灭多威防治大豆蚜虫,水稻负泥虫药效评价

大豆蚜虫是吉林省大豆生产上的主要害虫,常年发生300～600万亩,防治药剂以乐果为主,但药效在逐渐降低。水稻负泥虫为我省东部稻区的主要害虫之一,一般年份发生150万亩左右,近年来,农民习惯用菊酯类农药防治,但此类药剂对水生生物影响较大。为增加防治这两种害虫的替代或轮换药剂品种,1991年采用灭多威对以上两个对象进行了试验。     

有机胂农药的污染及其防治的研究

有机胂农药(如稻宁,稻脚青等)是我国南方植稻区防治水稻纹枯病的主要药剂。因价格便宜,药效高,而广泛使用,但由于其含砷元素,而会持续残留在作物和土壤中。本文着重调查苏南地区使用稻宁(10％甲基胂酸钙)对水稻的毒害和污染状况,并对防治污染的措施提出建议。大田和盆栽试验观察表明,当使用过量的稻宁而污染了土壤或水稻时,都会使水稻发生     

稻虫畏防治水稻害虫试验

江苏里下河中稻区水稻中后期有稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、二化螟等多种害虫并发为害，害虫的发生期、防治适期相近。为了筛选水稻中后期害虫总体防治的理想药剂，一次施药，兼治多种害虫，１９９８年，我们对新型复配药剂稻虫畏进行了不同剂量、不同施药方法防治水稻害虫的小区...     

稻纵卷叶螟防治药剂筛选试验总结

稻纵卷叶螟是水稻主要害虫之一 ,自从推广使用甲胺磷以来 ,一直是防治稻纵卷叶螟的首选药剂。但甲胺磷等高毒农药的大量使用 ,对农业生态环境造成严重破坏 ,对城乡居民的身体健康构成严重威胁 ,宁波市从 2 0 0 1年 11月 1日起 ,浙江省从 2 0 0 2年 7月 1日起禁止使用和销售甲胺磷等高毒农药。本试验根据有关资料和生产实际挑选几个农药品种作药效对比 ,筛选替代甲胺磷防治稻纵卷叶螟的合适农药品种 ,便于生产中推广应用。1　材料与方法1.1　供试药剂①毒死蜱 4 0 %乳油 (浙江新农化工股份有限公司 ) ;②锐劲特 5 %悬浮剂 (有效成分 :氟虫腈 …     

20%三唑磷乳油田间防治水稻纵卷叶螟试验

２０％三唑磷乳油田间防治水稻纵卷叶螟试验周群喜，姜海洲，王泉章，马建华（江苏省东台市稻区病虫测报站２２４２００）稻纵卷叶螟是水稻生长后期的主要害虫之一。今年，由于二代纵卷叶螟发生量大、残留虫量较高，三代纵卷叶螟发生期间外地虫源迁人量大，从而导致了我市...     

甲维盐·氟铃脲10．5％WDG防治稻纵卷叶螟药效试验

水稻稻纵卷叶螟是一种迁飞性害虫,是为害水稻的主要害虫之一。近年来,此虫在我国广大水稻种植区呈上升趋势,且出现了迁入批次增多,发生面积增大,虫口密度增高,为害损失增重。在生产实践中,水稻稻纵卷叶螟对许多农药产生了不同程度的抗药性,不仅达不到防治目的,更重要的是错过了防治适期,给水稻生产带来较大损失。     

以振兴民族工业为己任靠创新实现产业报国志——记“十一五”国家科技支撑计划重大项目丁烯氟虫腈项目总指挥、大连瑞泽农药股份有限公司董事长王正权

“丁烯氟虫腈”是被国家科技部列入“十一五”国家科技支撑计划重大项目——农药创制工程创制品种产业化工程，这是大连瑞泽农药股份有限公司自主研发的杀虫剂新品种，其产业化的成功实施，为我国高毒农药替代提供了一个可有效防治水稻和蔬菜害虫的新品种，对于加速我国具有自主知识产权的农药创制品种的产业化和市场开发，     

农药、医药及中间体——我国一些地区高毒农药替代示范推广工作进展情况

广东：示范推广工作安排在清远市和韶关市实施。选择30％氯胺磷乳油、20％三唑磷乳油、40％毒死蜱乳油、15％杀螟腈乳油、1．8％阿维菌素乳油5种农药品种作为防治水稻三化螟的试验药剂。选择30％氯胺磷、40％毒死蜱、5％氟虫腈、10％呋喃虫酰肼、1．8％阿维菌素作为防治稻纵卷叶螟的试验药剂。目前，清远市和韶关市开展的5种药剂不同施药环境防治水稻纵卷叶螟小区试验已结束，正在对试验结果进行分析和总结。     

大面积推广水稻育苗灵防治水稻苗期立枯病

大面积推广水稻育苗灵防治水稻苗期立枯病水稻苗期立桔病分为青枯和黄枯两种类型，是辽宁省各稻区水稻苗期发生的一种主要病害。多年来，各地虽然采取了调酸、喷洒敌克松农药等一系列防治措施收到了一定效果，但始终没有完全很好解决水稻苗期立枯病问题，每年均有不同程度...     

