ZA—5型氨合成催化剂的研究：基本物化特性与表征

我国Ｆｅ１－ｘＯ基催化剂体系的创立为熔铁催化剂的发展开辟了一条新途径。经多年努力,在Ｆｅ１－ｘＯ催化剂体系和Ａ３０１型催化剂基础上又开发成功低温高活性的ＺＡ－５型催化剂,运用ＸＲＤ、ＸＰＳ、ＳＥＭ、Ｍｏｓｓｂａｕｅｒ、Ｎ２ＴＰＤ、ＴＧ－ＤＴＧ和ＢＥＴ及化学吸附等方法研究了ＺＡ－５型催化剂的化学组成、晶体结构、表面组成和表面结构等基本物化特性。     

马丁－侯状态方程向固相发展

ＭＨ－８１状态方程式经过进一步改进后，其使用范围可扩展到固相。在该方程中增加了三个常数，Ａ６、Ｂ７和ｂｓ后变为：Ｐ＝ＲＴＶ－ｂ＋Ａ２＋Ｂ２Ｔ＋Ｃ２ｅ－５．４７５ＴＴｃ（Ｖ－ｂ）２＋Ａ３＋Ｂ３Ｔ＋Ｃ３ｅ－５．４７５ＴＴｃ（Ｖ－ｂ）３＋Ａ４＋Ｂ４Ｔ（Ｖ－ｂ）４＋Ｂ５Ｔ（Ｖ－ｂ）５＋Ａ６（Ｖ－ｂｓ）６＋Ｂ７Ｔ（Ｖ－ｂｓ）７改进后的状态方程对于一般物质，如二氧化碳、氩、甲烷及氮等，在三相点到临界点温度、计算的饱和液相、汽相摩尔体积与文献值的偏差基本上保持ＭＨ－８１方程的准确度，而固相摩尔体积的偏差在几千大气压下也在１０％左右，一般压力不太高时都在５％以内，需要增加的输入信息仅三相点（Ｐｔ，Ｔｔ）下的Ｖｓｔ数据。     

马丁—侯状态方程向固相发展

ＭＨ－８１状态方程式经过进一步改进后，其使用范围可扩展到固相。在该方程中增加了三个常数，Ａ６、Ｂ７和ｂｓ后变为：Ｐ＝ＲＴ／Ｖ－ｂ＋Ａ２＋Ｂ２Ｔ＋Ｃ２ｅ－５．４７５Ｔ／Ｔｃ／（Ｖ－ｂ）＾２＋Ａ３＋Ｂ３Ｔ＋Ｃ３ｅ－５．４７５Ｔ／Ｔｃ／（Ｖ－ｂ）＾３＋Ａ４＋Ｂ４Ｔ／（Ｖ－ｂ）＾４＋Ｂ５Ｔ／（Ｖ－ｂ）＾５＋Ａ６／（Ｖ－ｂｓ）＾６＋Ｂ７Ｔ／（Ｖ－ｂ）＾７改进后的状态方程对于一般物质，如二氧化碳、氩、甲烷及氮     

BMAT对盐酸酸洗中不锈钢-碳-钢电偶腐蚀的抑制作用

运用失重法及电偶电流的测量评定了ＢＭＡＴ对３１６Ｌ／碳钢组成的电偶对在５％（质量分数）ＨＣｌ中的缓蚀性能，结果表明，ＢＭＡＴ能很好地抑制此电偶对的腐蚀；极化曲线的测量表明：ＢＭＡＴ既能抑制发生在电偶对中碳钢阳极溶解反应Ｆｅ→Ｆｅ２＋＋２ｅ，又能抑制不锈钢阴极析氢反应２Ｈ＋＋２ｅ→Ｈ２。     

用激光与红外的成象系统监测不可见气体

用激光与红外的成象系统监测不可见气体ＨｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ１９９３．１：１２３ＧａｓＶｕｅＭｏｄｅｌＭＧ６３Ｏ系统可以安全可靠地监测７７种已知的气体。该系统可以随意移动，而且可在３０ｍ高处对有害气体的泄漏进行监测，它可以在许多特定...     

英语翻译技巧（30）

英语翻译技巧（３０）涂学忠（化工部北京橡胶工业研究设计院１０００３９）１．２ＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬＳＲｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｍａｄｅｔｏｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓｔｈａｔｈａｖｅｔａｋｅｎｐｌａｃｅｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓｉｎｔｈｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｕ...     

