含铝炸药圆筒试验与数值模拟

采用圆筒试验研究了两种直径(50 mm和100 mm)含铝炸药的作功能力,获得了圆筒壁膨胀位移与时间的关系.利用有限元动力学程序LS-DYNA,采用Lee-Tarver点火增长三项式模型对两种含铝炸药的圆筒实验进行了数值模拟.通过与实验结果相比较,得到了含铝炸药的爆轰产物JWL状态方程和反应速率函数的参数,较好地再现了两种含铝炸药圆筒试验结果的参数.Lee-Tarver点火增长三项式模型能够较好地反映含铝炸药后期能量释放驱动圆筒壁膨胀的过程.     

TATB基含铝炸药作功能力的试验研究

为评价TATB基含铝炸药的作功能力,通过ANSYS-LSDYNS软件,采用Lee-Tarver点火增长三项式模型模拟含铝炸药的圆筒试验,获得了含铝炸药的JWL状态方程及反应速率参数。利用激光位移干涉仪研究了不同铝粉尺寸的含铝炸药加速铜飞片的能力,用数值计算验证了标定的圆筒试验参数。结果表明,粒径较小的铝粉能够使铜飞片获得更大的自由面速度,加速铜飞片的时间缩短,表现为粒径2μm铝粉的含铝炸药反应时间比粒径10μm铝粉的含铝炸药缩短13.6%。计算值与试验结果吻合较好,表明圆筒试验得到的爆轰产物参数是有效的。     

不同直径含铝炸药的作功能力

为具体考察不同直径含铝炸药能量释放过程偏离相似律的程度,采用高速转镜扫描相机及单狭缝扫描技术对两种不同直径（50和100mm）的含铝炸药进行了圆筒试验,扫描狭缝分别距圆筒尾端200mm（直径为50mm）和300mm（直径为100mm）。试验结果表明,在几何相似膨胀位置处,直径为i00mm圆筒试验相对于直径为50mm圆筒试验的壁膨胀速度偏离量约为5％,比动能偏离量约为11％,表明两种直径含铝炸药的圆筒壁膨胀速度不符合相似律,小尺寸圆筒试验将低估大尺寸含铝炸药的作功能力。     

CL-20基含铝炸药爆轰波阵面法向速度与曲率的关系

采用高速扫描相机及电探针测速法测量了具有相同铝含量的CL-20基和RDX基含铝炸药的拟定态爆轰波形及爆速,分析了炸药波阵面法向速度Dn与曲率κ之间的函数关系。结果表明,CL-20基含铝炸药的爆轰波阵面较RDX基含铝炸药的平坦,其法向爆速受曲率效应的影响也较RDX基含铝炸药的小。当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率明显小于RDX基含铝炸药;当κ0.005mm-1时,其法向爆速的下降速率略高于RDX基含铝炸药。     

FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性

为研究FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性,对其进行了冲击波感度试验和冲击起爆试验,结合冲击波在铝隔板中的衰减特性,确定了FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的临界隔板值和临界起爆压力,并通过锰铜压阻传感器记录了起爆至稳定爆轰过程压力历程的变化。结果表明,以Φ40mm×50mm的JH-14为主发装药时,FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药临界隔板值分别为37.51和34.51mm,对应的临界起爆压力为10.91和11.94GPa;起爆压力为11.58GPa时,FOX-7炸药的到爆轰距离为25.49~30.46mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为27.68GPa,爆轰速度为8 063m/s;起爆压力为14.18GPa时,RDX基含铝炸药的到爆轰距离为17.27~23.53mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为17.16GPa,爆轰速度为6 261m/s。     

硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响

为了研究硝酸酯对RDX基含铝炸药驱动能力的影响,采用圆筒试验研究了含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药加速圆筒壁膨胀速度和格尼能的变化过程,并与不含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药进行了对比,分析了硝酸酯对炸药能量释放特性及金属驱动能力的影响。结果表明,硝酸酯可改善RDX基含铝炸药的铝氧比,改变其反应速率;在反应初期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度低于不含硝酸酯的炸药,而在爆炸反应中后期,含硝酸酯的RDX基炸药加速筒壁的速度以及格尼能均高于不含硝酸酯的炸药;含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的能量释放特性使其适合用于破片战斗部中,可提高其金属驱动能力。     

