约为100 nm,呈规则的圆球状,分布较均一。膜循环拉伸实验显示,聚合物弹性恢复系数能够达到90%以上,具有较好的弹性力学性能。     

基于乙基纤维素大分子RAFT试剂的n-BMA细乳液聚合

以大分子乙基纤维素基RAFT试剂(EC-CPADB)为链转移剂,采用可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)聚合法,合成了乙基纤维素接枝聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯(PBMA)细乳液。通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、动态光散射激光粒度仪(DLS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、拉伸测试等进行表征。结果表明,纤维素大分子RAFT试剂EC-CPADB在细乳液聚合中发挥了一定的活性控制的作用,得到的聚合物分子量为141 100,并且分子量分布窄,PDI为2. 82,聚合物的玻璃化转变温度为21℃。大分子RAFT试剂EC-CPADB的加入,对聚合体系有一定的缓聚作用,但体系反应效率高,反应2 h,转化率大于90%;大分子RAFT试剂EC-CPADB的存在,对乳液粒子的形貌没有明显影响,乳液粒径大小约为100 nm,呈规则的圆球状,分布较均一。膜循环拉伸实验显示,聚合物弹性恢复系数能够达到90%以上,具有较好的弹性力学性能。     

温敏性水凝胶的合成及表征

以羟丙基甲基纤维素与丙烯酰氯为原料,制备了羟丙基甲基纤维素丙烯酸酯;以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂、以羟丙基甲基纤维素丙烯酸酯为大分子交联剂、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺为单体在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中70℃下通过自由基聚合反应24 h,制备了温度敏感性水凝胶。用DSC对其相转变温度进行了表征,并测定了不同温度下达到溶胀平衡时水凝胶的溶胀比,进行了水凝胶的去溶胀动力学及干凝胶的再溶胀动力学研究。在聚合过程中,加入羟丙基甲基纤维素丙烯酸酯制得的水凝胶:相转变温度由30℃降为29℃;在10℃时溶胀比由29降为24.8;去溶胀速率加快,例如:该水凝胶在10 m in内失水率由56%降为16%,在30 m in内失水率由86%降为19%;并且减慢了凝胶的再溶胀速率。     

羟丙基壳聚糖/氧化甲基纤维素自愈合水凝胶的制备及其载药性能

采用高碘酸钠对甲基纤维素（MC）进行氧化制备了氧化甲基纤维素（DAMC），通过羟丙基壳聚糖（HPC）的氨基与DAMC的醛基发生希夫碱反应制备了HPC/DAMC自愈合水凝胶。通过调节HPC和DAMC含量探究水凝胶的微观形态、溶胀性能、力学性能、自愈合性能、体外降解以及药物缓释性能。结果表明，HPC/DAMC自愈合水凝胶具有相互连通的孔隙，且孔径处于80～375μm范围内，在室温无刺激条件下能够在20 min内实现自愈合且具有良好的拉伸性能。此外，HPC/DAMC自愈合水凝胶具有良好的保水性，其溶胀比为14.0～17.4。在溶菌酶的作用下，HPC/DAMC自愈合水凝胶在60 h时质量损失率可达84.2%～99.6%。HPC/DAMC自愈合水凝胶对抗肿瘤药物吉西他滨具有缓释效果，缓释作用长达96 h，药物累积释放率达到83.2%～92.7%。     

通过RAFT聚合方法合成具有高强度和高溶胀率的纳米水凝胶

为了得到具有高强度和高溶胀率的纳米水凝胶(NCgels),N-异丙基丙烯酰胺通过可逆加成断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合的方法,插层在含有质量分数为0.25%～15%的可扩展的有机化的蒙脱土(Clay-S)层间并交联。结果表明,与传统水凝胶相比,该水凝胶的强度和溶胀性能得到了很大提高,并且对温度的变化具有较快的响应速率。以质量分数为5%的蒙脱土,链转移剂的质量分数为0.5%制备的纳米水凝胶为例,该水凝胶在20℃的溶胀率为450,而传统水凝胶在相同温度时的溶胀率仅为20;该水凝胶在1min内失去75%的水,在4min内失去约90%的水,而传统水凝胶在15min内仅失去66%左右的水。     

化学改性聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺交联水凝胶的研究进展

综述了国内外关于温敏性聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)交联水凝胶化学改性的研究现状。重点总结了无规共聚、接枝改性、嵌段改性等化学改性方法对PNIPAM交联水凝胶的结构、溶胀性能、温度响应性的影响,并对化学改性的方法和PNIPAM交联水凝胶的应用提出了展望。     

