塑料包装废弃物回收处理及进展

塑料包装废弃物的处理方法基本上可分为填埋、焚烧及回收再生利用。填埋是把垃圾作为废物处理,对垃圾资源的利用率低,不符合国家可持续发展战略。焚烧法可将不能再次利用的混杂塑料在焚烧炉中焚化,由其产生的大量热量可再次充分利用。但焚烧的过程中会产生大量的有害气体,对环境及人体造成危害。回收再生利用包括机械再生利用和化学再生利用。机械再生利用包括直接再生利用及改性再生利用;化学再生利用主要有热分解和化学分解两类。塑料再生利用是国家解决资源短缺的一个重大战略问题,我国废塑料回收利用前景看好。     

“3R”原则的成功范例——二氨基芪二磺酸氧化废水治理的新工艺

二氨基芪二磺酸(DSD酸)氧化废水是极难治理的重污染源,传统上只进行末端治理,达标后再排放。这样的治理方法,实际效果很差,以消除氧化废水排放的溶剂法氧化工艺迟迟未能工业化。在循环经济理论3R原则(Reduce,Reuse,Recycle)指导下,自主创新改革氧化工艺,从源头上减少资源的投入,实现"减量化";新工艺末端采用资源化处理技术,回收废水中有用的资源,实现"再利用"、"再循环"。成功的解决了曾经困扰DSD酸行业发展的老大难问题,促进了我国DSD酸工业的发展。     

氧化石墨烯与剩余活性污泥聚合制备多孔碳材料及其电化学性能

石墨烯是导电性良好的二维材料,但易重新堆叠而导致导电率和电容量下降。氧化石墨烯（GO）的生物相容性和细菌的胶体特性可使二者在水溶液中聚集为三维石墨烯基材料。将剩余活性污泥与GO悬浮液共培养形成活性污泥石墨烯水凝胶（SGH）,剩余活性污泥中的细菌可将GO还原为导电的rGO。SGH经冻干可得到具有良好亲水性和导电性的O、N自掺杂多孔材料,即活性污泥石墨烯气凝胶（SGA）。在氩气中高温退火可进一步提高材料的电化学性能。经700℃、2 h退火后的改性SGA（ANSGA）具有174 F/g的比电容值（2 A/g）,以及优异的倍率性能、离子传输性能和循环稳定性,具有进一步加工制备电极材料的应用潜力,为石墨烯基材料绿色制备和剩余活性污泥资源化利用提供方向。     

废玻璃的回收和再利用

随着玻璃材料的使用越来越广泛,同时也产生了许多玻璃废弃物,形成大量的废玻璃制品,造成资源浪费,导致对环境负担和污染。废玻璃因为分量重、有棱角和颜色杂乱等特点,收集、运输都很困难,回收加工成本高。通过对废玻璃的回收工艺、分选方法和再利用途径的论述分析,提出了废玻璃的综合利用途径。     

塑料的生命周期评价（LCA）

塑料的回收利用是近些年来再生资源研究的一个非常重要的方向。废旧塑料,尤其是消费后的废旧塑料是回收利用的重点。本文从回收方法和途径阐述了有关废旧塑料各类最新的塑料循环周期模型,进而说明积极的研究废旧塑料循环利用的新方法、新工艺具有十分重要的意义。     

An ion-exchange process with thermal regeneration XII. Desalting of sewage effluents

Organic compounds present in municipal sewage effluent are adsorbed on Sirotherm¹ resins in the cold, and desorbed in the hot regeneration stage. However, very small amounts (0.2 mg/l) of medium molecular weight organic acids akin to humic acids are not thermally desorbed, so that operation with a trap resin is desirable. The process has been operated successfully with this type of protection for 1100 cycles. Accidental fouling of the Sirotherm resin can be reversed by caustic brine washing. The application of the process to effluent treatment and reuse is particularly attractive, as the heat required can often be collected on site as waste heat at little or no cost. The process can thus serve to increase both water and energy utilization.     

