Mn(Ⅱ)对壳聚糖降解制备低聚壳聚糖的影响

将壳聚糖进行液态均相配合反应制得壳聚糖锰配合物，IR、元素分析及热分析等检测证实了壳聚糖锰配合物中配位键的存在，且显示壳聚糖锰配合物存在有利于壳聚糖高分子链断裂的弱势结构。以H2O2对壳聚糖．Mn(Ⅱ)配合物及壳聚糖进行氧化降解，考察降解过程中粘度的变化及降解产物分子量分布，在相同的降解条件下，壳聚糖锰配合物的降解速度明显高于壳聚糖，且降解产物分子量分布较壳聚糖直接降解窄。对壳聚糖锰配合物降解反应动力学研究表明壳聚糖锰配合物对H2O2分解不存在催化作用，其降解反应与壳聚糖的差异只与其结构有关。对降解产物进行脱金属处理，所得低聚壳聚糖含锰量为0。     

微波辅助NaNO2氧化降解壳聚糖的影响因素研究

在微波辐照下,采用NaNO2氧化降解壳聚糖,研究了反应时间、反应温度、 NaNO2用量等不同条件对壳聚糖解速率的影响情况。实验结果表明微波辅助能明显促进壳聚糖的降解,适当增加NaNO2用量和提高反应温度均能加快壳聚糖的氧化降解速率。     

微波辅助NaNO2氧化降解壳聚糖的影响因素研究

在微波辐照下,采用NaNO2氧化降解壳聚糖,研究了反应时间、反应温度、NaNO2用量等不同条件对壳聚糖解速率的影响情况。实验结果表明微波辅助能明显促进壳聚糖的降解,适当增加NaNO2用量和提高反应温度均能加快壳聚糖的氧化降解速率。     

低聚壳聚糖的制备及应用研究进展

从壳聚糖降解得到的低聚壳聚糖具有特殊的生理活性而日益受到人们的关注。综述了近年来壳聚糖降解制备低聚壳聚糖的方法,包括化学降解法、酶降解法、物理作用帮助下的降解法以及复合降解法。重点介绍了这些方法的降解机理、影响因素和对产品质量的影响以及低分子质量壳聚糖在化妆品、食品、医药、农业、抗菌等方面的应用。     

溶菌酶、过氧化氢对壳聚糖降解性能的影响

以溶菌酶和过氧化氢为催化剂研究了壳聚糖降解速率的变化。研究结果表明:溶菌酶可以大大提高壳聚糖的降解速率。无溶菌酶时,壳聚糖11天降解了19%;而在溶菌酶的作用下,壳聚糖11天降解了44%。若将溶菌酶与壳聚糖复合在一起形成缓释材料后,壳聚糖降解速率要比直接在溶菌酶溶液中的降解速率慢,前者29天降解了38%,后者29天降解了53%。在利用过氧化氢作为催化剂研究壳聚糖的降解行为时发现:当过氧化氢的浓度小于0.03×10-5g mL时,过氧化氢对壳聚糖的降解基本无效果,而高于此浓度时,过氧化氢则大大提高了壳聚糖的降解速率。选择不同过氧化氢浓度便可有效调节壳聚糖的降解速率。     

酶酸连续降解壳聚糖制备低分子量水溶性壳聚糖的研究

采用酶酸连续降解壳聚糖制备低分子量水溶性壳聚糖。首先确定了单因素降解壳聚糖的最佳技术参数：木瓜蛋白酶降解壳聚糖时最优条件为45℃、2h；醋酸降解壳聚糖时最优条件为30℃、4h；盐酸降解壳聚糖最优条件为90℃、8h；然后根据单因素降解壳聚糖最优条件确定了酶酸连续降解壳聚糖新工艺，并优化反应时间为7h。在相同条件下，酶酸连用方法最终降解产物的粘度低于单因素降解产物的粘度，产物表面性状有很大不同，分子量由降解前的33523．14下降到3134．11。     

壳聚糖的降解动力学研究

用亚硝酸钠降解壳聚糖,研究了降解温度、降解时间对壳聚糖降解过程的影响.结果表明,在20 min内,壳聚糖分子量迅速减小,30 min后,壳聚糖分子量减小的趋势变缓;随着温度的升高,壳聚糖分子量减小的速度加快,但对脱乙酰度影响不大.壳聚糖的降解符合无规降解过程,其降解表观速率常数随温度升高而增大,降解活化能为63.3 kJ·mol-1.用亚硝酸钠降解壳聚糖是一种制备低分子量壳聚糖的快速且分子量可控的方法.     

