Pan-frying stability of NuSun oil,a mid-oleic sunflower oil

Pan-frying is a popular frying method at home and in many restaurants. Pan-frying stabilities of two frying oils with similar iodine values (IV)—mid-oleic sunflower oil (NuSun oil; IV=103.9) and a commercial canola oil (IV=103.4)—were compared. Each oil sample was heated as a thin film on a Teflon-coated frying pan at ∼180°C to a target end point of ≥20% polymer. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis of the mid-oleic sunflower and canola oil samples indicated that the heated samples contained 20% polymer after approximately 18 and 22 min of heating, respectively. The food oil sensor values increased from zero to 19.9 for the canola sample and from zero to 19.8 for the mid-oleic sunflower sample after 24 min of heating. The apparent first-order degradation rate for the mid-oleic sunflower sample was 0.102±0.008 min⁻¹, whereas the rate for the canola sample was 0.092±0.010 min⁻¹. The acid value increased from approximately zero prior to heating to 1.3 for the canola sample and from zero to 1.0 for the mid-oleic sunflower sample after 24 min of heating. In addition, sensory and volatile analyses of the fried hash browns obtained from both oils indicated there were no significant differences between the two fried potato samples.     

Oxidation of phytosterols in a test food system

The oxidative stability of phytosterols in canola, coconut, peanut, and soybean oils was examined under simulated frying conditions of 100, 150, and 180°C for 20 h. The degree of oxidative decomposition was assessed by the loss of phytosterols, accumulation of phytosterol oxides, and the change in fatty acid profiles. The phytosterol oxides produced in the oils were identified using mass spectroscopy. Oils with higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids showed greater amounts of sterol loss; however, the sterol loss was less complete than in the more saturated oils. A greater variety of sterol oxides was observed at the lower temperatures of 100 and 150°C compared to 180°C. This study demonstrates that under conditions similar to frying, there is a loss of phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The accumulation of phytosterol oxides may be temperature-limited because of further break-down into products not measurable by typical gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques.     

Pyrolysis of Tertiary oil shale by a dolerite intrusion,Stuart Deposit,Queensland, Australia

The mid to late Eocene oil shale sequence of the Stuart Deposit, eastern Queensland, Australia, has been intruded by an alkali dolerite laccolith. The dolerite pyrolysed the intruded sediments with the observed aureole up to 68 m thick. Petrographic studies of samples from five drill holes that intersected the aureole showed that vitrinite reflectance near the top of the aureole generally decreases with depth but closer to the contact vitrinite reflectance rapidly increases. The lowest reflectance values are associated with a zone of bitumen, derived from the thermal alteration of alginite, in each of the five drill holes. The decrease in vitrinite reflectance is accompanied by a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of alginite and a shift in fluorescence colour towards the red end of the spectrum. In the zone characterized by the rapid increase in vitrinite reflectance, the alginite was pyrolysed and pyrolytic carbon formed.     

Performance of a diesel generator fuelled with palm oil

Pure palm oil may be employed in diesel engines as an alternative fuel. Engine performance and emissions were influenced by basic differences between diesel fuel and palm oils such as mass based heating values, viscosity, density and molecular oxygen content. The high viscosity of palm oil resulted in poor atomisation, carbon deposits, clogging of fuel lines and starting difficulties in low temperatures. When heated at 100 °C palm oil presented lower viscosity, better combustion and less deposits. Tests were conducted in a naturally aspirated MWM 229 direct injection four-stroke 70 kW diesel-generator fueslled with 100% palm oil.     

Multiphase flow at the edge of a steam chamber

The use of steam‐assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) to recover bitumen from Athabasca deposits in Alberta has been growing. Butler [Butler, J. Can. Pet. Tech. 1985;24:42–51] derived a simple theory to calculate the production rate of oil during SAGD in an ideal reservoir. This simple and useful theory made several assumptions about the properties of the reservoir and operating conditions of the process. The theory also assumed that the highest mobility oil is at the edge of the steam chamber and that the oil phase velocity is highest at the chamber edge and reduces with distance into the oil sand. This research examines flow conditions at the edge of the steam chamber. Specifically, a new theory is derived that takes into account the impact of oil saturation and relative permeability on the oil mobility profile at the edge of a steam chamber. It is shown that the flow behaviour at the edge of a steam chamber is more complex and is not fully represented by Butler's theory. Contrary to Butler's theory, the oil mobility has its maximum some distance away from the edge of the steam chamber. The results reveal that the higher the thermal diffusivity of the oil sand, the deeper the location where the oil phase velocity is maximum. The developed model has been validated against published experimental and field data.     