考虑环境及处理单元流股回用的多性质用水网络集成

水资源的日益匮乏和更为严格的废水排放法律法规促使过程工业必须重视节水减排问题,而传统的用水网络综合仅将杂质浓度作为约束物料回用的限制因素,忽略流股的性质或功能对流股回用的影响,不足以反映实际的工业生产要求。因此,开展用水网络的多性质集成问题研究具有重要的现实意义。本文在考虑环境问题的多性质用水集成超结构模型基础上,增加了对废水流股性质处理中部分流股依次回用给阱单元使用的过程。该方法以最小年度总费用为目标函数,建立了考虑环境和过程流股性质的直接回用及经过处理单元后流股回用的混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)模型,并将其用于实例计算,结果表明本文方法在降低年度总费用的同时还减少了新鲜水使用量及废水排放量,验证了本文方法的有效性及优越性。     

Mineralogy and Microstructure of Hydrated Phases During the Pozzolanic Reaction in the Sanitary Ware Waste/Ca(OH)2 System

Despite technological improvements in its production process, the sanitary ware industry inevitably generates a certain volume of discards, products whose quality is not up to standard. The present paper is the first to scientifically explore clay‐based sanitary ware waste (SW) with a view to its valorization as an addition in the design of new, more environmentally friendly cements. The focus is on characterization of the waste and its pozzolanicity, as well as the structural and microstructural changes taking place in the pozzolan/Ca(OH)₂ system in the first 90 d of reaction. The findings show that pozzolanicity in clay‐based waste is comparable to the activity observed in silica fume (SF) and higher than that found in other clay‐based materials and fly ash (FA). The microstructural study of the clay‐based waste/Ca(OH)₂ system, in turn, reveals that the proportion of C–S–H gels rises with hydration time. These gels are characterized by long mean chain lengths (MCL) and low Ca/Si ratios. The intrinsic characteristics of this thermally activated clay‐based waste qualify it as a type Q pozzolans as defined in the European cement standards, making it apt for use in the manufacture of CEM II, IV, and V cements.     

医药副产含磷废盐的提纯研究

随着精细化工及中间体产品的发展,各类副产废盐量不断增加,由于其产生量大及难处理等特点,成为阻碍行业发展的一大瓶颈。主要开展了医药副产含磷废盐的提纯实验研究,针对废盐产生的途径和特性,采用洗脱剂（甲醇-乙醇）+活性炭混合洗脱与重结晶的方式,分别去除废盐中的有机物和氯化钠,回收可利用的磷酸盐,实现废盐的提纯资源化。当洗脱剂与废盐的体积质量比为1 mL/g、洗脱剂甲醇与乙醇的体积比为4∶6、活性炭用量为废盐质量的0.4%时,废盐中的有机物得到了有效去除。随后对得到的混盐进行重结晶得到回收磷酸盐,回收磷酸盐的纯度可达98%以上,符合工业磷酸盐行业标准的要求。将含磷废盐提纯回收磷酸盐,1 t废盐的处理成本约为174.24元,可回收0.61 t磷酸盐,实现了废盐的资源化再利用。     

Development of water re-use treatment system for municipal wastewater

The move for environmental protection and preservation of clean water sources has given rise to the latest tendency in Japan toward reuse of waste water after advanced treatment. As a means of saving water and securing water sources, water reuse systems are beginning to be installed to treat waste water for reuse as flushing water and cooling water for air conditioners.This study was conducted with the aim of developing a compact high-performance water treatment system that may meet the stated requirement.Most water reuse systems in practical use today are based on biological treatment. With this process, treatment is slow and equipment takes up much space. In addition, it involves a large amount of sludge.In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages, we developed a physico- chemical treatment technique that combines the three elementary techniques of dissolved air flotation, foaming separation, and activated carbon packed electrolyzer, and that permits multifunctional treatment with compact equipment. The activated carbon packed electrolyzer, which forms the core of the new system, is a newly developed technique. The purification mechanism was established, and conditions of application to actual waste water were determined. The electrolyzer was combined with the dissolved air flotation and foaming separation methods, to make up an optimum system.With a 10 m³/d trially manufactured apparatus, a demonstration test on reuse of sewage was performed to study the performance and economics of the system. The desired target was achieved and prospects were gained for commercialization.     

