玻璃的脆性(三)

玻璃的缺陷可分为纳观缺陷、微观缺陷和宏观缺陷。纳观缺陷为纳米尺度的缺陷,指玻璃结构缺陷,包括微相、微不均、配位不全,空穴等。微观缺陷指微米尺度缺陷,主要为玻璃表面Griffith裂纹。宏观缺陷为玻璃制造中产生的缺陷,如气泡、结石、条纹,以及使用过程中的损伤。这些缺陷的存在增加玻璃的脆性。描述了玻璃表面Griffith裂纹的尺寸、分布以及形貌。     

具有缺陷孔结构的炭膜分离CO2/CH4混合气的分子模拟

基于炭膜无缺陷Z字形孔模型研究结果,建立随机缺陷、均匀缺陷与局部缺陷3种不同缺陷方式的炭膜微孔模型,研究等摩尔CO₂/CH₄混合气在缺陷膜孔中的吸附和扩散过程,探讨缺陷对炭膜气体分离的影响。结果表明,在273~348 K的温度范围内,CO₂与CH₄在缺陷炭膜孔模型内的平衡吸附量与扩散系数均低于无缺陷炭膜孔模型;与无缺陷、均匀缺陷和随机缺陷孔模型相比,局部缺陷孔模型的CO₂/CH₄总分离系数最低;温度低于298 K时,随机缺陷和均匀缺陷孔模型的总分离系数均大于无缺陷孔模型;随机缺陷孔模型的总分离系数大于均匀缺陷孔模型,说明随机删除碳原子的方式比均匀删除和局部删除更加合理。研究结果可为炭膜气体渗透机理的深入研究提供依据。     

缺陷是碳纤维的致命伤

着重论述了缺陷产生的原因及其对碳纤维抗拉强度的影响。碳纤维属于脆性材料,抗拉强度受控于各类缺陷;缺陷是碳纤维的致命伤。抗拉强度与缺陷之间的关系遵循格拉菲斯微裂纹理论;缺陷随机分布,服从最弱连接理论;缺陷愈小和愈少,抗拉强度愈高、CV值愈小。指出:提高碳纤维抗拉强度的基本思路是控制各类缺陷的产生,减小缺陷尺寸,减少缺陷数目;提高碳纤维力学性能的治本措施就是在于消除各类缺陷。     

浮法玻璃流道缺陷

主要介绍了几种浮法玻璃流道缺陷。详细阐述了流道缺陷产生的原因、缺陷的理化特征、缺陷在玻璃板面上的位置分布、缺陷的岩相鉴别方法。提出了针对每种流道缺陷所应采取的防治措施。     

油气管道组合缺陷等效应力

以20号钢椭圆形环向组合缺陷和轴向组合缺陷管道为研究对象,借助ANSYS Workbench 16.0有限元分析软件,首先考察组合缺陷管道应力云图分布特点,其次,考察缺陷间距和缺陷尺寸如腐蚀长度、宽度、深度对其最大等效应力的影响规律。结果表明,在无缺陷管壁上,等效应力分布比较均匀;越靠近缺陷,其等效应力突变越大;当缺陷尺寸不变时,随着缺陷间距的增大,最大等效应力呈减小的趋势,并出现临界点;对于轴向组合缺陷,当缺陷间距不变时,随着缺陷长轴长度的增大,最大等效应力随之增大;随着缺陷短轴长度的增大,最大等效应力随之减小;随着缺陷深度的增大,最大等效应力随之增大;缺陷深度的影响程度最大。所得结论对油气管道腐蚀与防护有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

基于计算机视觉塑料成型缺陷多维检测的研究

基于计算机视觉提出塑料成型缺陷多维检测模型,设计可捕获细致多维度缺陷特征的残差模块1和捕获抽象缺陷语义特征的残差模块2,将其依次叠加应用于模型残差网络中;设计改进版的空间金字塔池化,通过5个多尺寸窗口捕获55维塑料特征向量。研究表明:应用图像拼接数据增强方式和单缺陷优化方式可增强模型缺陷检测泛化能力,解决单缺陷检测性能差的问题。塑料成型缺陷多维检测模型对形成气泡缺陷、烧焦缺陷、开裂缺陷、变形缺陷、收缩缺陷和正常状态的检测准确率分别为0.98、0.99、0.99、0.97、0.98和0.98。     

管道小尺寸缺陷损伤的仿真模拟研究

为了分析评价小尺寸缺陷形态对大口径管道承压能力的影响,利用ANSYS有限元法对承受一定内压力的带有小尺寸缺陷的管道应力水平进行了模拟分析,计算分析结果表明:随着缺陷长度的增加、缺陷宽度的减小或者缺陷深度的增加,管体的最大应力值增加,缺陷深度的影响程度远大于缺陷长度和宽度,而且缺陷长度顺着管道轴向方向分布时的管体应力值最...     