Analysis of a retort oil from an Israeli shale by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring

The oil from an Israeli shale was fractionated by solvent extraction and silica gel column chromatography. The straight-chain pentane and benzene soluble materials were analysed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring method. By monitoring specific fragment ions with representative $\text{m}\text{z}$ values, information was obtained of the chemical structures of the fractions.     

Enzyme hydrolysis of babassu oil in a membrane bioreactor

This work deals with the enzymatic hydrolysis of babassu oil by immobilized lipase in a membrane bioreactor using unmixed aqueous and lipid streams. The experimental work was carried out in a flat plate membrane module with two different membranes: hydrophobic (nylon) and hydrophilic [mixed cellulose esters (MCE)], with different nominal pore sizes ranging from 0.10 to 0.65 μm. Candida cylindracea lipase was adsorbed on the membrane surface area, and the reactor was operated in batch mode. The initial enzymatic rate increased from 80 to 150 μmol H⁺/min when the organic phase velocity increased from 1.0×10⁻³ to 3.0×10⁻³ m/s, indicating that mass transfer in that phase was the process-limiting step. Calcium ions had a marked effect on immobilized lipase activity, increasing around twofold the lipolytic activity. Long-term experimental runs showed that the immobilized lipase remained stable for at least 8 d. The values for immobilized protein and maximal productivities observed for 0.45 μm membranes were: 1.01 g/m² and 193 μmol H⁺/m²·s for MCE membrane and 0.78 g/m² and 220 μmol H⁺/m²·s for nylon membrane. The productivities obtained are among the highest values reported in the technical literature.     

Wax analysis of vegetable oils using liquid chromatography on a double-adsorbent layer of silica gel and silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel

A chromatographic method is described to measure the crystallizable wax content of crude and refined sunflower oil. It can also be applied to any other vegetable oil. The preparative liquid chromatography step on a glass column containing a silica gel adsorbent superimposed upon a silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel support is used to isolate a wax fraction which is then analyzed by gas chromatography. The recovered wax fraction contains, in addition to the crystallizable waxes, hydrocarbons and other compounds with gas chromatographic retention times corresponding to waxes with chain lengths C₃₄−C₄₂. These compounds are short-chain saturated waxes in fruit oils, such as grapeseed and pomace. In seed oils such as sunflower, soybean or peanut, the compounds initially referred to as “soluble esters” are identified as monounsaturated waxes, esters of long-chain saturated fatty acids, and a monounsaturated alcohol, mainly eicosenoic alcohol. Such waxes are absent from corn or rice bran oils.     

镇海炼化公司蜡油加氢装置的技术创新

镇海炼化公司1.8 Mt·a^－1蜡油加氢装置是 “溶剂脱沥青-脱油沥青（DOA）去化肥-脱沥青油（DAO）去蜡油加氢脱硫”创新性油化联合重油加工工艺路线中蜡油加氢脱硫的核心装置。介绍了该装置在建设和试运行阶段所进行的技术创新。     

Pyrolysis with partial combustion of oil shale fines in a spouted bed

Pyrolysis with partial combustion of oil shale fines from the Irati Formation in Brazil has been investigated in a 30 cm diameter spouted bed reactor. Experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 450 and 600°C. The oi] shale particle size was less than 6.35 mm. Spouting gas temperatures ranged from 20 to 565°C. Three inlet gas pipe diameters and two spouted bed heights were studied. Operation of the process was found to be stable over a wide range of test conditions. Results are presented for oil and gas quality, efficiency of retorting and overall performance of the plant.     