Adsorption of a spent reactive dyebath by a chitosan bed: study of water reuse,bed regeneration,and UV/Fenton oxidation

In the present paper, a facile process combining chitosan bed adsorption and the UV/Fenton advanced oxidation process for treatment and reuse of spent reactive dyebath waste has been developed. The chitosan bed was very effective in decolouring spent reactive dyebath waste by adsorption enrichment of CI Reactive Red 195, and the water and sodium sulphate therein could easily permeate through the chitosan bed and then be recycled. Although the resulting recycled dyebaths were used 10 times as reconstituted dyebaths for dyeing with CI Reactive Red 195, the colour difference and the relative unlevelness index changes of the dyed samples still remained within acceptable levels. That was also true for CI Reactive Blue 19 in the 11th recycling cycle. As a result, an average saving of 60.4% and 93.4% for water and sodium sulphate, respectively, was achieved with the reuse process for the 11 dyebaths. The exhausted chitosan bed can be regenerated three times by dilute alkali without any significant sacrifice of adsorbability or mass. Emissions of the elution concentrates generated from three regeneration runs of the chitosan bed and then treated by UV/Fenton oxidation were found to meet the most stringent emission standards for both chemical oxygen demand and colour in China. Results reveal that the process combining chitosan bed adsorption and UV/Fenton advanced oxidation is promising for treatment and reuse of spent reactive dyebath waste, which can potentially benefit the environment and reduce operating costs.     

过程分析仪器软件自动生成平台的研究

软件复用是解决软件危机的有效途径,围绕气体分析仪表软件系统的设计,采用软件平台思想(大粒度框架复用和小粒度构件复用)开发了过程分析仪器的软件生成平台,用于生成其监控软件.对单片机系统软件复用模型进行了探讨,基于软件平台的软件开发模型降低了开发成本,提高了生产效率和代码质量,满足了市场的需求.     

苯胺生产技术进展

介绍了苯胺生产中先进的绝热硝化技术、液相加氢技术、三废治理技术。与等温硝化相比,绝热硝化反应器体积小,成本低,采用静态混合器,避免乳化现象,操控系统先进,开停车时间大大缩短;与气相加氢相比,液相加氢转化率高,催化剂不需再生,设备少,在线系线极高;同时三废治理实现了废气NOx的再利用,碱性废水的热解技术不需添加药剂,处理有毒物彻底,且无固体废渣产生。     

钢渣安定性与活性激发的研究进展

钢渣是炼钢过程中产生的废渣,高碱度钢渣中含有较多的C3S和C2S,因而具有一定的胶凝活性,可用于生产钢渣水泥.但高碱度钢渣中游离氧化钙含量较高,使钢渣水泥的安定性不良.必须对钢渣进行适当的处理,解决其安定性问题,并通过机械或化学的方法激发其活性.本文对钢渣膨胀的诱因与抑制措施、活性激发等问题进行了详细的探讨.     

Rheological study of waste porcelain feedstocks for injection moulding

Five types of hard porcelain powders for injection moulding have been studied, using the same commercial binder in all cases. These powders contained different amounts of recycled porcelain, since one of the principal aims of this work is to reuse waste porcelain in the injection moulding process. The evaluation of the flowability of different feedstocks was carried out using rheological parameters, like critical powder volume concentration (CPVC), melt viscosity, activation energy, yield stress, powder law index and rheological index. The correlation of these parameters with injection behaviour was established, in order to confirm the possibility of using this moulding process with recycled porcelain powders.     

剩余污泥热解及其残渣综合利用的研究进展

对国内外污泥热解工艺和热解机理进行了综述,从元素组成、孔结构分布和酸度3个方面总结了热解残渣的结构特点,介绍了其作为吸附剂用于吸附水中的金属离子、染料、COD及气流中的SO2和H2S等的研究进展,指出热解工艺是污泥资源化很有发展前景的一种处理方法。     

Primary/Secondary Recycling of Preform Materials: Use in Rtm

The increasing societal awareness of, and preoccupation with recycling of materials poses a technological problem for composites, in terms of both recycling of products and reuse of waste constituent materials. Although economical, the resin transfer molding (RTM) process generates substantial amounts of waste fabric that is traditionally discarded. In this paper the reuse of scrap fabric through the fabrication of preform material and its subsequent processing through RTM is discussed. Performance levels achieved through the use of glass and hybrid carbon-glass secondary level recyclate preforms are reported and are shown to have considerable potential for further development. Dynamic mechanical analysis is also used to assess the viscoelastic behavior of the specimens.     

