特低渗透油藏井网适应性评价

针对特低渗透油藏储层物性差、难以建立有效的驱动压力体系问题,以X区块为例,无限大地层等产量汇源模型为基础,建立最小驱动压力梯度表达式,与启动压力相结合得出不同注采压差下技术极限注采井距;应用油藏工程方法中的油井渗流速度公式与产量公式,建立不同注采压差、不同井距对应储层渗透率下限表达式;此外,井距关系到经济效益的好坏,应用曲线交汇法计算井网密度,将开发投入将来值与总产出相比较,当总利润最大时计算得到经济最佳井网密度,当总利润为0时,对应经济极限井网密度。研究结果表明随注采压差增大,技术极限注采井距增大,渗透率下限随注采井距的增加而增大,X区块经济极限井距为154 m,经济合理井距为202 m。     

齐家北油田次生孔隙弱发育区合理注采井距研究

低渗油藏油水渗流规律研究表明,只有当驱动压力梯度完全克服油层启动压力梯度后注采关系才能建立,克服最大启动压力梯度的最小驱动压力梯度所对应的注采井距即是油层能够动用的最大注采井距。本文以齐家北油田次生孔隙弱发育区为例,结合启动压力梯度与渗透率的关系,建立了最大注采井距与油层渗透率的关系。研究结果表明,该区块能够有效动用的最大井距为100m,在目前250m井距下无法建立合理的注采关系,为油田下一步开发调整提供了科学的决策依据。     

低渗透油藏启动压力与技术极限注采井距研究

低渗特低渗透油藏一般都具有较高的启动压力梯度,而启动压力梯度的存在使得注采井距理论上存在一个最大值,即技术极限注采井距,技术极限注采井距对合理注采井距的确定有重要的指导意义。本文选取西部某油田具有代表性的岩心进行实验,对实验数据进行分析,归纳出了该区启动压力梯度的表达式,计算了该区的极限注采井距,研究了确定合理注采井距的一般方法。     

确定低渗透油藏启动压力梯度的新方法及应用

通过对江汉油田低渗透油藏20块不同渗透率岩心室内驱替实验,从流体在低渗透多孔介质渗流机理出发,对所得实验数据进行了处理,研究了一种求解启动压力梯度的新方法。通过对实验数据进行回归分析,得到低渗透油藏启动压力梯度与地层流度的关系式,并绘制了求解低渗透油田启动压力梯度的图版。利用实验所得到的回归关系式和求解启动压力梯度的图版,结合低渗透油田实际,进行应用,得到不同生产压差下确定极限注采井距的方法。     

启动压力梯度对低渗油藏开发的影响

低渗储层的孔吼细小,渗透率低,存在启动压力梯度,给注水开发带来了极大的困难。需要注采驱替压差大于启动压力梯度,才能实现低渗油藏的注水开发。本文在充分认识文东油田储层启动压力梯度特征、启动压力梯度对注水开发影响的基础上,针对不同类型储层的开发状况及剩余油分布规律,提出了考虑极限供油半径与有效驱替压差、储层渗透率、地下原油粘度的合理缩小井距方案;借鉴常规超前注水的开发思路,采用暂时关闭油井,注水井注水,待地层压力恢复后油井再生产的超前注水方法;考虑单井水力压裂与油藏整体开发配套的水力压裂的方式。通过这三种配套技术的实施,实现了文东油田Ⅱ类储层水驱动用开发,为改善开发效果提供了开发的途径。     

变形介质特低渗油藏合理井距研究

针对目前研究变形特低渗油藏合理井距的局限性,首先建立了油藏压力和产量幂率积分关系的非线性渗流模型,然后根据叠加原理,提出了求解变形介质特低渗油藏合理井距的新方法。该方法在求解过程中利用牛顿迭代原理建立了不同储层渗透率和采油强度下的合理注采井距理论图版。同时,讨论了启动压力梯度以及介质变形对注采井距的影响。研究表明,在储层物性和工作制度一定时,应存在一个合理注采井距范围;油藏开发过程中应尽可能提高采油强度,从而减小启动压力梯度对井距的影响。以上研究成果为有效开发特低渗油藏提供了理论依据。     

通过启动压力与流度的关系确定合理注采井距

流体渗流时,不仅与储层性质有关,也与其自身性质有关,即与流度有关.流体在低渗透渗储层渗流时存在启动压力梯度,确定低渗透油藏合理注采井距时应充分考虑启动压力梯度的影响.根据等产量一源一汇渗流理论可知,注采单元主流线渗流速度最大,而主流线中点处渗流速度最小,即压力梯度最小.当该点压力梯度与启动压力梯度相等时,可求解出对应的合理注采井距.     

