80m~2球窑无临时管道发生炉煤气烤窑的研究

介绍了直接用发生炉煤气给玻璃球窑升温的操作方法、注意事项,并与有临时管道发生炉煤气烤窑方法对比。实践证明:用无临时管道发生炉煤气烤窑时间大大缩短。同样将炉膛加热到850℃,无临时管道发生炉煤气烤窑只需约60t煤,而用柴油升温要消耗柴油近20t,用临时管道发生炉煤气烤窑约需煤约120t。无临时管道发生炉煤气烤窑的成本大大减少。     

发生炉正常炉出煤气温度影响因素分析

发生炉正常炉出煤气温度与气化用煤的化学反应活性和气化用煤的挥发分及水分含量相关。气化化学反应活性较强的煤,气化反应温度相对较低,其正常炉出煤气温度也相应较低。随着气化用煤中挥发分及水分含量的增高,发生炉正常炉出煤气温度降低,煤中水分含量对炉出煤气温度影响较大,相比而言,煤中挥发分含量对炉出煤气温度的影响相对较弱。正确确定发生炉在气化不同煤种时的正常炉出煤气温度指标,有利于操作人员根据出煤气温度的变化,准确判断并正确处理炉况。     

干馏式发生炉与其它煤气发生炉对比分析

从煤气发生炉的结构及造气过程着手,对干馏式发生炉与一段式和两段式发生炉进行了较为系统的对比分析。就煤气质量和产量、焦油回收、资源的节约利用、设备的操作维护等方面,干馏式发生炉都优于一段式发生炉和两段式发生炉,干馏式发生炉特别适合于气化含水分、挥发分和灰分较高的烟煤。     

φ3300煤气发生炉炉底结构的改进设计

在原φ３０００煤气发生炉设计的基础上，对炉底的灰盘与底盘、齿轮传动部分及防尘密封结构进行了改进设计，新炉底结构的φ３３００煤气发生炉能提高生产效率、降低能主延长设备使用寿命。     

固定层煤气发生炉炉箅对节能降耗的影响

通过分析合成氨生产过程中固定层煤气发生炉炉箅对节能降耗的影响,对如何进行炉箅的合理配置和调整,以达到降低煤耗的目的进行了阐述.     

煤气发生炉炉出煤气含水量计算

煤炭中的水和气化剂中的水等因素，对煤气发生炉炉出煤气含水量影响最大，通过气化反应过程中氢的平衡，推导了炉出煤气含水量计算公式。同时指出探火、打钎操作时汽封带入的水，和高温灰渣落入灰盘水封时汽化的部分水封水，以及煤炭中和空气中的氢元素等，也同样会不同程度地影响发生炉炉出煤气含水量，实际工程计算时应考虑据此进行适当修正。     

引进两段式煤气发生炉的应用与国产化实践

引进两段式煤气发生炉的应用与国产化实践王振轩（郑州玻璃厂４５０００４）引进两段式煤气发生炉是为了要同时供出两种品质不同的煤气，一是热煤气，二是热值较高杂质含量较少的干净冷煤气。这些虽然用以烟煤为气化燃料的国产单段煤气发生炉基本上也可以做到，但是对于大...     

抢修煤气发生炉时的窑炉运行

抢修煤气发生炉时的窑炉运行苗宗范，张子栋，楚明杰（河南省许昌市玻璃厂４６１０００）在中小型工厂，玻璃熔窑与煤气发生炉往往一对一配套。这样，一旦煤气发生炉发生故障，就直接威胁着玻璃熔窑。我厂一座２２ｍ２马蹄焰池窑和一台φ２．６ｍ发生炉配套，１９９４年２...     

Φ3.3m煤气发生炉炉底结构的设计改进

３．３ｍ煤气发生炉炉底结构的设计改进陈栋木梁（湖南化工设计院）关键词煤气发生炉炉底结构改进随着氮肥生产规模的不断扩大，为了提高产气量，有些厂家在原３．０ｍ煤气炉型的基础上将其炉膛内径扩至３．３ｍ，由于未对炉底齿轮传动部分进行相应改造，因此时常因超负...     

煤气发生炉故障影响分析

煤气发生炉作为化工、轻工、冶金、机械、建材、耐材等行业发展必须使用的机械设备,对国民经济的发展起着非常重要的作用,以其供热自动化、环保洁净、运行可靠、减少能耗等优点受到业界和社会各界人士的关注,但是,近几年来,煤气发生炉故障时有发生,在一定程度上影响到了企业的经济利益和社会效益,甚至会给人民的生命财产安全带来负面影响。如何紧紧围绕煤气发生炉的工作原理及故障发生的原因,确保煤气发生炉的正常运营,保证企业资产的保值增值,是所有使用煤气发生炉企业所必须面对的课题。本文立足于煤气发生炉的应用状况及特点,对煤气发生炉故障发生的原因及排除措施了研究和分析,希望能够为企业的发展提供参考。     

