Numerical Study of Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in StirredTanks with Rushton Impeller(Ⅱ) Prediction of Critical Impeller Speed

The critical impeller speed, NJS, for complete suspension of solid particles in the agitated solid-liquid two-phase system in baffled stirred tanks with a standard Rushton impeller is predicted using the computational procedure proposed in Part I. Three different numerical criteria are tested for determining the critical solid suspension. The predicted NJS is compared with those obtained from several empirical correlations. It is suggested the most reasonable criterion for determining the complete suspension of solid particles is the positive sign of simulated axial velocity of solid phase at the location where the solid particles are most difficult to be suspended.     

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors(Ⅱ) Numerical Simulation on the Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow

Numerical simulation on the flow,heat transfer and cracking reactions in commercial fluid catalyticcracking(FCC)riser reactors were carried out employing the developed turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reac-tion model for FCC riser reactors given in Part Ⅰ of the present paper.Detailed information about the turbulentflow fields in the riser reactor obtained revealed the basic characteristics of the gas-solid two-phase turbulentflows when heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions were co-existing in the riser.Results showed that thedistributions of the flow,the turbulence kinetic energy and the catalyst particle concentration are not uniform inthe axial,radial and tangential directions.The most complicated part of the riser reactor is the feed injectingzone.The complicated configuration of the turbulent gas-solid two-phase flows would exert a great influence onthe results of interphase heat transfer and cracking reactions.     

CFD Simulation of Hydrodynamic Characteristics in Stirred Reactors Equipped with Standard Rushton or 45°-Upward PBT Impeller

The hydrodynamic characteristics generated by the standard Rushton or 45°-upward pitched-blade-turbine (PBT) impellers in a baffled reactor are numerically simulated for different off-bottom clearances (C = 1/3H and 1/2H) and agitator speeds (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300r·min-1) by using FLUENT code (Version 5.4). The results are compared with the experimental and simulated data in the published papers and good agreement is observed. The shapes of the profile of mean velocities seem independent to the speed of agitators under the experimental conditions (100-300r·min-1).     

Flow Field Around Rushton Turbine in Stirred Tank by Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement

In this paper, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the mean and root mean square(RMS) velocity in the stirred tank with six-flat blade Rushton turbine and with no baffles. Two types of motion patterns were studied. One was that the impeller runs at constant speed, the other was that the impeller runs at time-dependent speed and in a periodic way. The emphasis of the paper was on the comparison of mean and RMS velocity vector maps and profiles between these two types of motion patterns, and especial attention was paid to the comparison of the mean velocity, time-averaged RMS velocity, phase averaged RMS velocity between the constant 3 RPS (revolution per second) and time-dependent operation. The Reynolds number was between 763 and 1527. The study explained the mechanism that time-dependent RPS is more efficient for mixing than that of constant RPS.     

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors(Ⅰ) Turbulent Gas-Solid Flow-Reaction Model

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,mass transfer,heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions areknown to exert interrelated influences in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)riser reactors.In the presentpaper,a three-dimensional turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors was devel-oped.The model took into account the gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,inter-phase heat transfer,masstransfer,catalytic cracking reactions and their interrelated influence.The k-V-k_P two-phase turbulence modelwas employed and modified for the two-phase turbulent flow patterns with relatively high particle concentration.Boundary conditions for the flow-reaction model were given.Related numerical algorithm was formed and a nu-merical code was drawn up.Numerical modeling for commercial FCC riser reactors could be carried out with thepresented model.     

Experimental Study of Two-Phase Air–Water Flow in Large-Diameter Vertical Pipes

Recently, due to an increase in production demand in nuclear and oil and gas industries, the requirement to migrate toward larger pipe sizes for future developments has become essential. However, it is interesting to note that almost all the research on two-phase gas–liquid flow in vertical pipe upflow is based on small-diameter pipes (D ≤ 100 mm), and the experimental work on the two-phase gas–liquid flow in large-diameter (D > 100 mm) vertical pipes is scarce. Under the above circumstances, the application of modeling tools/correlations based on small-diameter pipes in predicting flow behavior (flow pattern, void fraction, and pressure gradient) poses severe challenges in terms of accuracy. The results presented in this article are motivated by the need to introduce the research work done to the industries where the data pertaining to large-diameter vertical pipes are scarce and there is a lack of understanding of two-phase gas-liquid flow behavior in large-diameter (D > 100 mm) vertical pipes.

