旋流浓淡燃烧器中煤粉浓缩器对煤燃烧NOx生成的影响

应用数值模拟方法研究了旋流燃烧器中煤粉浓缩器对煤燃烧NO_x生成的影响,给出了热NO_x和燃料NO_x生成的详细信息.预报结果表明：采用作者研制的弱旋煤粉浓缩器后,可以大大地降低燃烧器出口区域燃料NO_x的生成,同时可以保持煤粉颗粒较高的燃尽率.模拟结果也表明,燃烧器出口区域的NO_x生成主要是由燃料NO_x的生成机理来控制,热NO_x在总NO_x的生成量中所占比例不大.因此,该旋流浓淡燃烧器具有高效低污染性能.     

基于支持向量机与高斯分布估计的低NOx排放

燃烧优化的核心在于建立有效而快速的建模工具及寻优算法,以便于在线应用。为了研究新方法的适用性以及克服常用算法的缺点,本文利用支持向量回归建立了大型四角切圆燃烧电站锅炉NO_x排放特性模型。利用大量的热态实炉试验NO_x排放数据对模型进行了训练和验证。结果表明,支持向量回归模型能获得较神经网络模型更加准确的预测结果,相对于神经网络,支持向量回归能更好处理大样本量数据的非线性问题。随后,采用一种基于高斯概率密度 (GPDD)的分布估计优化算法对NO_x排放模型进行了寻优。研究发现,与遗传算法相比,GPDD具有更好的寻优能力与更快的收敛速度。结合支持向量回归与高斯概率密度分布(GPDD)算法能有效降低燃煤锅炉NO_x排放量,不到1 min的优化时间便于在线应用。研究结论可为该算法在实际电厂中推广应用提供参考依据。     

基于支持向量机与高斯分布估计的低NOx排放

燃烧优化的核心在于建立有效而快速的建模工具及寻优算法,以便于在线应用。为了研究新方法的适用性以及克服常用算法的缺点,本文利用支持向量回归建立了大型四角切圆燃烧电站锅炉NO_x排放特性模型。利用大量的热态实炉试验NO_x排放数据对模型进行了训练和验证。结果表明,支持向量回归模型能获得较神经网络模型更加准确的预测结果,相对于神经网络,支持向量回归能更好处理大样本量数据的非线性问题。随后,采用一种基于高斯概率密度 (GPDD)的分布估计优化算法对NO_x排放模型进行了寻优。研究发现,与遗传算法相比,GPDD具有更好的寻优能力与更快的收敛速度。结合支持向量回归与高斯概率密度分布(GPDD)算法能有效降低燃煤锅炉NO_x排放量,不到1 min的优化时间便于在线应用。研究结论可为该算法在实际电厂中推广应用提供参考依据。     

O2/N2、O2/CO2和O2/CO2/NO气氛下煤粉燃烧NOx排放特性

利用滴管炉研究了O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/CO₂/NO气氛下煤燃烧过程中NO_x的排放特性。实验结果表明,在O₂/N₂和O₂/CO₂气氛下,高温或高O₂浓度均使NO排放量增加。O₂/CO₂气氛下NO排放量比O₂/N₂气氛下NO排放量低大约30%～40%。在O₂/CO₂/NO气氛下,温度不同时,O₂浓度变化对NO排放量的影响规律不同,对循环NO降解的影响规律也不同。高温不利于循环NO降解。随停留时间的延长NO排放量出现两个峰值。     

石化污泥与煤流化床混烧污染物排放特性

在一座热态循环流化床燃烧试验装置上对石化污泥与煤进行混烧试验,通过对焚烧过程中烟气成分进行分析,着重考察了质量掺混比、二次风率、过剩空气系数和床温对SO₂、NO_x和多环芳烃排放浓度的影响。试验结果表明,随着质量掺混比的增大,SO₂和NO_x的排放浓度下降,而多环芳烃排放浓度呈上升趋势。随着二次风率的增加,SO₂的排放浓度上升,而NO_x的排放浓度呈下降趋势。随着过剩空气系数的增加,SO₂的排放浓度下降,NO_x的排放浓度呈上升态势。随着床温或者过剩空气系数的增加,烟气中多环芳烃排放浓度均呈先下降后上升趋势。综合考虑稳定燃烧和降低污染物排放等因素,得出一系列最佳燃烧参数。燃烧温度应该控制在850～860℃,过剩空气系数应该控制在1.35左右,二次风率应该控制在40%左右,质量掺混比应该控制在30%左右。在本次试验范围内,各工况SO₂、NO_x和多环芳烃的排放浓度均满足国家排放标准。     