Nickel electrodeposition using EnFACE

In this paper, the usefulness of EnFACE “maskless” technology to transfer millimetre and micro scale features of nickel has been described. Here, electrode position was used with a patterned tool (anode) and uncoated substrate (cathode) placed in an electrochemical reactor separated by a narrow gap i.e. 300 μm. It requires resistive electrolytes with low concentration of metal ions which leads to a reduction of material and chemical usage. An electrochemical cell with a volume about 500 ml was utilised. An electrolyte of 0.19 M nickel sulfamate was chosen and shown to be capable of depositing nickel. Millimetre and micron scale feature manually fabricated as well as micron feature prepared by using photolithography were used. Current density for nickel deposition was observed to be different for each feature area. Nickel was deposited at cell potential ranging between ?2.2 and ?2.4 V. A feature of 1 mm × 5 mm and features of 300–800 μm width have been successfully transferred. An increase in dimension of the deposited feature was observed due to current spreading. The features were broader at longer processing time and for smaller feature size. A thickness up to 0.54 μm was obtained for 125–600 s at a current efficiency ranged between 50 and 90 %. EDX and XPS analysis show that the nickel deposit was metallic. SEM analysis shows that the deposited nickel was dense and compact.     

Metal recovery using chitosan

Chitosan is a natural polycationic polymer which possesses valuable properties as a metal recovering and water purifying agent. Applications are —waste water treatment for heavy metal and radio isotope removal and valuable metal recovery, —potable water purification for reduction of unwanted metals, —agriculture—controlled release of trace metals essential to plant growth, —food—complex binding of iron in precooked food to reduce ‘warmed-over flavour’. The interactions of metals with chitosan are complex, probably simultaneously dominated by adsorption, ion-exchange and chelation. To study this it is of utmost importance to work with well characterized chitosans. This has been a problem as available characterizing methodology is limited. Degree of polymerization and deacetylation and the distribution of acetyl groups along the polymer chain is of crucial importance for chitosan metal interacting characteristics. Making chemical derivatives is a way to alter the metal interacting characteristics of chitosan. Chitosan possesses general coagulant/flocculant characteristics towards bio-molecules and surfaces.     

Mechatronics using piezoelectric actuators

Mechatronics has enabled “intelligent” machinery such as car antiskid braking systems to be created. Any new automotive development has to incorporate a large number of mechanical servo functions, and the range of functions and requirements in servo technology is growing apace. New actuator technologies, therefore, give fresh impetus to product development and accelerate progress. Piezoelectric actuators represent a new technology that offers a host of advantages. In combination with signal-processing electronics, the good mechanical and electrical integratability of piezoelectric actuators make these devices key elements in innovative, intelligent systems. This paper presents prototype applications. Particular attention is focused on powerful large-displacement piezoelectric actuators. The article also includes concrete characterization of piezoelectric actuator elements. To this end specific static and dynamic measurement methods were developed to characterize the elements under temperature and load influences.     

Metameric correction using parameric decomposition

The theory underlying parameric decomposition using a Cohen-Kappauf algorithm is explained. The decomposition is utilized to correct parameric color differences to metameric differences in order that indices of metamerism may be calculated from conventional formulae. The implications of the decomposition on the definitions of metamerism and of paramerism are discussed, and a physical realization of the fundamental stimulus is offered.     

Color correction using principal components

The problem of color correction for changes in illumination is briefly reviewed. A new method using the spectral reflectance distribution in the image is introduced and compared to a white-point mapping method. The new method is based on principal component analysis and thus is dependent upon the characteristics of the images that are to be viewed. These two methods are compared using chromaticity plots and the CIE L*a*b* ΔE measurement, for test samples which include color copiers, thermal writers, ink-jet printers, and lithography.     

Benzophenone reduction using sulphur-based additives

Pyrite and γ-Fe₂S₃ are the best of the mineral promotors tried for the CO—H₂O reduction of benzophenone to diphenylmethane. A mixture of ferrous sulphide and sulphur matches the promotional effect of iron pyrite, which implies that sulphur plays a role in the reaction. Both elemental sulphur and hydrogen sulphide are shown to promote CO—H₂O-induced reductions.     

Undercoat enamels using metallurgical slag

A composition of undercoat enamel for steel is developed, whose main material component is blast-furnace slag from Novolipetsk Steel and Iron Works. The main properties of the obtained enamel are determined, and the optimum conditions for the synthesis of a high-quality undercoat sheet-steel enamelare described.     

Reaction screening using a microreactor

This article discusses the screening of chemical reactions using a microreactor equipped with infrared spectroscopy as online analytics. An esterification reaction has been optimized in continuous mode with the proposed setup. The esterification did not work well due to the material of the microreactor (stainless-steel 316Ti) that catalyzed the decomposition of formic acid. However, despite the occurrence of decomposition, an optimization could be achieved with this system.