壳聚糖降解探索

本文着重讨论了壳聚糖的主要降解方法及使用氧化降解法制备低聚壳聚糖的方法,采用正交设计,探讨降解条件对产物脱乙酰度、特性粘度等的影响。     

壳聚糖降解研究的最新进展

壳聚糖是迄今为止发现的天然多糖中唯一的碱性多糖,将壳聚糖降解到需要的分子量是其应用的前提。本文综述了壳聚糖化学降解(酸降解和氧化降解)、物理降解(辐射降解、超声波和微波降解、机械研磨降解、高压均质降解)、酶降解(专一性酶降解、非专一性酶降解、复合酶降解)以及复合降解法的最新进展,供相关领域人员参考。     

低聚壳聚糖制备及其生理活性进展

由壳聚糖降解制备的低聚壳聚糖具有许多独特的生理活性.本文在介绍低聚壳聚糖的生理活性的基础上,重点评述了酸降解法、氧化降解法、酶降解法以及组合降解工艺等各种制备方法的研究进展.     

甲醛交联聚乙烯醇/麦草碱木质素发泡材料的降解性能

研究了化学降解、热降解、生物降解及紫外光降解等对甲醛交联聚乙烯醇（PVA）/麦草碱木质素发泡材料（PLFM）的力学性能和表观密度等物理性能的影响,采用红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和热重分析（TG/DTG）等方法探讨了降解前后PLFM结构的变化。结果表明：当PLFM中碱木质素质量分数为20%时,经化学、热（150℃）、生物及紫外光降解后,拉伸强度由22.64MPa分别降为5.65、9.05、7.43和7.64 MPa,降解率分别为75.09%、60.02%、67.18%、66.25%。SEM图表明,化学降解和生物降解对PLFM闭孔结构破坏严重,紫外光降解和热降解对PLFM闭孔破坏轻微。化学降解和生物降解后,表观密度从0.183 7g/cm³分别增加到0.216 4g/cm³和0.210 4g/cm³;紫外光降解和热降解后,表观密度分别从0.183 7 g/cm³降为0.177 4和0.176 6 g/cm³。此外,FT-IR和TG/DTG分析表明：经化学、热、生物及紫外光降解后PLFM分子结构均有不同程度破坏,化学降解对PLFM结构的破坏最为严重。     

Stability of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes In Fuel Cells: Initial Attempts To Bridge Physical And Chemical Degradation Modes

In recent years, research on coupled degradation of Nafion^® membrane in polymer electrolyte fuel cell has generated huge interest among the scientific community. The coupled phenomenon behind the premature failure of fuel cell membranes in terms of its degradation is not well established. As the researches on this are in its adolescence, we try to provide some significant answers to the degradation phenomenon in terms of mechanically stimulated chemical degradation of the membrane. While the basic concept heavily relies on accurately modeling the membrane for its mechanical response to obtain molecular chain stretch, the results are utilized by the modified chemical rate equation for unzipping degradation mechanism. This article addresses significant degradation issues such as localized membrane thinning and pinhole formation, and inhomogeneous damage patterns in membrane electrode assembly in terms of mechanically induced accelerated chemical degradation of the membrane.     

应用微波法对废PET进行醇解的研究

研究了一种应用微波技术在常压下对废PET催化降解以实现化学回收的方法。考察了在微波作用下,醇解温度、物料配比、催化剂含量及醇解剂官能度对废PET降解程度及降解产物的影响,并利用红外光谱仪对降解产物的化学结构进行了分析。结果表明:综合考虑废PET的醇解程度、醇解产物的性能以及经济成本因素,选定的最佳工艺条件是微波功率500W时,醇解时间15min、反应温度220℃、二甘醇与废PET的质量比为1.25、醋酸锌用量0.2%;其他反应条件不变,将醇解剂改为甘油和二甘醇的混合醇,混合醇与废PET的质量比为1.5,当二甘醇与甘油质量比为1:1时,醇解产物羟值最高,可以达到477mg/g;实验所得的废PET的二甘醇醇解产物是羟基封端分子链含有醚键的聚酯多元醇。     

The effect of chemistry on the polymerization, thermo-mechanical properties and degradation rate of poly(β-amino ester) networks

Poly(β-amino ester) networks are gaining attention as a scaffold material for tissue engineering applications where it is important to have tailorable degradation rate and elastic modulus. The objective of this work is to characterize and understand the relationships between chemical structure, polymerization, thermo-mechanical properties, and degradation in poly(β-amino esters) networks. The networks were synthesized from a primary amine with systematically varied molar ratios and chemical structures of diacrylates. Fundamental trends were established between the chemical structure, conversion during polymerization, macromer molecular weight, rubbery modulus, and degradation rate. The thermo-mechanical properties were dependent upon both polymerization steps. The rubbery modulus was tailorable over a range of several MPa by changing molar ratio and diacrylate molecular weight. The degradation rate ranged from hours to months depending upon the composition. Select chemical structures showed degradation rate independent of modulus. This work provides a basis for designing poly(β-amino esters) networks with specific thermo-mechanical properties and degradation rates for biomedical scaffolds.     