简化的Solomon热解模型和旋流煤粉燃烧NO生成的数值模拟

提出一种简化的Solomon热解模型, 用于模拟煤粉燃烧NO生成数值模拟中HCN的释放.用纯双流体模型、k-ε-k_p两相湍流模型、EBU-Arrhenius燃烧模型、六热流辐射模型、双方程热解模型、简化的Solomon热解模型以及NO生成湍流反应二阶矩代数模型对旋流煤粉燃烧器内两相流动、煤粉燃烧、HCN释放以及NO生成进行了数值模拟.模拟结果与文献中实验结果的对比表明,基于简化Solomon热解模型的HCN释放模型预报结果比基于双方程热解模型的HCN释放模型预报结果好.     

石油焦燃烧脱硫对NOx排放的影响

引言 石油焦是石油加工中获得的高沸点碳氢化合物经焦化后得到的最终产物.由于石油焦中的硫和重金属含量高,大多不适合作要求较高的化工和冶金工业的原料,只能作为燃料使用.美国Nisco热电厂410t*h-1纯烧石油焦循环床锅炉[1,2]的成功运行证明了循环流化床锅炉燃烧石油焦技术是先进和可靠的,经济上是可行的.采用循环流化床锅炉燃烧石油焦是今后石化企业解决石油焦出路的较好途径.     

煤在O2/CO2中燃烧的Nox释放规律

利用一维沉降炉,对3种煤在O₂/CO₂和空气两种气氛下燃烧NO_x析出特性进行了比较,分析了炉膛温度、过量空气系数对NO_x生成量的影响,并对O₂/CO₂气氛下NO_x的生成和破坏机理进行了分析.研究发现两种气氛下NO_x都有一个峰值出现,挥发分含量高的煤种峰值靠前, 挥发分含量低的煤种峰值靠后,O₂/CO₂条件下,峰值出现较空气条件下提前且有所下降;空气条件下NO_x的生成量随温度提高较快地增加,而O₂/CO₂气氛中NO_x的生成量随温度变化比较缓慢;在两种气氛下NO_x的峰值均随过量空气系数的增加而增加,高挥发分煤在O₂/CO₂气氛下NO_x峰值低于空气条件下峰值,而低挥发分煤则受影响较小.     

O_2/CO_2煤粉燃烧及NO_x污染排放的数值模拟

为了进一步全面评价O2/CO2煤粉燃烧特性,在前期实验基础上,通过数值模拟方法对空气、O2/CO2两种气氛下煤粉燃烧及污染物形成特性进行数值模拟,从而更充分了解O2/CO2燃煤过程火焰形成、传热和污染物形成特性,以便为合理组织流场、控制温度、获取合理的燃料和氧浓度分布状态及O2/CO2燃烧过程新燃烧器的设计提供必要的指导。     

石油焦燃烧脱硫对NOx排放的影响

引　言石油焦是石油加工中获得的高沸点碳氢化合物经焦化后得到的最终产物 .由于石油焦中的硫和重金属含量高 ,大多不适合作要求较高的化工和冶金工业的原料 ,只能作为燃料使用 .美国Nisco热电厂 4 10t·h- 1纯烧石油焦循环床锅炉[1,2 ] 的成功运行证明了循环流化床锅炉燃烧石油焦技术是先进和可靠的 ,经济上是可行的 .采用循环流化床锅炉燃烧石油焦是今后石化企业解决石油焦出路的较好途径 .由于石油焦中硫含量较高 ,一般燃烧石油焦都采用石灰石作为脱硫剂来脱硫 ,控制SO2 的排放 .石油焦燃烧污染物主要包括SO2 和NOx,也包括N2 O ,其排…     