在碱金属部分交换的HY沸石上合成MTBE

在碱金属部分交换的ＨＹ沸石上合成ＭＴＢＥＡ．Ｋｏｇｅｌｂａｕｅｒ．Ｍ．Ｏｃａｌ．ｅｔ．ａｌ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌａｎｄＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＰｉｔｔｓｂｕｒｇｈ，１２４９Ｂｅｎｅｄｕｍ...     

联合机构为模制品商提供巨大的流通保证

ＢＡＳＦ、Ｂａｙｅｒ、Ｄｏｗ和Ｔｉｃｏｎａ Ｃｅｌａｎｅｓｅ公司于 2 0 0 0年 4月签定了一项意向书 ,旨在成立一个中立的Ｂ -Ｂ商业网站 ,为全世界的塑料注入模制品商提供产品交易及相关服务 (包括从其它供应商处购买树脂 )。此后不久 ,ＧＥＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓ声称将加强其Ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｌａｎｄ销售网站的电子商务商品量。而世界上弹性体制品的主导企业 ,包括Ｂａｙｅｒ、ＣＫＷｉｔｃｏ、ＤＳＭＥｌａｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ、Ｄｕ ＰｏｎｔＤｏｗＥｌａｓｔｏｍｅｒｓＬＬＣ、Ｆｌｅｘｓｙｓ、ＭＡＨａｎ ｎａＲｕｂｂｅｒＣｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｉ…     

合成氨厂转产甲醇两种方案的比较

合成氨厂转产甲醇两种方案的比较［美］Ｗｅｃｈｓｌｅｒ，Ａ。Ｔ。Ｓｕｐｐ，Ｅ在美国，对甲基叔丁基醚（ＭＴＢＥ）等含氧汽车燃料添加剂的需求不断增加。每生产１ｔＭＴＢＥ约需０．３３ｔ甲醇。在未来几年中，很可能出现因ＭＴＢＥ产量增加而引起的甲醇短缺。相比之下...     

具有生物活性有机磷化合物研究ⅩⅩ．α－（苯并噁唑酮－3－基）甲叉基膦酸酯的合成与植调活性

通过二烷基亚磷酸酯的钠盐与３－氯甲基苯并唑酮进行Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ—Ｂｅｃｋｅｒ反应合成了７种新化合物。经元素分析、ＩＲ、１ＨＮＭＲ、３１ＰＮＭＲ进行了表征，并进行了植调活性试验。     

Penetration mechanics of textile structures: Influence of non-linear viscoelastic relaxation

A numerical simulation of ballistic impact and penetration on woven textile panels is described which can easily incorporate a wide variety of realistic constitutive and fracture models. The use of this model in assessing Viscoelastic relaxation effects is illustrated, and is further extended to include non-linear Viscoelastic effects. Since a variety of non-linear models is presently available and there is insufficient evidence to indicate the superiority of any single one in this instance, the Eyring non-linear model was chosen arbitrarily to indicate the ease with which these models may be implemented into the numerical treatment. The results obtained using the non-linear model are compared with comparable computer experiments using linear elastic and linear Viscoelastic models.     

Vapour phase chemical reaction in spouted beds: Verification of theory

The performance of a 0.15 m diameter spouted bed reactor has been studied for decomposition of ozone on iron oxide catalyst. The variables include bed depth, catalyst particle size and spouting gas velocity.The spouted bed conversion data are compared against predictions from theoretical models proposed previously by Mathur and Lim who assumed vertically upward flow of annular gas in their first, one-dimensional model, and flow along curved streamlines in a subsequent, more rigorous, streamtube model. Experimental results show good agreement with conversions predicted by both models, but the latter model is expected to be superior for design of larger reactors. Additional experiments to discriminate between the two models and to establish their range of validity are planned.     

The Use of Sphere Indentation Experiments to Characterize Ceramic Damage Models

Sphere impact experiments are used to calibrate and validate ceramic models that include statistical variability and/or scale effects in strength and toughness parameters. These dynamic experiments supplement traditional characterization experiments such as tension, triaxial compression, Brazilian, and plate impact, which are commonly used for ceramic model calibration. The fractured ceramic specimens are analyzed using sectioning, X-ray computed tomography, microscopy, and other techniques. These experimental observations indicate that a predictive material model must incorporate a standard deviation in strength that varies with the nature of the loading. Methods of using the spherical indentation data to calibrate a statistical damage model are presented in which it is assumed that variability in strength is tied to microscale stress concentrations associated with microscale heterogeneity.     