CL-20基含铝炸药组分微结构对其爆炸释能特性的影响

为了改善铝粉在CL-20基含铝炸药中的反应动力学特性,利用溶剂-非溶剂法制备了CL-20/Al复合颗粒,实现了CL-20与Al在微结构上的紧密结合,通过直接法制备了由CL-20/Al复合颗粒构成的组分质量分数为85%CL-20/10%Al/5%黏结剂的含铝炸药,并与常规法制备的相同组成的CL-20基含铝炸药进行了机械感度、爆热、爆炸罐试验和圆筒试验等结果的对比。结果表明,CL-20/Al复合颗粒会使含铝炸药的撞击感度略有提高,而摩擦感度不变,但总体上对机械感度影响不大;通过CL-20/Al在微结构上的复合,缩短了Al粉与爆轰产物之间的扩散距离,可以显著改善Al粉的反应动力学性能,提高Al粉在含铝炸药爆炸过程中的反应完全性,促使部分Al粉在爆轰区内参与反应,相比于常规法制备的相同组成的含铝炸药,可使含铝炸药的爆热从6787J/g提高至6930J/g,爆炸罐内爆炸场最高温度从544.3℃提高至661.2℃,格尼系数由2.88mm/μs提高至3.10mm/μs。     

含铝炸药JWL状态方程参数的确定

用圆筒试验研究了Φ25 mm和Φ50 mm含铝炸药的JWL状态方程,采用解析求解和二维数值模拟,得到了两种含铝炸药的JWL状态方程参数.结果表明,压装含铝炸药的后加速能力较强.含铝炸药的加速能力与JWL状态方程参数与尺寸有关.     

含铝典型炸药爆轰参数计算研究

用途不同,对炸药的爆速、爆压、爆热要求不一样。准确、快速计算炸药的爆轰参数对于设计指定性能新型炸药和炸药的应用研究具有十分重要的意义。本文用不同的方法对含铝炸药的爆轰参数进行了计算,采用含铝炸药经验公式计算含铝炸药的爆速、ω-Г公式方法计算的爆压、盖斯定律计算爆热,较其他计算方法计算结果相对误差小。     

DNTF基熔铸炸药的金属加速作功能力

用圆筒试验获得含铝和不含铝两种配方的DNTF基熔铸炸药的筒壁膨胀速度、比动能和格尼系数的变化规律,研究了其金属加速作功能力,并与Octol炸药进行了对比。结果表明,DNTF可显著提高混合炸药的金属加速作功能力;加入少量铝粉虽然会降低初始筒壁速度,但在圆筒膨胀后期,筒壁速度可超过不含铝配方,且提高了DNTF基熔铸炸药的持续金属加速作功能力;与Octol炸药相比,含铝DNTF基熔铸炸药的格尼系数提高了6.2%。     

Highly Thermal Stable TATB‐based Aluminized Explosives Realizing Optimized Balance between Thermal Stability and Detonation Performance

In this work, a series of TATB‐based aluminized explosives were formulated from 1, 3, 5‐triamino‐2, 4, 6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB), aluminum powders and polymeric binders. The thermal stability, heat of detonation, detonation velocity and pressure of the TATB based aluminized (TATB/Al) explosives were systematically investigated by cook‐off, constant temperature calorimeter, electrometric method and manganin piezo resistance gauge, respectively. The selected PBX‐3 (70 wt% TATB/25 wt% Al/5 wt% fluorine resin) achieved optimized balance between thermal stability and detonation performance, with the thermal runaway temperature around 583 K. The thermal ignition of TATB‐based aluminized explosive occurred at the edge of the cylinder according to the experimental and numerical simulations. Moreover, the critical thermal runaway temperature for PBX‐3 was calculated based on the Semenov's thermal explosion theory and the thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of the explosive, which was consistent with the experimental value.     

Effects of Aluminum Content on TNT Detonation and Aluminum Combustion using Electrical Conductivity Measurements

To improve the understanding how aluminum contributes in non‐ideal explosive mixtures, cast‐cured formulations were analyzed in a series of electrical conductivity experiments. Five types of TNT‐based aluminized explosives, with aluminum mass fractions from 0 % to 20 % were considered in this study. The electrical conductivity of the detonation products in aluminized explosives was measured using an improved conductivity measurement method. The conductivity measurement results show that the detonation process of TNT‐based aluminized explosives can be divided into two stages: the first stage is the detonation reaction of TNT, and the second stage is the combustion reaction of aluminum with the detonation products. In the first stage, the duration of the TNT detonation increases with increased aluminum content; examination of the peak conductivities of the explosives with various aluminum contents indicated that a higher aluminum content is associated with a lower peak conductivity. Additionally, the ignition time of Al in the second stage is also determined. This work not only presents a means for studying the detonation process of aluminized explosives at 0–2.21 μs, but it also verified the relationship between the aluminum content and electrical conductivity in detonation products.     