低渗透油藏基于不稳定试井极限注采井距研究

根据低渗透油藏不稳定试井的曲线拟合可以确定启动压力梯度、渗透率等参数,并可以确定启动压力梯度与渗透率之间的关系式,再根据低渗透油藏渗流理论可以得到低渗透油藏的极限井距的公式,从而确定极限井距。     

低渗透率油层合理的注采井距研究

萨中开发区的萨零油层组为低孔隙度、低渗透率储层,合理的井距是保障这类油田获得较高经济效益的关键,在区块布井的过程中设计了150m和200m两种注采井距,本文从储层渗透率、油藏流体粘度、注采压差三方面展开研究,确定了萨零油层组开发的极限技术井距为135~234m。通过数值模拟确定了极限经济井距,为175~200m。通过水驱控制程度、有效压力梯度和注入采出能力等方面论证了150m和200m两种井距的适应性,结果表明150m井距经济效益较差,相比200米井距适应性较强。     

新立Ⅵ区块各类储层的极限井距确定

低渗透岩心单相渗流实验表明,流体渗流时存在启动压力梯度。通过对实验数据的处理得到了实测的启动压力梯度;依据启动压力梯度的非线性渗流方程,得到了低渗透储层启动压力梯度与渗透率的幂函数关系式。结合低渗透油藏渗流理论得到了低渗透油藏确定极限技术井距的公式,可为低渗透油田开发确定不同储层下的极限井距。     

阴离子聚丙烯酰胺在多孔介质中的流变特性

本文研究了阴离子聚丙烯酰胺溶液流经多孔介质的流变性及滞留在多孔介质中聚合物与注水速度的关系．聚合物溶液通过多孔介质的流动特点和由滞留在多孔介质中的聚合物引起注入水的流动特点有相似的流变特性，然而由作用机制引起的效应是不同的．本文根据分子间相互作用力的改变和应力与分子的反应变化解释了不同流速范围内的流变特征．     

断块油藏注采系统评价方法与应用

我国大部分注水开发油田已经进入特高含水期,为了实现稳油控水,寻找合理的注入压力水平,针对魏岗某断块油藏注采系统,从井网储量动用程度、井网密度、注采比评价、压力保持水平四个方面入手,借助油藏数值模拟技术和油藏工程方法,分析了整个断块注采系统的情况,确定了注采压力系统合理组合,对现场注采比调整具有一定的指导作用。     

折流板换热器壳程流场数值模拟与结构优化

基于多孔介质与分布阻力的概念,采用FLUENT软件对单弓形折流板换热器的壳侧流场进行了三维数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。在此基础上针对折流板换热器壳程压降大、能耗高、存在传热死区等的缺点提出了壳程流场的改进方案,通过数值模拟可以看到壳程流场改进后不仅具有压降低、场协同性能好、基本无传热死区等特点,而且在一定程度还提高了管束抗流体诱导振动的性能。     

用启动压力梯度确定低渗储层地下流体易流动范围

在低渗透油藏中,流体的渗流往往表现出对达西定律的一定偏离,存在着启动压力梯度。从非达西渗流规律和等产量一源一汇渗流理论出发,推导了注采单元主流线中点处的最大压力梯度计算公式,结合启动压力梯度与渗透率的关系,进而建立了低渗透油藏中地下流体可以流动的条件,从而得到廊东油田地下流体的流动半径情况,为注水开发中注采半径的确定提供了依据。     

Gelation performance of poly(ethylene imine) crosslinking polymer–layered silicate nanocomposite gel system for potential water‐shutoff use in high‐temperature reservoirs