A micromechanically motivated finite element approach to the fracture toughness of silicon nitride

Silicon nitride is often used, when high fracture toughness and strength is needed. For a safe and economic structural design with this material, a prediction of its resistance against thermal and mechanical loads is important. The finite element method together with a continuum damage mechanics model allows for such calculations. The parameters of the suggested model have been adjusted to three-dimensional micromechanical finite element simulations, which include models for the microstructure, the thermoelasticity and the fracture. The material model is used for four-point bend test simulations. The results are compared to recent experiments.     

Comparison and evaluation of interphase momentum exchange models for simulation of the solids volume fraction in tapered fluidised beds

An Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with granular flow extension was used to simulate a gas–solid fluidised bed in a tapered reactor. Various drag coefficient models were evaluated, which are used to calculate the drag force, describing the momentum transfer between the gas and solid phases. Comparison and evaluation between time-averaged solids volume fractions obtained from experiments and from simulations with several drag coefficient models were made. The predicted results obtained by the different drag models were verified using experimental data of Depypere et al. (2009). Initial results using a 2-phase Eulerian model showed poor agreement with experimental results. However, extending the Eulerian model to include 3 solid phases—with different mean particle diameter per phase in order to account for the particle size distribution of the fluidised solid material—yielded good agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, quantitative analyses showed that the modified Gidaspow drag model gave the best agreement between CFD simulations and experimental data.     

Grey and black-box modelling based on neural networks and artificial immune systems applied to solid dissolution by rotating disc method

The dissolution rates of urea, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium carbonate in water and aqueous solutions were determined using the rotating disc technique. The experiments showed that the dissolution rate increases with increasing disc surface area, temperature, and rotating speed, while it decreases with the solute concentration increase in the dissolution medium. The comparison between experimental values for the dissolution rate and those calculated from Levich equation evidenced a satisfactory agreement in the case of the urea dissolution and poor compliance for the sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate dissolution. This poor results and the lack of a good model for making predictions in different situations determined the generation of empirical and semiempirical models (black and grey box approaches) which include neural networks developed with Clonal Selection algorithm (belonging to the Artificial Immune System class) and combination between neural network and phenomenological model. Satisfactory results were obtained with neural networks (black box models) and hybrid models (grey box models).     

Pressure Profile Prediction of Dual‐Thrust Rocket Motors under Uncertainties

Mathematical models that simulate the internal ballistics of solid propellant rocket motors are widely used in lieu of the expensive, hazardous, time‐consuming static firing experiments. Since they rely on the input of various measured data, these models are vulnerable to uncertainties that may deteriorate their prediction accuracy. Improving the accuracy of internal ballistics prediction can be achieved by coupling the mathematical models with optimization algorithm. This paper discusses the issues of uncertainties and their impact on prediction accuracy of developed mathematical models. The model handles two types of dual thrust rocket motors, where the impact of uncertainties is more pronounced since they include more geometric and ballistic parameters. The model is developed based on the fundamental principles of internal ballistics and is coupled with a commercial genetic algorithm optimization tool. Two static firing tests are conducted to assess the proposed optimized prediction model. It is found that prediction optimization via tuning the uncertain parameters has led to significantly improving the prediction accuracy. More importantly, the tuned uncertain parameters give better understanding and clearer insight of the phenomena taking place inside dual thrust solid propellant rocket motors.     

催化裂化分馏塔动态仿真数学模型和算法

将催化裂化液相产物按集总虚拟组分处理,建立了逐板动态数学模型,采用有效、简便的动态仿真计算策略,开发了通用动态仿真软件包.得到各种过渡过程中每层塔板上温度、压强、气液相组成和负荷以及产品流量和组成的响应历程,并给出各层塔板上操作点的动态响应轨迹及其在适宜操作区的位置.     

Multiobjective dynamic optimization of batch free radical polymerization process catalyzed by mixed initiator systems

The optimal control policies for batch free radical polymerization of styrene catalyzed by a binary mixture of monofunctional initiators have been determined using a multiobjective dynamic optimization technique. The process objectives considered in the optimization include monomer conversion, polymer molecular weight, initiator residue level, and total reaction time. It is illustrated through model simulations and experiments that the performance of the batch polymerization process can be improved significantly through the use of optimal initiator mixture and polymerization temperature programming. This paper also illustrates how the multiobjection optimization technique can be used effectively to solve complex polymerization reactor optimization problems with detailed reaction models.