HPMC水凝胶溶胀性能的影响因素研究

制备了一系列具有不同相对分子质量和取代度的羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)水凝胶,并用称重的方法对凝胶的溶胀性能进行了研究,考察了温度、pH值、溶剂类型、取代度和相对分子质量对HPMC水凝胶溶胀性能的影响。结果显示,HPMC水凝胶的平衡溶胀度随温度的升高而减小;其溶胀行为受溶剂影响显著,而受溶液pH值的影响不明显;而取代度和相对分子质量都对凝胶溶胀行为有较大的影响。     

运用RAFT法在纳米二氧化硅表面接枝PS及增强SBS

首先利用SiO_2表面的羟基与2-(十二烷基三硫代碳酸酯基)-2-甲基丙酸发生酯化反应,制备了能够引发可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基(RAFT)聚合的SiO_2(SiO_2-CTA),再以SiO_2-CTA作为大分子链转移剂,引发苯乙烯发生RAFT聚合,得到表面接枝聚苯乙烯的纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2-g-PS)。采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)与热失重分析(TGA)测试表明,运用RAFT聚合的方法成功将聚苯乙烯接枝到SiO_2表面,聚苯乙烯的接枝量是6. 3%。分别用SiO_2和SiO_2-g-PS改性SBS弹性体,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征材料断面发现,纳米粒子接枝聚苯乙烯后,在SBS中的分散性提高,填料团聚尺寸降低。与SiO_2/SBS复合材料相比,SiO_2-g-PS/SBS复合材料的力学性能明显提高。当纳米粒子含量为5份时,SBS复合材料的拉伸强度最大。     

两亲性乙基纤维素接枝松香聚合物的合成及自组装

通过可逆加成断裂链转移聚合法（RAFT）将脱氢枞酸(2-甲基丙烯酰氧基异丙醇基)酯（DAGMA）单体接枝到乙基纤维素上合成了全生物质基两亲性的乙基纤维素-聚脱氢枞酸(2-甲基丙烯酰氧基异丙醇基)酯共聚物（EC-g-PDAGMA）,并制备了聚合物自组装胶束。利用核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）、凝胶色谱仪（GPC）对聚合物的结构进行了表征,证实成功合成了EC-g-PDAGMA。由于脱氢枞酸的引入,EC-g-PDAGMA接枝共聚物具有明显的紫外吸收性能。利用动态光散射（DLS）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对聚合物自组装胶束的粒径、胶束溶液的Zeta电位和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,EC-g-PDAGMA共聚物在选择性溶剂THF/H₂O中能够进行自组装形成规整的球形胶束,并且其大小随着聚合物浓度和分子链长而变化,粒径分布较窄,同时胶束具有良好的储存稳定性。     

Nanocomposite Hydrogels with High Mechanical Strength and High Swelling Ratio by RAFT Polymerization

Nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) have been prepared based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) containing 0.25-15 wt% of the expandable synthetic hectorite Laponite XLS (Clay-S) by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The swelling behaviors were investigated and the hydrogels by RAFT polymerization (RAFT gels) showed accelerated shrinking kinetics and higher swelling ratio comparing with conventional hydrogels (CGel). This could be attributed to the presence of dangling chains mainly caused by chain transfer reagent (CTA), which could retard the crosslinking reaction rate greatly. Furthermore, the NC gels have stronger mechanical strength than CGel. The presence of Clay-S does not affect the value of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST).     

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels with improved shrinking kinetics by RAFT polymerization

Functional poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels were prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in the presence of N,N-methylenebisacylamide (BIS) as a cross-linker and 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate as chain transfer reagent (CTA). The swelling behaviors were investigated and the hydrogels by RAFT polymerization (RAFT gels) showed accelerated shrinking kinetics and higher swelling ratio comparing with conventional hydrogel (CG). It could be attributed to the presence of dangling chains mainly caused by CTA, which could retard the crosslinking reaction rate greatly. Another CTA, 3-(trithiocarbonyl) propanoic acid, was adopted to further investigate the effect of CTA. It showed the similar effect except the different accelerated degree to the shrinking kinetics. Furthermore, the living character of the RAFT process was used to polymerize a new batch of monomer (NIPAM) from functional RAFT gels to introduce grafted structure. The PNIPAM-g-PNIPAM hydrogels indicted further accelerated shrinking kinetics than functional backbone hydrogels.     