含相互作用缺陷海洋立管极限载荷数值分析

对含相互作用缺陷的海洋立管极限载荷进行分析,考虑了相邻缺陷间轴向距离对含缺陷管道极限载荷的影响,由于材料和缺陷尺寸的非线性,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行分析计算,得到管道极限载荷与缺陷尺寸和距离的关系曲线,研究表明相邻缺陷间轴向距离对缺陷管线的影响较大,特别是当缺陷间距离较近时。结果与国内外相关的海洋管道腐蚀缺陷评价标准中的规定是一致的,证明含相互作用缺陷海洋立管极限载荷的分析计算采用有限元非线性分析是可行的。     

长输油气管道环焊缝缺陷评价的研究

文章在《金属结构中缺陷可接受性评估方法指南》(BS7910—2005)的基础上,将环向缺陷作为环向裂纹进行处理,通过固定环焊缝缺陷长度,计算不同缺陷深度对剩余强度的影响。本文对于仅给出环焊缝缺陷的环向长度和轴向宽度,没有给出缺陷深度的缺陷分析提供评价思路和方法。     

含缺陷压力管道安全评定系统的开发

基于含缺陷压力管道安全评定的相关国家标准,针对油气运输管道上存在的各种常见缺陷,利用Python编程语言开发出一款可视化的含缺陷压力管道安全评定系统。依据现场检测条件,选择不同的评估标准进行综合分析,为工程技术人员的初步评定提供快捷准确的途径。通过输入多缺陷参数或导入缺陷参数数据文件,实现同类型多个缺陷或批量缺陷同时评定的功能。利用ANSYS软件,对局部减薄缺陷进行仿真分析,验证了评定系统计算结果的可靠性。     

Kinetics of the hydrolysis and condensation of organofunctional alkoxysilanes: a review

A review of the literature is presented for the hydrolysis of alkoxysilane esters and for the condensation of silanols in solution or with surfaces. Studies using mono-, di-, and trifunctional silane esters and silanols with different alkyl substituents are used to discuss the steric and electronic effects of alkyl substitution on the reaction rates and kinetics. The influences of acids, bases, pH, solvent, and temperature on the reaction kinetics are examined. Using these rate data, Taft equations and Bronsted plots are constructed and then used to discuss the mechanisms for acid and base-catalyzed hydrolysis of silane esters and condensation of silanols. Practical implications for using organofunctional silane esters and silanols in industrial applications are presented.     

A review of salting-out effect and sugaring-out effect: driving forces for novel liquid-liquid extraction of biofuels and biochemicals

Biofuels and bio-based chemicals are getting more and more attention because of their sustainable and renewable properties and wide industrial applications. However, the low concentrations of the targeted products in their fermentation broths, the complicated components of the broths and the high energy-intensive separation and purification process hinder the competitiveness of biofuels and biochemicals with the petro-based ones. Hence, the production and the separation of biofuels and bio-based chemicals in energy-saving, low-cost and greenness ways become hot topics nowadays. This review introduces the separation technologies (salting-out extraction, salting-out, sugaring-out extraction, and sugaring-out) that extract biobutanol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, organic acids and other bio-based chemicals from fermentation broths/aqueous solutions. Salting-out/sugaring-out extraction and salting-out/sugaring-out technologies display the high separating efficiency and the high targeted product yields. In addition, they are easy to operate and require low cost for separating products. Hence, they are the effective and potential technologies for separating targeted products in the wide industrial applications. The successful research into the salting-out/sugaring-out and salting-out/sugaring-out extraction not only affords biofuels and biochemical but also opens a door for the development of novel separation methods.     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

Responses of the Mediterranean Pine Shoot Beetle Tomicus destruens (Wollaston) to Pine Shoot and Bark Volatiles

The pine shoot beetle Tomicus destruens has two dispersal phases per generation. In the first, mature adults move toward trunks of dying pines to lay eggs; in the second, callow adults move toward the shoots of healthy pines for maturation feeding. However, there is no information on the chemical stimuli that govern host selection by T. destruens adults. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the volatiles released by shoots and bark of stone pine that are behaviorally and electrophysiologically active on T. destruens; (2) to verify which blends and concentrations of such volatiles are differently active on males and females, as well as on callow and mature adults, during the two host search phases (breeding and feeding). A four-arm olfactometer was used to test the behavior of walking T. destruens adults toward various sources of volatiles including fresh shoots and bark, their collected volatiles, and two synthetic blends. For each odor, the behavior of both callow and mature males and females was recorded individually. Shoot and bark extracts were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and tested by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography (GC-EAD) on T. destruens males and females. Two blends of two (alpha-pinene and beta-myrcene; blend A) and three (alpha-pinene, beta- myrcene, and alpha-terpinolene; blend B) synthetic compounds, chosen among those that induce EAD responses and known to be attractive for other bark beetle species, were tested in the olfactometer at five concentrations. Insect behavior was affected by the degree of sexual maturation but not by sex. Callow insects were attracted by shoots and their extracts, while mature individuals by bark and its extracts. Six extracted compounds were active on T. destruens antennae: limonene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and beta-caryophyllene, alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, and alpha-terpinolene. alpha-Terpinolene, released only by bark, was active only on mature insects, whereas (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, released only by shoots, was active only on callows. Males and females showed similar EAD responses. Of the six extracted volatiles, two were attractive for callow adults (blend A) and three for matures (blend B). In both cases, responses were positively correlated with blend concentration, although a repellent effect was noted at the highest concentrations.     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