Upgrading of middle distillate fractions of a syncrude from Athabasca oil sands

Current processes for upgrading bitumen from Athabasca oil sands produce synthetic crudes which are high in aromatics and deficient in hydrogen. As a consequence, middle distillate fractions derived from these syncrudes produce diesel fuels of low cetane number and jet fuels which are hydrogen deficient. Results obtained from bench-scale hydrotreating experiments indicate that quality fuels may be produced from Athabasca syncrudes. Middle distillate fractions from this source were subjected to high-severity hydroprocessing in a continuous-flow reactor unit using conventional hydrotreating catalysts which were pre-sulphided by a mixture of $\text{H}{}_2\text{H}{}_2\text{S}$. Aromatic hydrogenation at high temperatures and pressures was affected by the approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, however, at lower temperatures, in some cases virtually 100% saturation was achieved and treated fractions were found to meet cetane number and jet fuel smoke point requirements. Data treatment in the present study includes a model for the hydrogenation kinetics and correlations between aromatic carbon and fuel combustion properties.     

10万t/a高温煤焦油加氢装置的技术标定

以黑龙江省七台河宝泰隆煤化工股份有限公司10万t/a炼焦油轻质化项目为例,介绍了高温煤焦油加氢工艺。在高温煤焦油加氢生产燃料油的过程中,为得到高燃料油收率,采用了加氢精制和加氢裂化相结合的工艺。主要对本套煤焦油加氢装置进行了操作条件和物料分析的技术标定总结,并进行技术分析,提出了合理化建议,以对今后的生产操作提供依据,保证装置的连续稳定运行。     

Functionalization at the double-bond region of jojoba oil. 9. solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of substituted jojoba wax chemically bonded to a polystyrene matrix

Solid extractants for metal ions have been prepared by chemical bonding of jojoba wax to a polystyrene backbone, followed by phosphonation or sulfur-chlorination of the jojoba moiety. In this study, the intermediates and final solid products of the reactions were characterized by solid-state ¹³C and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectra showed the expected chemical shifts of the atoms involved in the chemical reactions, as well as other parts of the reacting molecules. Thus, the carbonyl carbon of the jojoba chain appears at 175 ppm, the methyl carbons at 15 ppm, the polystyrene backbone at 40–42 ppm (aliphatic carbons) and 128, 137, 143–147 (aromatic carbons). Carbons adjacent to N, S, and P appear at 45–55, 60, and 48 ppm, respectively.     

新型汽车防锈底漆蜡的合成研究

以油脂、甘油、己二酸和1,6己-二胺等为主要原料,采用脂肪酸溶剂法和酰胺化改性,合成出了能够用于汽车防锈底漆的韧性酰胺蜡。结果表明其最佳合成工艺条件为:酯化温度200℃,酯化时间3 h;酰胺化温度190℃,酰胺化时间3 h;反应物最佳配比为油脂质量分数10%,m(己二胺实际添加量)∶m(己二胺理论添加量)=1∶1。在该工艺条件下产品滴熔点大于100℃,酸值与胺值均小于10 mg(KOH)/g,蜡膜明度L*大于80,表面平整细密,反复弯折不脱落、不断裂,达到了汽车防锈底漆的性能要求。     

Esterification reaction of oleic acid with a fusel oil fraction for production of lubricating oil

In this study, the esterification of oleic acid with a fraction of fusel oil was investigated. The variables that affect ester yield, such as temperature, molar ratio of oleic acid to alcohol, and amount of catalyst, were determined. Powdered silica gel was chosen to remove water instead of granular silica gel, magnesium sulfate, or benzene. The behavior of amyl alcohols and the fusel oil fraction was compared. The esterification reaction was carried out under the reaction conditions selected as optimal, and the ester conversion of the reaction was 97.3%. The product mixture compressed products, excess reactants, catalyst, and desiccant. Oleate ester and oleic acid (2.7%) were obtained using the refinement steps of filtration, evaportation, washing with distilled water, and drying over sodium sulfate.     