21%双灵可湿性粉剂农药通过鉴定

由南京保丰农药厂研制生产的21％双灵可湿性粉剂农药,最近在南京通过了南京市科委组织的技术鉴定。21％双灵可湿性粉剂是由扑虱灵等农药组合而成的水稻杀虫杀菌剂复配农药品种,主要用于防治水稻中后期二化螟、纵卷叶螟、稻飞     

On the phospholipids ofCulex pipiens fatigans

The lipids of different developmental stages ofCulex pipiens fatigans, vector of bancroftian filariasis, have been investigated. The phospholipid composition of the developmental stages and of the subcellular fractions of fourth instar larvae of the insects were analyzed. The composition of fatty acids and their positional distribution have also been examined in the major phospholipids of the larvae. The insect eggs contained higher amounts of lipids than larvae suggesting that they were utilized during embryogenesis. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) comprised over 75% of the insect phospholipids. Of these, PE was present in the greatest amounts during all stages of growth and in the subcellular fractions of larvae. An ethanolamine containing sphingolipid was found as a component of the phospholipids of the insects. About 50% of the lipids of the larvae were localized in the cell debris and nuclei fraction which also contained most of the lysolipids of the insects. As in other Diptera 16∶0, 16∶1 and 18∶1 were the major fatty acids present in the insect lipids of which the fatty acid found in greatest amounts was 16∶1. Similar to the phospholipids of animal species, saturated fatty acids were predominantly linked to the 1 position of the major phospholipids of the insects while the unsaturated fatty acids were in higher amounts at the 2 position.     

多杀菌素抗性现状及其机理研究进展

多杀菌素属于新烟碱类杀虫剂。其具有作用机制独特、对非靶标生物安全及残留低、降解快等优点,日益成为作物及蔬菜害虫防治中不可缺少的药剂。近几年,害虫对其抗性发展迅速,这已成为害虫综合治理中不可忽视的问题。总结了靶标害虫对多杀菌素的抗性发展现状,并对抗性产生机理进行了详细的探讨。     

Neutral sterol metabolism in insects

Since they are unable to biosynthesize sterols, many phytophagous and omnivorous insects satisfy their cholesterol requirement by side chain dealkylation of the C-24 alkyl group of dietary C₂₈ and C₂₉ phytosterols. However, not all insects that can dealkylate the phytosterol side chain produce cholesterol. In addition, certain insects,e.g., some Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, are unable to dealkylate the sterol side chain. Although C₂₇ ecdysteroids (molting hormones), which are biosynthesized from cholesterol, are the major ecdysteroids in most insects, many of those species that are unable to dealkylate phytosterols utilize campesterol as a precursor for the C₂₈ ecdysteroid makisterone A. The considerable diversity of steroid utilization between certain insect species makes it difficult to generalize about insect steroid biochemistry. The ability to disrupt certain unique aspects of steroid utilization and metabolism in insects might be exploited for developing new insect control technology. Based on a paper presented at the Symposium on Plant and Fungal Sterols: Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Function, held at the AOCS Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 1990.     

杀虫剂对小菜蛾亚致死效应的研究进展

杀虫剂施用于小菜蛾后,除可以直接杀死害虫外,随个体间接触药量的不同以及时间的推移,部分个体存在着亚致死效应。本文综述了杀虫剂对小菜蛾的亚致死效应,包括对小菜蛾生殖力和生长发育的影响、生物学和生态学行为的改变、抗药性的发展以及对寄生性天敌的影响等。对小菜蛾综合防治策略的制定具有积极意义。     

A Survey of Insect Assemblages Responding to Volatiles from a Ubiquitous Fungus in an Agricultural Landscape

We report here a first survey of insect orientation to fungal cultures and fungal volatiles from a community ecology perspective. We tested whether volatiles from a ubiquitous yeast-like fungus (Aureobasidium pullulans) are broadly attractive to insects in an agricultural landscape. We evaluated insect attraction to fungal cultures and synthetic compounds identified in fungal headspace (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-phenylethanol) in a spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) plantation. Three findings emerged: (1) 1,315 insects representing seven orders and 39 species oriented to traps, but 65 % of trapped insects were Dipterans, of which 80 % were hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae); (2) traps baited with A. pullulans caught 481 % more insects than unbaited control traps on average, and contained more diverse (Shannon’s H index) and species rich assemblages than control traps, traps baited with Penicillium expansum, or uninoculated media; and (3) insects oriented in greatest abundance to a 1:1:1 blend of A. pullulans volatiles, but mean diversity scores were highest for traps baited with only 2-phenylethanol or 2-methyl-1-butanol. Our results show that individual components of fungal headspace are not equivalent in terms of the abundance and diversity of insects that orient to them. The low abundance of insects captured with P. expansum suggests that insect assemblages do not haphazardly orient to fungal volatiles. We conclude that volatiles from a common fungal species (A. pullulans) are attractive to a variety of insect taxa in an agricultural system, and that insect orientation to fungal volatiles may be a common ecological phenomenon.     