熟料岩相试样制作方法及典型岩相特征的形成原因

熟料的岩相分析有助于熟料质量的判断及生产过程控制调整。根据多年实践经验,总结了手工和机械磨制岩相试样的方法及注意事项,并对几种熟料岩相特征(孔洞、游离氧化钙、A矿包裹B矿和f-Ca O、晶体尺寸不均和矿巢)进行了举例和形成原因分析。     

Effects of Extraction Temperature and Preservation Method on Functionality of Soy Protein

The effects of extraction temperature and preservation method on the functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined. Four extraction temperatures (25, 40, 60, and 80 °C) were used to produce SPI and yields of solids and protein contents were determined. Three preservation methods were also tested (spray-drying, freeze-drying, and freezing–thawing) and compared to fresh (undried) samples for each extraction temperature. No differences in yields of solids and protein were observed among SPIs extracted at 25, 40, and 60 °C; however, SPI extracted at 80 °C yielded significantly less solids and protein. Extraction temperature significantly affected SPI functionality. As extraction temperature increased, solubility and emulsification capacity decreased; surface hydrophobicities, emulsification activities and stabilities, and dynamic viscosities increased; and foaming properties improved. Preservation method also significantly affected SPI functionality. Drying method did not affect the denaturation enthalpies of SPIs, but spray-dried SPIs had higher solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification stabilities, and lower viscosities, emulsification activities and rates of foaming than freeze-dried SPI exhibited. Emulsification and foaming capacities and foaming stabilities were similar for both methods of drying. There was significant interaction between extraction temperature and preservation method for all functional properties except emulsification capacity.     

2,3,6-三甲基苯酚一步氧化制备2,3,5-三甲基-1,4-苯醌研究进展

2,3,6-三甲基苯酚一步氧化制备2,3,5-三甲基-1,4-苯醌相对于传统的磺化-氧化法具有产品收率高、过程简单、条件温和以及环境友好等特点。本文针对2,3,6-三甲基苯酚一步氧化制备2,3,5-三甲基-1,4-苯醌的均相催化氧化和非均相催化氧化工艺进行了综述,对两种工艺的发展过程及研究现状进行了评价及总结。详细讨论了不同方法和路线在催化活性、选择性以及产品分离和催化剂回收等方面的优缺点,简要分析并总结了2,3,6-三甲基苯酚一步氧化研究的发展规律和最新动态,展望了以非均相催化反应机制为重点的微观机理研究和以提高催化剂循环稳定性、降低制备成本为重点的工业化探索两个潜在的发展方向。     

Role of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) carbohydrates in resistance to budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis)

The current year's growth of Douglas fir contains galactose, unusual in that this carbohydrate makes up 78.7% of the total carbohydrate fraction. An agar diet study was undertaken to determine the effects of galactose, other carbohydrates, and terpenes on western spruce budworm larval mortality, growth rate, and adult biomas production. All concentrations of the carbohydrates and terpenes tested, as well as other mineral elements not tested, were typical of the current year's foliage of Douglas fir. In experiment I, the diet containing 5.61% total carbohydrate did not significantly affect larval mortality when compared to the control diet. However, diets containing 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrate concentrations significantly increased larval mortality 64% and 96.1%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in experiment I, terpenes alone (78.9% morality) and terpenes in combination with 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrates significantly increased larval mortality (97.2% and 100%, respectively) when compared to mortality on the control diet (44%). To determine which carbohydrate was causing the adverse effect, 6% glucose, 6% fructose, and 6% galactose were placed individually and in combination with terpenes in diets in experiment II. The 6% galactose diet significantly increased larval mortality and reduced growth rate when compared to the control, glucose, and fructose diets. Glucose resulted in 16% less larval mortality, significantly enhanced female larval growth rate and pupal weight, but did not affect male larval growth rate and pupal weight, when compared to the control. Fructose resulted in a significant decrease in larval mortality and a general trend of enhanced female and male larval growth rate and pupal weight. Larval mortality on terpenes alone was not significantly different from the control, but terpenes with 6% galactose increased larval mortality and decreased female and male growth rate and pupal weight significantly when compared to glucose-terpene and fructose-terpene diets. No significant interactions were found between carbohydrates and terpenes in either experiment.     

世界ABS和PS供需现状与预测

ＡＢＳ和ＰＳ都是由苯乙烯单体合成的苯乙烯树脂，两者供需均集中在亚，美，欧三大洲，以亚洲地区的比重最大，其次分别为美洲和欧洲。这是由于家电，汽车等发展快速增长所致。两者能力分别超过５５０ｋｔ和１３００ｋｔ，需求分别超过３４００ｋｔ和９４００ｋｔ。