聚氨酯材料的老化降解

评述了聚氨酯材料在紫外线，水，热氧及化学介质条件下的老化降解机理；综述了聚氨酯材料老化降解的研究进展。     

Influence of chemical degradation on mechanical behavior of a petroleum cement paste

Cement paste used in the Oil Industry is generally subjected to chemical degradation due to flow of acid fluids in various situations. The present study focuses on the evolution of thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behavior with chemical degradation of petroleum cement paste. Triaxial compression tests with different confining pressures (0, 3, 10 and 20 MPa) are carried out on a standard oil cement paste in sound state and completely degraded state by ammonium nitrate solution under a temperature of 90 °C. The results obtained show that the material in its initial state exhibits a small elastic phase and a strong capacity of compaction. The mechanical behavior depends on the load induced pore water pressure. Because of the increase in porosity caused by chemical degradation, the mechanical strength (cohesion and friction angle) and Young's modulus decrease. The dependence of mechanical strength and Young's modulus on confining pressure is smaller in the chemically degraded cement paste than in the sound one. In fine, the mechanical behavior of the whole material becomes more ductile. As a result, such effects of chemical degradation should be taken into account when modeling such cement paste materials exposed to such chemical degradations.     

Relationship between chemical degradation and thickness loss of an amine-cured epoxy coating exposed to different UV environments

The relationship between chemical degradation and thickness loss of an unpigmented, non UV-stabilized, crosslinked amine-cured epoxy coating exposed to three UV conditions was investigated. Spin-coated samples having a thickness of approximately 7 μm on an Si substrate were prepared from a stochiometric mixture of a bisphenol A epoxy resin and a tetra-functional amine curing agent. Samples were exposed outdoors and to two accelerated laboratory UV environments. Chemical degradation and thickness loss were measured by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), respectively. In addition, surface roughness and morphological changes were measured by atomic forcemicrosocopy (AFM) and LSCM. Substantial chemical degradation, thickness loss, and morpholocal changes occurred in the exposed films, and the rate of chemical degradation was greater than that due to the thickness loss. This additional chemical loss was attributed to an inhomogeneous degradation process in which nanoscale localized depressions initiate at certain sites on the surface, which then enlarge and deepen with exposure time. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the degradation mechanism and should lead to the development of scientific-based models for predicting the service life of crosslinked amine-cured epoxy coatings. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL     

Experimental study of mechanical behaviour of cement paste under compressive stress and chemical degradation

This paper presents experimental investigations of mechanical behaviour of a pure cement paste subjected to compressive stresses and chemical degradation. Two series of laboratory tests have been performed: decoupled and coupled chemical-mechanical tests. Hydrostatic and triaxial compression tests have first been realized respectively on sound and chemically degraded samples. The obtained results allow the characterization of basic mechanical responses of the tested cement paste and the identification of chemical degradation effects on the mechanical behaviour. In the coupled tests, the samples are simultaneously subjected to deviatoric stresses and chemical leaching by aggressive solution flow. Variations of deformation of cement paste samples are measured during chemical degradation process. The results obtained in these tests can be used for the validation of chemo-mechanical constitutive modelling.     

木质素化学降解及其在聚合物材料中应用的研究进展

木质素是自然界储量丰富的可再生天然酚类高分子，可替代传统化石资源应用于聚合物材料合成。木质素分子结构中的大分子刚性骨架可赋予材料独特的力学性能和热稳定性。但木质素化学组成和分子结构复杂、反应活性低，限制了在聚合物材料领域的应用。化学降解是一种高效、高选择性且应用广泛的降解方法，经化学降解处理得到的木质素低聚物具有活性官能团多、反应活性高、溶解性好等优点，有利于拓展木质素在聚合物材料领域的高附加值应用。重点综述了近年来国内外有关木质素化学降解及其降解产物应用于聚合物材料的研究进展。     

聚碳酸酯老化行为研究进展

双酚A型聚碳酸酯性能优异,应用广泛。但在户外使用时,由于光、一氧和湿度等环境因素的作用,导致聚碳酸酯力学强度和外观发生变化。为提高PC的抗老化性能,必须通过研究。充分认识聚碳酸酯的老化反应和老化进程。综述了近年来聚碳酸酯老化行为的研究,并提出存在的问题和今后研究的方向。