Numerical simulation of pulverized coal combustion and NO formation

A pure two-fluid model, instead of the Eulerian gas-Lagrangian particle models (particle trajectory models), is used for simulating three-dimensional (3-D) turbulent reactive gas–particle flows and coal combustion. To improve the simulation of the flow field and NO_X formation, a modified k–ε–k_p two-phase turbulence model and a second-order-moment (SOM) reactive rate model are proposed. The proposed models are used to simulate NO formation (fuel NO produced by NH₃) of methane–air combustion, and the prediction results are compared with those using the pure presumed PDF-finite-reaction-rate model and experimental data. The modified k–ε model and SOM model are more reasonable than the standard k–ε model and the pure presumed PDF-finite-reaction-rate model. The proposed models are also used to predict the coal combustion and NO formation at the exit of a double air register swirl pulverized-coal burner. The predicted results indicate that a pulverized-coal concentrator installed in the primary-air tube of burner has a strong effect on the coal combustion and NO_X formation.     

位移钝体稳燃的旋流预混燃烧污染物生成特性

石化炉、加热炉等设备中燃烧过程的污染物控制具有重要意义。旋流预混燃烧过程具有低NO _x 排放的潜力,引发了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。结合钝体燃烧和旋流燃烧各自的优势,本文设计了带有位移钝体的旋流预混燃烧器。首先研究了不同钝体结构下的污染物的生成情况,确定了最优的钝体结构,在此基础上进一步研究了在不同旋流数下污染物生成、火焰形态和温度场分布情况。研究发现,钝体角度为30°、体积较小的倒锥形钝体具有较低的NO _x 和CO生成量。NO _x 生成量随着旋流数从0增加到0.83呈先减小后增加的趋势,并且当旋流数为0.25时,NO _x 生成量最低。在同一热功率下,火焰高度随着旋流数的增加而减小。在同一旋流数下,火焰宽度随热功率增大呈增大趋势。NO _x 生成量变化规律与其火焰温度分布规律一致,即NO _x 生成量最低的工况下火焰温度也比较低。由此推测旋流引发的温度变化是NO _x 生成量变化的主要影响因素之一。本文的研究结论对旋流预混燃烧器的设计提供了理论基础。     

The influence of fuel bias in the primary air duct on the gas/particle flow characteristics near the swirl burner region

A three-component particle-dynamics anemometer is used to measure, in the near-burner region, the influence of the particle bias in the primary air duct on the gas/particle flow characteristics for a centrally fuel rich swirl coal combustion burner, in conjunction with a gas/particle two-phase test facility. Velocities, particle volume flux profiles and normalized particle number concentrations were obtained. Compared with a common burner (a centrally fuel rich burner without a particle concentrator), the degree of penetration for the centrally fuel rich burner is higher, the residence time of particles in the central recirculation zone is longer and the central recirculation zone is larger. The particle volume flux and normalized particle number concentration for the centrally fuel rich burner are much larger near the chamber axis. The influence of gas/particle flow characteristics on combustion has been analyzed.     

Heavy fuel oil combustion in a cylindrical laboratory furnace: measurements and modeling

The finite-volume based commercial CFD-code Fluent was used to simulate the reacting flow in a heavy fuel oil fired laboratory furnace. Both the standard k−ε turbulence model and the Reynolds stress model (RSM) were tested. The combustion model was based on the conserved scalar (mixture fraction) and prescribed probability density function approach. The heavy fuel oil droplet trajectories were predicted by solving the momentum equations for the droplets using the Lagrangian treatment. The soot distribution in the furnace was calculated by solving a transport equation for the soot mass fraction. Simple expressions for the soot formation and oxidation rates were employed. The radiation heat transfer equation was solved using the finite volume method. The formation of thermal NO from molecular nitrogen was modeled according to the extended Zeldovich mechanism. Fuel-based NO was modeled assuming that all the nitrogen in the fuel is released as hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which then further reacts forming nitric oxide NO or molecular nitrogen N₂, depending on the local combustion conditions. The formation of prompt NO was also included in the calculations. The CFD-code was validated against experimental data for a combustor fired by an industry-type swirl burner for which the initial conditions of the spray have been characterized. It was found that the standard k−ε model does not satisfactorily predict the highly swirling flow field in the furnace. The RSM was able to improve the prediction of the flow field. The predicted gas species concentrations were found to be in a reasonable agreement with the measurements, except near the burner and in the vicinity of the furnace axis where discrepancies were found.     