The unique aspect of the results presented here is that the experimental data have been generated for a 254-mm inner diameter vertical pipe that forms an excellent basis for the assessment of modeling tools/correlations. This article (i) presents the results of a systematic investigation of the flow patterns in large-diameter vertical pipes and identifies the transition between subsequent flow patterns, (ii) compares it directly with the existing large- (150 mm) and small-diameter data (28 mm and 32 mm) in the same air–water superficial velocity range, (iii) exemplifies that the existing available empirical correlations/models/codes are significantly in error when applied to large-diameter vertical pipes for predictions, and last (iv) assesses the predictive capability of a well-known commercial multiphase flow simulator.     

A Numerical Sirnulation of Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flow in a Suspension Bed Using DifFusion Flux Model

A mathematical modei of two-dimensional turbulent gas-particle twophase flow based on the modified diffusion flux modei (DFM) and a numerical simulation method to analyze the gas-particle flow structures are developed. The modified diffusion flux modei, in which the acceleration due to various forces is taken into account for the calculation of the diffusion velocity of particles, is applicable to the analysis of multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow. In order to verify its accuracy and efficiency, the numerical simulation by DFM is compared with experimental studies and the prediction by k-ε-kp two-fluid modei, which shows a reasonable agreement. It is confirmed that the modified diffusion flux modei is suitable for simulating the multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow.     

Computational Modeling of Tangentially Fired Boiler(Ⅰ) Models,Flow Field and Temperature Profiles

In this work,an Eulerian/Lagrangian approach has been employed to investigate numerically the flowcharacteristics,heat transfer and combustion in a tangentially fired furnace.The RNG(Re-normalization group)κ-εmodel and a new method for cell face velocity interpolation based on a non-staggered grid system are employed.Toavoid pseudo-diffusion that is significant in modeling tangentially fired furnaces,attempts are made at improving thedifferential volume scheme.Some new developments on turbulent diffusion of particles are also taken into account.Thus,computational accuracy is improved substantially.     

The Flow Simulation and Experimental Study of Low-Specific-Speed High-Speed Complex Centrifugal Impellers

1 INTRODUCTION Low-specific-speed high-speed centrifugal pumps are widely used in petrochemical, aerospace and chemical industries to deliver low flow rate and high-head liquids, but there exist many problems to be solved, such as low efficiency due to disc loss and low flow rate instability due to positive slope of head-capacity characteristic curve. Through the ex- perimental study on the low-specific-speed high-speed centrifugal pumps, it is found that complex impeller with long, mid an…     

The Effect of Sudden Change in Pipe Diameter on Flow Patterns of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipe (Ⅱ) Sudden-Expansion Cross-Section

In this companion paper, flow patterns in the upstream and downstream tubes of a sudden-expansion cross-section (SECS) in a vertical straight pipe were presented. The effect of SECS on flow patterns upstream and downstream was analyzed by comparing with flow patterns in uniform cross-section vertical tubes. It is found the effect is great. There exist great instabilities of two-phase flow in the neighboring areas of the SECS both downstream and upstream.     

搅拌槽内液-固两相体系的数值研究(Ⅰ)流场的数值模拟

Three-dimensional solid-liquid flow is mathematically formulated by means of the “two-fluid” approach and the two-phase k-ε-Ap turbulence model. The turbulent fluctuation correlations appearing in the Reynolds time averaged governing equations are fully incorporated. The solid-liquid flow field and solid concentration distribution in baffled stirred tanks with a standard Rushton impeller are numerically simulated using an improved “inner-outer” iterative procedure. The flow pattern is identified via the velocity vector plots and a recirculation loop with higher solid concentration is observed in the central vicinity beneath the impeller. Comparison of the simulation with experimental data on the mean velocities and the turbulence quantities of the solid phase is made and quite reasonable agreement is obtained except for the impeller swept volume. The counterpart of liquid phase is presented as well. The predicted solid concentration distribution for three experimental cases with the average solid concentration up to 20% is also found to agree reasonably with the experimental results published in the literature.     

各向异性k-ε湍流模型在Rushton桨搅拌槽三维流场整体数值模拟中的应用

根据搅拌槽内的流动呈各向异性的特点 ,引入适用于强旋转流场的各向异性k -ε湍流模型 ,用改进的内外迭代法对有挡板的Rushton桨搅拌槽进行了整体数值模拟 .利用文献中对搅拌槽内流场测定结果 ,给出了适用于Rushton桨搅拌槽的各向异性湍流黏度系数值 .模拟计算得到了搅拌槽内的流场分布和脉动速度分布 ,并同标准k -ε湍流模型计算结果及文献数据进行比较 .结果表明 ,各向异性k -ε湍流模型能成功反映Reynolds应力、湍流动能等湍流特征量 ,明显优于标准k -ε湍流模型 .     