Characterizing pozzolanic activity of rice husk ash by impedance spectroscopy

Rice husk ash (RHA) has long been known to possess a pozzolanic property. The abundance of rice husk as agricultural waste makes RHA the most promising candidate to be used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in many rice-exporting countries. The use of RHA as an SCM helps reduce the use and thus the production of cement that involves great energy consumption and CO₂ emission. To promote the use of RHA as an SCM, a method to assess its pozzolanic activity is needed for the process of optimizing the burning conditions and/or selecting RHA from uncontrolled burning of rice husk as biomass fuel.The present work aims to use impedance spectroscopy to characterize pozzolanic activity of RHAs prepared on a pilot scale. The method is based on the rate of the normalized conductivity change of the Ca(OH)₂ + RHA paste, d(σ/σ₀)/dt, during the first 24 h of hydration. The measurement was found to be sensitive to the unburnt carbon content in the 6–8 wt.% range and the amorphous SiO₂ content (regardless of the unburnt carbon content). When used to evaluate two separate groups of RHAs, each with comparable unburnt carbon contents, the method gives very high correlation coefficients to the strength activity index at 3, 7, and 28 days. However, the correlation coefficients fall significantly when RHAs with vast difference in the unburnt carbon contents are considered together. The method thus proves to be powerful for evaluation of the pozzolanic activity of RHAs with comparable carbon contents.     

Adsorption of Lead by Geomaterial Matrix: Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics

Industrial activity generates huge amounts of waste, whose storage can lead to serious problems of groundwater pollution by infiltration of landfill leachates. Geomaterials used as water barriers may be a solution to this problem. This work is devoted to the elaboration of new geomaterials based on Algerian clay, activated carbon, cement, and polymer for containment of stored waste and the study of their performances towards inorganic pollutants. Thus we elaborated a set of three geomaterials GM1, GM2, and GM3 with various clay and activated carbon contents and whose polymer and cement compositions are maintained constant. The higher clay content (80%) was used in preparing GM1.

The retention properties towards lead were assessed by the adsorption isotherms of geomaterials and their minerals constituents. The study of lead adsorption isotherms on geomaterials showed mainly that GM1, with the highest clay and lowest activated carbon contents and with the highest specific surface area, is very effective for trapping lead. Moreover, its adsorption capacity is pH-dependant; the highest Pb²⁺ amount adsorbed is obtained for pH12. On the other hand, it has been shown that the retention of lead is a result of the components contribution: clay, activated carbonm and cement.     

联合活化多元辅助胶凝材料对蒸养混凝土性能的影响

采用联合活化方法将粉煤灰微珠、粒化高炉矿渣、硅灰制备成高活性多元辅助胶凝材料,研究不同活化方式下,多元辅助胶凝材料对胶砂活性指数及水化产物的影响,探讨掺入多元辅助胶凝材料对混凝土抗压强度及抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重差热分析法(TG-DSC)和压汞法(MIP)对辅助胶凝材料水化产物及孔结构进行表征。结果表明:在静停6.0 h、90 ℃恒温4.5 h蒸汽养护(蒸养)后,联合活化后的多元辅助胶凝材料掺量为水泥质量的30%时,3 d、7 d和28 d胶砂活性指数分别为137.54%、140.06%和143.97%,浆体孔隙率为6.78%,胶砂流动度下降3.94%;当静停7.5 h、90 ℃恒温4.5 h蒸养后,与水泥组相比,混凝土1 d抗压强度提高了17.7%,且混凝土抗硫酸侵蚀系数提高5.8%;当静停6.0 h及90 ℃分别恒温4.5 h、7.0 h、12.5 h蒸养后,混凝土1 d抗压强度分别提高13.4%、16.2%和15.3%,7 d抗压强度分别提高16.3%、16.0%和15.2%。在联合活化作用下,辅助胶凝材料中高活性组分与水泥中Ca(OH)₂发生二次反应,促进水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶生成,优化了蒸养混凝土性能。