Polymer gels have been widely used for water shutoff in mature oil fields. In this paper, polyacrylamide (PAM)–montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites (NC) were prepared through in situ intercalative polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction were conducted to characterize the prepared PAM/MMT nanocomposites. The gelation performance of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) crosslinking PAM/MMT nanocomposite gel system (NC/PEI gel system) was systematically investigated by bottle testing and viscosity measurement methods. The results showed that the gelation performance of the NC/PEI gel system was greatly affected by the total dissolved solids, PAM/MMT nanocomposite concentration, and PEI concentration. The NC/PEI gel system exhibited much better thermal stability and gelation performance than the PAM/PEI gel system at the same conditions. The gelation performance after flowing through porous media of the NC/PEI gel system before injection and that of the subsequently injected gel system was different. The gel strength decreased and the gelation time was delayed after the gel system before injection was flowed through porous media. However, the gel strength of the subsequently injected gel system did not decrease, and only the gelation time was delayed after flowing through porous media. This study suggests that the NC/PEI gel system can be used as a potential water‐shutoff agent in high‐temperature reservoirs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44243.     

SINGLE FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

A comprehensive study on single fluid flow in porous media is carried out. The volume averaging technique is applied to derive the governing flow equations. Additional terms appear in the averaged governed equations related to porosity ε, tortuosity τ, shear factor F and hydraulic dispersivity D _h. These four parameters are uniquely contained in the volume averaged Navier-Stokes equation and not all of them are independent. The tortuosity can be related to porosity through the Brudgemann equation, for example, for unconsolidated porous media.

The shear factor models are reviewed and some new results are obtained concerning high porosity cases and for turbulent flows. It is known that there are four regions of flow in porous media: pre-Darcy's flow, Darcy's flow, Forchheimer flow and turbulent flow. The transitions between these regions arc smooth. The first region, the pre-Darcy's flow region represents the surface-interactive flows and hence is strongly dependent on the porous media and the flowing fluid. The other flow regions are governed by the flow strength of inertia. For Darcy's flow, the pressure gradient is found to be proportional to the flow rate. The Forchheimer flow, however, is identified by a strong inertia! effects and the pressure gradient is a parabolic function of flow rate. Turbulent flow is unstable and unsteady flow characterized by chaotic flow patterns. The pressure drop is slightly lower than that predicted using the laminar flow equation.

The hydraulic dispersivity is a property of the porous media. It may be considered as the connectivity of the pores in a porous medium. It characterizes the dispersion of mementum, heat and mass transfer. In this paper, only the dispersion of momentum is studied.

Single fluid flow through cylindrical beds of fibrous mats and spherical particles has been used to show how to solve the single fluid flow problems in porous media utilizing the knowledge developed in this communication. Both the pressure drop and axial flow velocity profiles are computed using the developed shear factor and hydraulic dispersion models. Both the predicted velocity profile and pressure drop compare fairly well with the published experimental data.     

Supercritical fluid flow in porous media: modeling and simulation

The present work aims the modeling and simulation of supercritical fluid flow through porous media. This type of flow appears in several situations of interest in applied science and engineering, as the supercritical flow in porous materials employed in chromatography, supercritical extraction and petroleum reservoirs. The fluid is constituted of one pure substance, the flow is monophasic, highly compressible and isothermal. The porous media is isotropic, possibly heterogeneous, with rectangular format and the flow is two-dimensional. The heterogeneities of porous media are modeled by a simple power law, which describes the relationship between permeability and porosity. The modeling of the hydrodynamic phenomena incorporates the Darcy's law and the equation of mass conservation. Appropriated correlations are used to model, in a realistic form, the density and the viscosity of the fluid. A conservative finite-difference scheme is used in the discretization of the differential equations. The nonlinearity is treated by Newton method, together with the conjugate gradient method. The results of the simulation for pressure and mobility of supercritical and liquid propane flowing through porous media are presented, analyzed and graphically depicted.     

聚合物驱注入压力设计计算

根据工程流体力学以及渗流力学,建立了聚合物驱油注入压力计算模型,给出了详细的计算步骤,以一口注聚井的数据为例,进行了聚合物驱注入过程中注入压力的分段计算,结果表明聚合物驱油注入压力包括克服地面配注管道摩阻以及聚合物溶液在地层渗流阻力所需的压力,注入压力损耗最大的是地层渗流压力,依次是孔眼压降,管流压降最小。