2-甲基-5-乙烯基吡啶的合成研究

以6-甲基烟酸甲酯为起始原料,经过还原、氧化、Wittig反应合成了标题化合物,3步总收率66.7%,产品经1HNMR和元素分析表征。该方法具有操作简单、成本低等优点,适合工业化生产。     

2-乙烯基吡啶合成工艺研究

采用Re2O7负载ZSM-5沸石分子筛作为催化剂,以固定床为反应器,催化2-甲基吡啶合成2-乙烯基吡啶.系统地考查不同硅铝质量比的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂、反应温度、反应时间以及物料配比对2-乙烯基吡啶收率的影响,筛选出合适的反应条件.反应的最优条件为选取硅铝比为25的ZSM-5分子筛负载Re2O7,2-甲基吡啶∶甲醛为1∶4,反应温度为335℃,此时2-乙烯基吡啶的收率可达89.7％.该工艺操作简单,安全性高,条件温和,不易腐蚀管道,反应时间短,收率高,适合工业化生产.     

2-氯-5-甲基吡啶的合成

主要介绍了以2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶为原料,经重氮化合成2-氯-5-甲基吡啶的过程及影响因素.     

2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶重氮化合成2-氯-5-甲基吡啶的方法研究

以2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶为原料,经重氮化、氯代热解反应制得了2-氯-5-甲基吡啶,研究了浓盐酸用量、亚硝酸钠用量、氯代温度、氯代时间、不同氯代剂对2-氯-5-甲基吡啶收率的影响。优化工艺条件为:氯化亚铜为催化剂,n(2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶)∶n(盐酸)=1∶3、n(2-氨基-5-甲基吡啶)∶n(亚硝酸钠)=1∶1.1、重氮化温度为0～5℃,氯代温度45℃、氯代时间8 h、稀盐酸为氯代剂,优化条件下产品的收率为74.76%。     

2-乙烯基吡啶的合成研究

研究了以2-羟乙基吡啶为原料,经脱水反应合成2-乙烯基吡啶的实验方法。探讨了反应过程中催化剂、反应温度、反应时间等影响因素,得出了适宜的反应条件:在固体氢氧化钾催化下,n(氢氧化钾)∶n(2-羟乙基吡啶)=0.2∶1,反应时间1~1.5 h,反应温度100℃,收率达到85%以上,产品纯度大于98%。反应过程催化剂采用循环套用的方法,减少了原料消耗,降低了生产成本,具有较强额实际生产意义。     

2-氯-5-氯甲基吡啶合成

主要研究了间甲基吡啶经氧化、环氯化和光氯化合成2—氯—5—氯甲基吡啶。采用GC跟踪氯化反应进程,取得了良好效果。     

2-氟-5-吡啶甲基胺的合成研究

以 2 氨基 5 甲基吡啶为原料 ,经过四步反应首次合成了含氟中间体 2 氟 5 吡啶甲基胺。该合成路线步骤少 ,操作简单 ,收率稳定 ,该路线与目标化合物均未见文献报道     

2-甲基吡啶和4-甲基吡啶合成工艺研究

以乙醛与氨为原料在常压下反应合成2-甲基吡啶和4-甲基吡啶．较佳反应条件为：反应温度为380℃,乙醛与氢物质的量比为3．0：2．0,收率可达50％以上．反应生成的混合2-MPD和4-MPD水溶液通过萃取、精馏可制得2-甲基吡啶(≥99．0％)和4-甲基毗啶(≥98．5％)成品。此工艺路线步骤简单、收率高、易于操作、适宜工业化。     

合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶新方法

叙述近年来国内外发展的新农药如氟虫腈、溴虫腈、七氟菊酯、四氟苯菊酯、氯氟吡氧乙酸、吡氟禾草灵等相关的含氟中间体的开发,包括对-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺、2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯肼、3,5-二氯-4-氨基-6-氟吡啶酚、2,3,5,6-四氟苄醇、2,3,5,6-四氟-4-甲基苄醇、2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶、2.3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和2-(对氯苯基)-5-(三氟甲基)吡咯-3-腈等合成方法和国内生产情况。 摘 要 改进了传统的气相法生产2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,以较新颖的液相合成方法成功地合成出2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,提高了产率,减少了反应时间,且条件较为温和,在化工生产中具有一定的指导意义,对于其他吡啶类化合物的氯化亦有一定的参考价值。     