Rushton桨搅拌槽中气液两相流动的全流场数值模拟

The gas-liquid flow field in a stirred tank with a Rushton disk turbine,including the impeller region,was numerically simulated using the improved inner-outer iterative procedure.The characteristic features of the strirred tank,such as gas cavity and accumulation of gas at the two sides of wall baffles,can be captured by the simulation.The simulated results agree well with available experimental data.Since the improved inner-outer iterative algorithm demands no empirical formula and experimental data for the impeller region,and the approach seems generally applicable for simulating gas-liquid stirred tanks.     

搅拌槽内液-固两相体系的数值研究(Ⅱ)临界搅拌转速的预测

The critical impeller speed, NJS, for complete suspension of solid particles in the agitated solid-liquid two-phase system in baffled stirred tanks with a standard Rushton impeller is predicted using the computational procedure proposed in Part Ⅰ. Three different numerical criteria are tested for determining the critical solid suspension. The predicted NJS is compared with those obtained from several empirical correlations. It is suggested the most reasonable criterion for determining the complete suspension of solid particles is the positive sign of simulated axial velocity of solid phase at the location where the solid particles are most difficult to be suspended.     

轴流桨搅拌槽三维流场数值模拟

利用k -ε湍流模型预测了搅拌槽在不同操作条件下宏观速度场 ,模型成功预测了搅拌槽内速度分布 ,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好 .模型预测结果表明 ,搅拌槽内宏观流动场受搅拌桨槽径比影响较大 .对单层搅拌桨 -槽体系 ,挡板前后宏观流动场差别很大 ,在挡板以前区域 ,轴向流动较强 ,在整个r -z断面上形成一个整体循环 ;而在挡板后面区域 ,流体在桨叶安装位置高度附近转向轴心流动 ,槽体上半部区域形成二次循环区域 ,且二次循环区域内流体以向下流动为主 .     

搅拌釜三维流场的雷诺应力模型数值模拟

引言 近年来,雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程及其封闭方程组成的湍流模型在应用于搅拌釜复杂湍流现象的模拟上取得了成功,主要是采用标准k-ε[1]、RNG k-ε[2]等模型.     

搅拌釡中层流流场的模拟

Stirred tanks are used extensively in process industry and one of the most commonly used impellers in stirred tanks is the R.ushton disk turbine. Surprisingly few data are available regarding flow and mixing in stirred-tank reactors with Rushton turbine in the laminar regime, in particular the laminar flow in baffled tanks.In this paper, the laminar flow field in a baffled tank stirred by a standard R.ushton turbine is simulated with the improved inner-outer iterative method. The non-inertial coordinate system is used for the impeller region, which is in turn used as the boundary conditions for iteration. It is found that the simulation results are in good agreement with previous experiments. In addition, the flow number and impeller power number calculated from the simulated flow field are in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. This numerical method allows prediction of flow structure requiring no experimental data as the boundary conditions and has the potential of being used to scale-up and design of related process equipment.     

稀疏固液搅拌体系流动特性

引　言在固液两相搅拌反应器中 ,固体颗粒的运动行为直接影响到固液两相流的流体力学及传质特性 ,因此 ,近年来对固液两相体系中颗粒的运动行为研究愈来愈受到重视 .对于流体机械混合操作 ,许多情况下流动均处于湍流区域 ,涉及到多相态时 ,问题变得更为复杂 .颗粒和湍流的相互作用 ,很久以来一直是人们研究的基本问题之一[1～ 3] ,对有固体颗粒存在下液相流体速度及湍流脉动变化规律 ,也是研究人员和工程技术人员关注的重点 .现有文献中用激光测量搅拌槽内固液两相流动的数据很少 ,仅Ｎｏｕｒｉ[3] 测量了六直叶涡轮搅拌槽内固液两相速度分…     

搅拌槽内三维流场的数值模拟

应用商业计算流体力学软件CFX对搅拌槽内的流场进行了模拟,并与PIV测试结果进行了比较,流型吻合良好.速度分量的对比结果表明不同情况与各种模型的吻合情况不尽相同,标准k-ε双方程模型、RNG k-ε模型和代数应力模型在主流域内都能较准确地模拟搅拌槽内的流动场.