Performance of Emulsion Explosives

Some performance of a number of emulsion explosives containing glass micro-baloons were studied experimentally and theoretically. For each of the explosives, detonation velocity was measured and calculated and ballistic mortar tests and cylinder expansion tests were carried out. The results obtained enables a comparison of the usefulness of both testing methods. The influence of some metal nitrates contained in the emulsion matrix on the performance and detonation parameters of the explosives was examined. Key words: explosives, glass micro-balloons, nitrates of metals, detonation parameters, performance.     

Predicting Maximum Attainable Detonation Velocity of CHNOF and Aluminized Explosives

This paper describes a simple method to predict the detonation velocity of pure and mixed CHNOF explosives as well as aluminized explosives at their maximum nominal density as one of the most important detonation properties. The new correlation uses the contribution of some structural parameters to apply for a wide range of ideal and non‐ideal explosives. Aluminized explosives have non‐ideal behavior and the Chapman Jouguet detonation velocities significantly differ from those expected from existing thermodynamic computer codes for equilibrium and steady state calculations. With the presented method, there is no need to use any assumed detonation products, heat of formation and experimental data. Detonation velocities at maximum nominal density of explosives predicted by this procedure show good agreement with respect to experimental values. They are more reliable compared to the calculated results of well‐known empirical methods and computed outputs using BKWS equation of state for CHNOF and aluminized explosives.     

铝粉含量对梯铝炸药爆压和冲击波参数的影响

测试了以TNT为基不同含量含铝炸药的爆压和空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过分析铝粉对炸药爆压、空中爆炸参数和爆炸冲击波超压的影响,建立了爆压与铝氧比的关系曲线、5种TNT基含铝炸药的冲击波相似律方程和TNT/Al炸药的爆压与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系式.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,炸药的爆压呈指数衰减,近距离的冲击波超压也快速减小,但爆炸场温度和爆炸火球的直径及持续时间会增大.     

金属柱壳约束对非理想炸药驱动效率的影响

通过分析金属柱壳在内部炸药滑移爆轰作用下的动力学响应,建立了爆轰产物压力与壳体径向膨胀位移、材料动态屈服强度之间的关系式。基于Taylor假定确定了壳体完全破裂时爆轰产物压力的阈值。以两种具有相近格尼系数的RDX基含铝炸药为例,对该模型的适用性进行了验证。结果表明,相同壳体下,与无硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药相比,含硝酸酯的RDX基含铝炸药的驱动能量利用率具有明显优势。当壳体材料动态屈服强度从0.2GPa增至0.8GPa时,其有效作功能的相对增量约从7.5%迅速增大至15.2%,符合战斗部实际应用中的趋势,表明该分析模型可用于非理想炸药驱动作功性能的综合评价。     

基于BKW状态方程的爆轰产物及参数的改进算法

为了降低爆轰产物及爆轰参数的求解难度,通过对质量守恒方程的基本可行解进行线性组合,得到了爆轰产物的平衡组成,并在此基础上进一步获得了爆轰参数。其主要实现方法为:由最小自由能原理对基本可行解进行筛选,然后根据最大放热原则确定初始解,并在最小自由能原则的引导下,由初始解和基本可行解的线性组合获得爆轰产物的平衡组成,以上操作步骤均由自编程序完成。应用支持向量机(SVM)线性模型对BKW状态方程参数进行了调整,并详细介绍了其主要步骤。使用此方法预测了PETN、CL-20和含铝炸药的爆轰产物及爆轰参数,经参数调整后,发现预测结果与实验值吻合良好;通过与单质炸药爆轰实验数据对比,发现调整BKW状态方程参数时,应当尽可能使用爆轰产物中气体含量相近的含能材料对SVM模型进行训练;若预测含铝炸药,应当使用铝氧比接近待测炸药的样品来训练SVM模型。     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

铝粉粒度和形状对含铝炸药性能的影响

应用含铝炸药的二次反应论和惰性热稀释理论解释了铝粉形状和粒度对炸药爆炸性能的影响机理，其根本原因是由于铝粉比表面积不同造成的。提出了含铝炸药性能的一种优化方向。