Impact of Lipopolysaccharide Extraction on Bacterial Adhesion and Transport

Animal waste is a valuable resource, which, when managed properly, can reduce the need for commercial fertilizer. It can also improve the soil water holding capacity and tilth. Similarly, as a newly recognized water resource, nutrient-rich reclaimed wastewater supplies not only water, but also plant nutrients (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) that can benefit agricultural production. When animal waste or reclaimed wastewater is used for land applications or agricultural irrigation, the major concern is the possible spreading of pathogenic organisms in the soil and the possibility of groundwater contamination once the pathogenic organisms pass through the vadose zone and reach the groundwater table. Proper chemical treatment is required either to kill the pathogens or to enhance the retention of the pathogens in the subsurface soil to protect the groundwater from being contaminated. In this study, we have investigated the impact of lipopolysaccharide extraction on bacterial retention in a porous medium (silica sand) using column experiments. Three gram-negative bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used as model bacterial strains and their transport was described by the two-region (equilibrium/kinetic) model. After lipopolysaccharide extraction, all these three strains showed greater retention in the porous medium. Increase in retention after the lipopolysaccharide extraction was most pronounced for Pseudomonas fluorescens and least for E. coli. Bacterial retention in the porous medium was correlated with their interactions with the porous medium.     

Treatment of originally coloured wools with garlic stem extracts and zinc chloride to ensure anti‐bacterial properties with limited colour changes

In this study, the objective was to ensure anti‐bacterial properties for originally coloured wools with naturally sourced garlic stem extracts. In addition, zinc chloride‐based treatment was also carried out. The aim was to retain the original colours of the wool fibres during these treatments. The effects of both treatments were evaluated in terms of colour changes in the wool fibres. It was found that the colour changes caused by the treatments were high in white/ecru fibres but more limited in black fibres. The colour differences between the treated and untreated black fibres were near 1; they were also quite high in white/ecru fibres. The anti‐bacterial properties of the treated wool fibres against two bacteria species, one gram‐negative and one gram‐positive, were also investigated. It was observed that zinc chloride‐based treatment ensured significant anti‐bacterial efficiencies against the bacteria tested and 99.9% bacterial reduction in all cases. However, the anti‐bacterial effects of garlic stem extract‐based treated wool fibres were limited. It was observed that treatment of wool fibres with garlic stem extracts resulted in no anti‐bacterial efficiency against Escherichia coli but did provide some anti‐bacterial capability against Staphylococcus aureus. The highest bacterial reduction of S. aureus was 80.7% in originally brown‐coloured wool fibre.     

Antimicrobial silica and sand particles functionalized with an N‐halamine acrylamidesiloxane copolymer

The monomer 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐(5‐methylhydantoinyl)propane (HA) was copolymerized with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (SL) and covalently attached onto silica gel and sand particles. As a result HASL copolymer‐grafted silica gel and sand particles (HASL SGPs and SPs) were obtained. These two types of HASL SGPs and SPs provided excellent biocidal efficacy against Gram positive S. aureus and Gram negative E. coli O157:H7 bacteria when the copolymer‐grafted particles were exposed to dilute sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) solution. In a flowing water application, seven logs of bacteria were inactivated within 10 s of contact time with the particles packed into a column. The treated particles also exhibited good washing and storage stabilities. The chlorine loss during extensive flow could be recovered by further exposure to dilute bleach solution. The antimicrobial particles have potential application for use in inexpensive disinfecting water filters for slow water flows. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43413.     

Silver‐loaded lyocell fibers modified by tempo‐mediated oxidation

The purpose of this research was to accomplish antimicrobial properties in lyocell fibers by Ag⁺ ions sorption from aqueous silver nitrate solution. Sorption properties of lyocell fibers were improved by the selective TEMPO‐mediated oxidation, i.e. oxidation with sodium hypochlorite and catalytic amount of sodium bromide and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxy radical (TEMPO). The most suitable experimental conditions for the selective TEMPO‐mediated oxidation were determined by changing oxidation conditions: concentration of sodium hypochlorite, as well as duration of sorption. The obtained results showed that the maximum sorption capacity (0.809 mmol of Ag⁺ ions per gram of fibers) of modified lyocell fibers was obtained for the sample modified with 4.84 mmol NaClO per gram of cellulose, during 1 h. The antifungal activity of the TEMPO‐oxidized lyocell fibers with silver ions against fungi from the Candida family, Candida albicans (ATCC 24433), and antibacterial activity against two strains: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were confirmed in vitro. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Enhanced mechanical properties and bactericidal activity of polypropylene nanocomposite with dual‐function silica–silver core‐shell nanoparticles