Comparative evaluation of palm oil color measurement using a prototype palm oil colorimeter

The color of refined palm oil and palm oil products is conventionally measured using the manually operated Lovibond^® Tintometer. In the present study, one manual/visual and three automatic colorimeters for the measurement of vegetable oil color were used for color measurements of refined palm oil. All colorimeters used were commercially available instruments except for an automatic palm oil colorimeter developed specifically for the measurement of palm oil color. The color values obtained from all four instruments were compared using the visually obtained readings as reference values. Results showed that all three automatic instruments gave correlation coefficients of greater than 0.9300 for red color measurements. In addition, the Student t-test showed no difference between the analysis of red color using the visual method and the palm oil colorimeter. This investigation concludes that, although it is extremely difficult to reduce the lack of precision in color measurement of palm oil, a properly designed and calibrated automatic instrument may still be the better choice because reproducibility and repeatability are required in all standard test methods. The palm oil colorimeter offers a ready and relatively inexpensive solution to the problem of color matches based on visual observations.     

Preparation and properties of urethane alkyd based on a castor oil/jatropha oil mixture

Castor oil is the only major natural vegetable oil that contains a hydroxyl group and so it is widely used in many chemical industries, especially in the production of polyurethanes. In this work, castor oil was interesterified with jatropha oil and the product was subsequently reacted with toluene diisocyanate to obtain urethane alkyd. The prepared urethane alkyd was characterized and its properties were determined and compared with those of the conventional (glycerol/jatropha oil) and commercial urethane alkyds. The castor oil/jatropha oil-based urethane alkyd had a lower molecular weight and viscosity, a slightly lower hardness and greatly longer drying time than the conventional and commercial urethane alkyds, but otherwise the film properties were broadly similar, including being very flexible, with an excellent adhesion and high impact resistance. In addition, they also exhibited excellent resistance to water and acid.     

Separation of <6 mm oil shale using a compound dry separator

A large amount of fine granular materials (<6 mm) are produced during the mining of oil shale. The combustion characteristics of oil shale improve with decreasing size of these materials, for which reason fine-grain oil shale has a high utility value. However, fine oil shale also contains a significant amount of inorganic mineral impurities which can be reduced by physical separation to improve the oil quality. Based on an analysis of the physical properties of oil shale, this paper proposes a compound dry separation process for the cleaning of <6 mm oil shale grains. The effects of the vibration intensity, air velocity, and back angle of the employed separator on the separation results and oil content of the cleaned oil shale were systematically analyzed. Under the optimal vibrational conditions defined by a vibration intensity of 25.76 (amplitude = 4.0 mm, frequency = 40 Hz), air velocity of 0.66 m/s, and back angle of 45°, the yield comprised 35.8% concentrate and 64.2% tailings, with corresponding oil contents of 10.02% and 0.85%, respectively. The probable error of the highest intensity of segregation achieved was 0.155. The proposed compound dry separation of oil shale particles of up to 6 mm was found to be more efficient compared with conventional methods, and the separated fine grade material can be comprehensively utilized by further pyrolysis treatment.     

Characteristics of tea seed oil in comparison with sunflower and olive oils and its effect as a natural antioxidant

A comparison of iodine values showed that the degree of saturation of tea seed oil (Lahjan variety) was intermediate between the oils of sunflowerseed (Fars variety) and olive (Gilezeytoon variety), and the saponification values of these three oils were similar. Tea seed oil consisted of 56% oleic acid (C18∶1), 22% linoleic acid (C18∶2), 0.3% linolenic acid (C18∶3), and therefore, on the basis of oleic acid, occupied a place between sunflower and olive oil. In studies at 63°C, the shelf life of tea seed oil was higher than that of sunflower oil and similar to olive oil. Tea seed oil was found to have a natural antioxidant effect, and it enhanced the shelf life of sunflower oil at a 5% level. In this study, tea seed oil was found to be a stable oil, to have suitable nutritional properties (high-oleic, medium-linoleic, and lowlinolenic acid contents), and to be useful in human foods.     

改性壳聚糖水面溢油凝油剂的合成与性能

以壳聚糖、油酸酰氯、氯乙酸为、主要原料,合成了一种改性壳聚糖水面溢油凝油剂,并用IR对其结构进行了表征。实验结果表明：当壳聚糖：油酸酰氯：氯乙酸的摩尔比为1：1．3：1．5,油酰化温度为0-5℃,反应时间为3h,羧甲基化温度为50℃,反应时间为4h时,得到的凝油剂具有较好的凝油性能和较强的适应性,用于水面柴油、机油、苯、二甲苯的回收处理,不但回收处理效果好,而且基本不受水盐度的影响。