新方法合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶

改进了传统的气相法生产2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,以较新颖的液相合成方法成功地合成出2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶。提高了产率,减少了反应时间,且条件较为温和,在化工生产中具有-定的指导意义,对于其他吡啶类化合物的氯化亦有-定的参考价值。     

间歇减压精馏分离2-甲基吡啶/2-羟乙基吡啶

采用间歇减压精馏法实现了2-甲基吡啶和2-羟乙基吡啶这一热敏性混合物的分离,并考察了投料组成与操作压力对减压精馏过程的影响。结果表明,高真空条件降低了塔釜温度从而避免了物料在塔釜中受热变性,对于热敏物料2-羟乙基吡啶,减压精馏过程中压力应控制在4325 Pa以下,此时塔釜产品2-羟乙基吡啶的质量分数均能大于97%,同时收率能保持在86%以上。在压力为1325 Pa时,不同投料组成下塔顶产品2-甲基吡啶的质量分数和塔釜产品2-羟乙基吡啶的质量分数均高于98%,两者的收率也均在85%以上,能够很好地满足工业生产要求。     

3-甲基吡啶一步气相氧化合成烟酸的V2O5/TiO2催化剂研究进展

烟酸作为重要的化工和医药中间体广泛应用于不同领域.相较于传统工艺,3-甲基吡啶气相一步催化氧化合成烟酸的方法具有成本低、污染低、产品质量高等优点,展现出良好的应用前景.目前V₂O₅/TiO₂系列催化剂在3-甲基吡啶的氧化反应中表现出了良好的氧化活性.本文主要分析了催化剂表面的VO_x结构,并概述了载体、制备方法、负载量、焙烧过程和助剂掺杂对结构的影响,探讨催化剂中各组分之间的相互作用,根据相关文献推测3-甲基吡啶氧化的反应机理.但该类催化剂仍然存在反应速率和选择性较低、温度窗口窄、反应过程中放出的热量对催化剂的影响等一些技术问题.文章从催化剂的开发和反应器的设计两方面进行了展望.     

Electropolymerized poly(2-vinylpyridine) coatings as ion-exchange polymer modified electrodes

The effects of pH and of the nature and concentration of the electrolyte on the electrochemical behaviour of the Fe(CN)^3–/4– ₆ charge-transfer reaction at a poly(2-vinylpyridine)-coated electrode formed by electropolymerization have been studied. Cyclic voltammetry during the Fe(CN)^3– ₆ incorporation process was combined with measurement of the saturated concentration of the Fe(CN)^3– ₆ confined in the films to investigate the electrochemical behaviour and the fundamental nature of the ion-exchange polymers. The poly(2-vinylpyridine) films formed by electropolymerization were found to have better properties (i.e., larger amount of Fe(CN)^3– ₆ can be incorporated at various pH values and films are more chemically stable under acidic conditions) as polymer-modified electrodes than those formed by solvent evaporation. Of the various anions studied, ClO^– ₄ was found to be distinct from the others (Cl^–, NO^– ₃, Br^– and SO^2– ₄). On the one hand, the polymer films exposed to ClO^– ₄ are more dense and rigid than those exposed to other anions and show relatively little electroactivity. On the other hand, when the films are exposed to increasing concentrations of Cl^–, the films become more swollen, thereby reducing the resistance within the film and enhancing the rate of charge-transfer from the outer film surface to the electrode surface.     

Cyclic potential sweep electrolysis for formation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) coatings

A cyclic potential sweep (CPS) technique has been used to form coatings of poly(2-vinylpyridine) on mild steel substrates by electropolymerization of the monomer. This method can produce thick and uniform coatings of much higher quality than can be formed by other electrochemical methods such as galvanostatic electrolysis, constant cell-potential electrolysis and chronoamperometry. The range and rate of the potential sweep during the CPS are important for successful coating formation. Potential sweeps between –1.0 and –2.2 V vs SCE at rates from 10 to 50 mV s^–1 have been found to be most suitable for the formation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) coatings. The essential reason for the successful application of the CPS technique to the electropolymerization process is the compatibility of the nature of the CPS process and the mechanism of 2-vinylpyridine electropolymerization.     

Studies on the conditions of synthesis of picolinic acid by heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of 2-picoline

Heterogeneous oxidation of 2-picoline over binary P–Ti, Sb–Ti, P–Sb, and V–Ti oxide catalysts was studied over the temperature range of 200–300°C. The vanadium–titanium catalysts based on titanium dioxide (anatase) were found to be the most selective for picolinic acid. With binary catalysts containing 20–50% of vanadium pentoxide, the selectivity for picolinic acid was 19–22% at the 36–74% conversion of 2-picoline. A distinguishing feature of these catalysts is regular surface stacking of V₂O₅ and TiO₂ crystallites.     