Enzymic adaptations in leaf-feeding insects to host-plant allelochemicals

Herbivorous insects have the capacity to develop behavioral, physiological, and biochemical resistance mechanisms in response to chemical selection pressures. Among natural insect-plant associations, there are several cases of target-site insensitivity to and enhanced metabolism of plant allelochemicals. There are also known instances of physiological defenses such as extra rapid excretion or storage of toxic compounds. Multiple defenses seem to be prevalent in natural insect-plant interactions that involve toxic compounds, possibly reflecting the long time these interactions have had to evolve compared to insect-synthetic insecticide interactions. Synthetic insecticides were introduced about 45 years ago. Until recently they have been used as single-active-component preparations. As such, they have been and are very effective in producing insect populations with enhanced detoxification ability and target-site insensitivity. Most insecticide-resistant insect populations have one major defense mechanism. This feature makes the synthetic insecticides very useful tools for studies of insect defenses against toxic chemicals. Information gained from studies with insecticides can shed light on the capabilities of insects to adapt to toxicants in their environment. In assessing the validity of work with synthetic insecticides for natural systems, the fundamental differences between these substances and allelochemicals, and in their presentation to the insects, must, however, be considered. The prevalence of multiple defenses and reliance on modified physiological processes in natural interactions may reflect different properties of the natural chemicals in being generally highly biodegradable and often less acutely toxic than synthetic insecticides. In many cases, the plant allelochemicals are presented to the insects as mixtures. It is, however, to be expected that pest insects will evolve effective multiple defenses against synthetic insecticides. About 20% of all resistant populations have already developed multiple defenses, in most cases combinations of enhanced metabolism and target-site insensitivity. This implies that current crop protection practices need to be modified to ensure the continued usefulness of synthetic insecticides. To achieve this, it is important to study intensively not only insect-insecticide interactions but also the interactions operating in natural insect-plant associations.     

INSECT OLFACTORY RECEPTORS: CONTRIBUTIONS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TO CHEMICAL ECOLOGY

Our understanding of the molecular basis of chemical signal recognition in insects has been greatly expanded by the recent discovery of olfactory receptors (Ors). Since the discovery of the complete repertoire of Drosophila melanogaster Ors, candidate Ors have been identified from at least 12 insect species from four orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera), including species of economic or medical importance. Although all Ors share the same G-protein coupled receptor structure with seven transmembrane domains, they present poor sequence homologies within and between species, and have been identified mainly through genomic data analyses. To date, D. melanogaster remains the only insect species where Ors have been extensively studied, from expression pattern establishment to functional investigations. These studies have confirmed several observations made in vertebrates: one Or type is selectively expressed in a subtype of olfactory receptor neurons, and one olfactory neuron expresses only one type of Or. In addition, all olfactory neurons expressing one Or type converge to the same glomerulus in the antennal lobe. The olfactory mechanism, thus, appears to be conserved between insects and vertebrates. Although Or functional studies are in their initial stages in insects (mainly Drosophila), insects appear to be good models to establish fundamental concepts of olfaction with the development of powerful genetic, imaging, and behavioral tools. This new field of study will greatly contribute to the understanding of insect chemical communication mechanisms, particularly with agricultural pests and disease vectors, and could result in future strategies to reduce their negative effects.     

聊城市白三叶草病虫害的分布危害特点与防治

以聊城市为基点对鲁西北地区白三叶草病虫害进行了普查,共发现三叶草典型病害11种,有害昆虫36种,其它有害动物6种,首次报道了梨冠网蝽和小蓑蛾对三叶草的危害,并研究了部分种类的发生规律,提出了三叶草病虫害的治理对策。     

Odorant-binding proteins from a primitive termite

Hitherto, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) have been identified from insects belonging to more highly evolved insect orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera), whereas only chemosensory proteins have been identified from more primitive species, such as orthopteran and phasmid species. Here, we report for the first time the isolation and cloning of odorant-binding proteins from a primitive termite species, the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera: Termopsidae). A major antennae-specific protein was detected by native PAGE along with four other minor proteins, which were also absent in the extract from control tissues (hindlegs). Multiple cDNA cloning led to the full characterization of the major antennae-specific protein (ZnevOBP1) and to the identification of two other antennae-specific cDNAs, encoding putative odorant-binding proteins (ZnevOBP2 and ZnevOBP3). N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the minor antennal bands and cDNA cloning showed that olfaction in Z. n. nevadensis may involve multiple odorant-binding proteins. Database searches suggest that the OBPs from this primitive termite are homologues of the pheromone-binding proteins from scarab beetles and antennal-binding proteins from moths.