Controllable synthesis of a novel poly(vinyl alcohol)‐based hydrogel containing lactate and PEG moieties

Tunable hydrogel that contained well‐defined poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), labile lactate groups, and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments was prepared through a combination of reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and esterification reaction. A diol was prepared via the esterification between lactic acid (LA) and PEG. Then the diol was allowed to react with maleic anhydride to produce a diacid. Meanwhile, well‐defined PVA was synthesized by the alcoholysis of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) obtained by RAFT polymerization of vinyl acetate. The hydrogels with tailor‐made structure were generated by crosslinking PVA with LA‐based diacid. The structures and properties of LA‐based intermediates and the hydrogels were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Both LA‐based diol and diacid were semicrystalline and water‐soluble, their melting temperature and glass transition temperature were 52 and ?51, 54 and ?41°C, respectively. The polydispersity indexes of the precursor of PVA samples were within the range of 1.03–1.10. It was found that the thermal stability of hydrogel was higher than that of LA‐based diacid. Both the swelling and release properties of the hydrogels depend on the feeding ratio of PVA/LEM and the chain length of PVA, which reflected that the structure and properties of the hydrogels were controllable. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1366–1371, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) networks: Preparation, characterization and rapid deswelling and reswelling behavior of hydrogels

Poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) networks (PNIPAAm-g-PEO) were prepared via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) of N-isopropylacrylamide with trithiocarbonate-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as the chain transfer agent and the crosslinking agent, respectively. It was found that the PNIPAAm-g-PEO copolymer networks were microphase-separated and that PEO microdomains were dispersed in the PNIPAAm matrix. The hydrogel behavior of the PNIPAAm-g-PEO networks was investigated using swelling, deswelling and reswelling tests. The PNIPAAm-g-PEO hydrogels displayed faster responses to external temperature changes than did the control PNIPAAm hydrogel.     

Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers: Synthesis, characterization and rapid deswelling and reswelling behavior of hydrogels

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) diblock copolymer (PNIPAAm-b-PVPy) was successfully synthesized via sequential reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthate (RAFT/MADIX) process, in which the chain transfer agent of xanthate was in situ afforded via the reaction of isopropylxanthic disulfide (DIP) with 2,2-azobisisobutylnitrile (AIBN). The RAFT/MADIX technique was employed to prepare the poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers (PNIPAAm-g-PVPy) with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinking agent. The comb-like PNIPAAm-g-PVPy copolymer networks with PVPy as the pendent chains were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The hydrogel behavior of PNIPAAm-g-PVPy networks was investigated in terms of swelling, deswelling and reswelling tests. With the inclusion of PVPy chains, the swelling ratios of the hydrogels were significantly enhanced compared to the control PNIPAAm hydrogel. It is found that the PVPy-modified PNIPAAm hydrogels displayed faster response to the external temperature changes than the control PNIPAAm hydrogel. The improved thermoresponsive properties of hydrogels are ascribed to the formation of the comb-like architectures in the copolymer networks.     

温敏聚合物及其水凝胶的研究进展

综述了温度敏感聚合物及其水凝胶最近几年的研究进展,讨论了该聚合物的组成、主链结构、分子量以及聚合方法对水凝胶和温敏聚合物的影响。随着聚合物的主链结构和侧链分子量的改变,聚合物的低临界溶解温度（LCST）可以在较宽的范围内进行调节。同时,活性聚合方法和普通自由基聚合方法也对水凝胶的相转变有着重要的影响。     

Fabrication and characterization of microgel-impregnated, thermosensitive PNIPAAm hydrogels

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PNIPAAm/PEG-DA) microgels were used as an additive during the polymerization and/or crosslinking of PNIPAAm hydrogels to improve their thermosensitive properties. The influence of this additive on the property of resulting PNIPAAm hydrogels was investigated and characterized. The interior morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that microgel impregnated PNIPAAm hydrogels have tighter and constrained porous network structures, although large cavities of 30-40 μm in diameter, occupied by the microgels were sporadically distributed in this constrained network. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies did not show apparent difference in lower critical solution temperature (LCST) between normal and microgel-impregnated PNIPAAm hydrogels. The incorporating of PNIPAAm/PEG-DA microgels, however, significantly improved mechanical properties of modified hydrogels when comparing with a normal PNIPAAm hydrogel, although the tendency was not strictly proportional to the microgel amount. Based on the temperature-induced swelling ratio data as well as response kinetics, microgel-impregnated hydrogels exhibited improved thermosensitive characteristics in terms of higher equilibrium swelling ratio as well as faster response rates and the level of improvement depended on the amount of microgel impregnated.     

Preparation and Controlled Drug Release Characteristics of Thermoresponsive PEG/Poly (NIPAM-co-AMPS) Hydrogels

Thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared by free radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid (AMPS) in presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as macroinitiator. The incorporation of functional monomer in the hydrogel was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR), deswelling rate, volume transition temperature, and surface morphology of synthesized hydrogels are found to be dependent on concentration of AMPS monomer in the feed composition. The equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) and water retention properties increase with increasing AMPS concentration in hydrogels and decrease with increasing salt concentration in external medium. The hydrogel with high dose of AMPS has high loading efficiency of theophylline drug, whereas the in-vitro release of the drug is delayed for a prolonged period in swollen gels above LCST of PNIPAM.