水泥回转窑内NO生成的模拟

采用气固流动、煤粉燃烧和NO生成模型,结合物料烧成过程的物理化学反应热效应的一维热流函数,对采用4通道燃烧器的某3000 t·d^-1生产能力的全尺寸水泥回转窑内NO的生成进行了数值模拟研究,对水泥回转窑内NO生成机理及分布规律进行深入的分析.研究结果表明：水泥回转窑内NO生成主要为热力型NO和燃料型NO,并且以热力型NO为主要生成方式,燃料NO主要在窑头的燃烧带产生,热力NO主要产生于高温烧成带,并且燃料NO与热力NO的生成过程存在着相互抑制作用.     

Numerical modelling and simulation of pulverized solid‐fuel combustion in swirl burners

A finite‐volume numerical model for computer simulation of pulverized solid‐fuel combustion in furnaces with axisymmetric‐geometry swirl burner is presented. The simulation model is based on the k ? ε single phase turbulence model, considering the presence of the dispersed solid phase via additional source terms in the gas phase equations. The dispersed phase is treated by the particle source in cell (PSIC) method. Solid fuel particle devolatilization, homogenous and heterogeneous chemical reaction processes are modelled via a global combustion model. The radiative heat transfer equation is also resolved using the finite volume method. The numerical simulation code is validated by comparing computational and experimental results of pulverized coal in an experimental furnace equipped with a swirl burner. It is shown that the developed numerical code can successfully predict the flow field and flame structure including swirl effects and can therefore be used for the design and optimization of pulverized solid‐fuel swirl burners.     

SO2对氮氧化物生成的影响

研究了燃料燃烧过程中 N- S间的相互作用 .分别从实验和数值计算的角度总结 SO2对 NOx 及含氮中间产物生成和释放的影响 ,并试图通过反应机理来解释 .SO2 在贫燃料状态下能降低热力型 NO的释放 ,抑制富燃料状态下快速型 NO的生成 ,对贫燃料及富燃料状态下燃料型NO释放的影响不能得到统一定论 ,但 N- S间确实发生了复杂的相互作用 .数值计算的结果与实验相差较大 ,但具有一定参考价值 ,且能得到实验难以测量的中间产物的浓度变化趋势     

Study of the influence of vane angle on flow, gas species, temperature, and char burnout in a 200 MWe lignite-fired boiler

We measured various operational parameters of a 200-MW_e, wall-fired, lignite utility boiler under various outer secondary air vane angles. The parameters measured were gas temperature, gas species concentrations, char burnout, and component release rates (C, H and N). Cold air experiments of a single burner were conducted in the laboratory. A double swirl flow pulverized-coal burner has a single ring recirculation zone that forms in the secondary air region in the burner. By decreasing vane angles, maximum values of radial velocity, tangential velocity and turbulence intensity all increase. Moreover, swirl intensity of air flow and recirculation zone size increase. Concomitantly, in the central region of the burner, decreasing the vane angles of outer secondary air increases gas temperatures, CO concentrations, char burnout and component release rates of C, H, and N, while O₂ and NO_x concentrations decrease, and an early ignition of pulverized-coal occurs. Meanwhile, in the secondary air region of the burner, conditions are similar except that NO_x mean concentrations are reversed showing instead an increase. In the side wall region, gas temperatures increase, O₂ and NO_x concentrations decrease, but CO concentrations vary only slightly.     

煤粉工业锅炉燃烧器研究进展

燃烧器作为煤粉燃烧技术核心关键设备,主要作用是将燃料与空气合理混合,使燃料稳定着火并形成某种流场以利于后续完全燃烧。实现安全节能环保燃烧,必须根据燃料的特性,选择合理的燃烧器类型及布置形式。因此,本文介绍了国内外几种典型的旋流燃烧器的分类及其特点,并总结了旋流燃烧器的发展趋势。