Crystallization and melt behaviour of isotactic poly(2-vinylpyridine)

The crystallization and melting behaviour of highly isotactic poly(2-vinylpyridine) (it-P2VP) with $\text{M}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>v</mtext>}}\text{= 4 × 10}{}^5$ has been studied by microscopy and d.s.c.. The maximum spherulitic growth rate was found to be 250 × 10^?3μm/min at a crystallization temperature T_c of 165°C. Experimental data could be described by the growth rate theory for small supercooling, by taking the appropriate value of 75 for the constant c₂ of the WLF equation. The chain-folded surface free energy σ_e, was estimated at 39.5 × 10^?3 J m^?2. The melting curves showed 1,2 or 3 melting endotherms. At large supercooling, crystallization from the melt produced a small melting endotherm just above T_c. This peak may originate from secondary crystallization of melt trapped within the spherulites. The next melting endotherm is related to the normal primary crystallization process. Its peak temperature increased linearly with T_c, yielding an extrapolated value for the equilibrium melting temperature T°_m of 212.5°C. At the normal values of T_c and heating rate a third endotherm appeared with a peak temperature that was independent of T_c, but rose with decreasing heating rate. From the effects of heating rate and partial scanning on the ratio of peak areas, it is concluded that this peak arises from secondary crystallization by continuous melting and recrystallization during the scan. This crystallization and melting behaviour of it-P2VP is very similar to that of isotactic polystyrene.     

丙烯醇催化氨化合成3-甲基吡啶催化剂的制备及性能

采用浸渍法制备了一系列H-ZSM-5分子筛负载过渡金属锌催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了这些催化剂对丙烯醇催化氨化合成3-甲基吡啶的催化性能。通过对H-ZSM-5的硅铝比、锌负载量对催化剂催化性能影响的考察,发现硅铝比为80、锌负载量为12%时得到的催化剂Zn₁₂/H-ZSM-5（80）的催化性能最佳。在常压、反应温度420℃、氨醇摩尔比3：1、空速300 h^-1条件下,丙烯醇在该催化剂上的转化率和3-甲基吡啶的选择性分别达到97.8%和37.9%。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）以及吡啶吸附红外对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明,Zn₁₂/H-ZSM-5（80）上负载的Zn²⁺为L酸;在丙烯醇生成3-甲基吡啶的反应过程中催化剂的脱氢活性物种为氧化锌,而加成和环合反应则主要是由催化剂中的L酸催化实现的。     

V-Ti-O催化剂上一步氧化合成异烟酸

利用浸渍法制备的V-Ti-O催化剂催化氧化4-甲基吡啶一步合成了异烟酸.对催化剂进行了XRD表征,并采用液相色谱、红外等手段分析异烟酸产品.考察了V负载量、助剂、反应温度、空速以及进水量对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明:酸性氧化物助剂利于提高催化性能,碱性氧化物则会抑制催化活性.V/Ti(原子比)、反应温度和进水量对异烟酸产率有显著影响.在V-Ti-Cr-Al-P催化剂上,当V/Ti为0.21,反应温度310℃,4-甲基吡啶液体积空速小于0.3 h-1,空气/水/4-甲基吡啶(摩尔比)为96/70/1时,异烟酸的产率可以达到82%.     

Ammoxidation of 3-picoline to nicotinonitrile over vanadium phosphorus oxide-based catalysts

Ammoxidation of 3-picoline to nicotinonitrile was investigated on vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO), VPO/SiO₂ and additive atom (Cu, Zr, Mn and Co) incorporated VPO catalysts under atmospheric pressure and at 673 K. For the purpose of comparison a conventional V₂O₅–MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst was also studied under identical conditions. These catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance, infrared, ammonia chemisorption and BET surface area methods. The VPO-based catalysts show better performance than the V₂O₅–MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Further, the VPO/SiO₂ and VPO catalysts exhibit better conversion and product selectivities than the additive-containing VPO catalysts. Better activity of VPO and VPO/SiO₂ catalysts was related to their high active surface area, higher surface acidity and lower oxidation state of vanadium. The redox couple between (VO)₂P₂O₇ (V⁴⁺) and α_I-VOPO₄ (V⁵⁺) phases appears to be responsible for the ammoxidation activity of VPO catalysts. © 1998 SCI.