Dual‐function silica–silver core‐shell (SiO₂@Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) with the core diameter of 17 ± 2 nm and the shell thickness of about 1.5 nm were produced using a green chemistry. The SiO₂@Ag NPs were tested in vitro against gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram‐negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), both of which are human pathogens. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of the SiO₂@Ag NPs based on Ag content are 4 and 10 μg mL^?1 against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. These values are similar to those of Ag NPs. SiO₂@Ag NPs were for the first time incorporated to a commodity polypropylene (PP) polymer. This yielded an advanced multifunctional polymer using current compounding technologies i.e., melt blending by twin‐screw extruder and solvent (toluene) blending. The composite containing 5 wt % SiO₂@Ag NPs (0.05 wt % Ag) exhibited efficient bactericidal activity with over 99.99% reduction in bacterial cell viability and significantly improved the flexural modulus of the PP. Anodic stripping voltammetry, used to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of the composite, indicated that a bactericidal Ag⁺ agent was released from the composite in an aqueous environment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Water Sorption and Diffusion in Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Films

For improved understnding of the transport of low-molecular substances' in moderately hydrophobic polymers, the temperature dependence of water vapor sorption and diffusion in poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was studied for the first time. Equilibrium sorption and diffusion kinetics were determined by a quartz McBain's vacuum microbalance technique in the temperature range 303-333 K. The water molecule interaction with the polymer matrix was analyzed for wet PHB films by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. Water sorption isoterms are interpreted as a superposition of free water sorption estimated by the Flory-Huggins equation and water immobilized on car-bony 1 groups of PHB. The immobilization effect was described by a Lmgmuir-type equation. The dependence of diffusivity on water concentration was described in the framework of Fujita's immobilization model in which the growing function D _w versus C _w characterized the filling degree of carbonyl groups as sites of immobilization in the polymer. Enthalpy of free water sorption (12 kJ/mol) and water immobilization (42 kJ/mol) as well as the activation energy of water diffusion coefficients (71 kJ/mol) in noncrystalline areas of PHB were determined.     

Escherichia coli Biofilm Characteristics on Polymeric Heat Exchanger Surfaces

Time‐dependent effects on the apparent roughness and surface free energy of different polymeric surfaces and stainless steel were studied during the biofouling process for Escherichia coli K12. The surface roughness increases during primary adhesion of E. coli on the surfaces and is later reduced as the surface between scattered bacteria is completely covered, forming a uniform biofilm. During the fouling process, the polar fraction of the surface free energy significantly increased, whereas the dispersive fraction decreased for all substrates. The attachment of E. coli and subsequent bacterial production of extracellular polymeric substances increased the polarity of the initially nonpolar polymeric surfaces to increase wettability.     

Site‐Specific Immobilization of the Peptidoglycan Synthase PBP1B on a Surface Plasmon Resonance Chip Surface

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is one of the most powerful label‐free methods to determine the kinetic parameters of molecular interactions in real time and in a highly sensitive way. Penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs) are peptidoglycan synthesis enzymes present in most bacteria. Established protocols to analyze interactions of PBPs by SPR involve immobilization to an ampicillin‐coated chip surface (a β‐lactam antibiotic mimicking its substrate), thereby forming a covalent complex with the PBPs transpeptidase (TP) active site. However, PBP interactions measured with a substrate‐bound TP domain potentially affect interactions near the TPase active site. Furthermore, in vivo PBPs are anchored in the inner membrane by an N‐terminal transmembrane helix, and hence immobilization at the C‐terminal TPase domain gives an orientation contrary to the in vivo situation. We designed a new procedure: immobilization of PBP by copper‐free click chemistry at an azide incorporated in the N terminus. In a proof‐of‐principle study, we immobilized Escherichia coli PBP1B on an SPR chip surface and used this for the analysis of the well‐characterized interaction of PBP1B with LpoB. The site‐specific incorporation of the azide affords control over protein orientation, thereby resulting in a homogeneous immobilization on the chip surface. This method can be used to study topology‐dependent interactions of any (membrane) protein.     

Immobilization influence on the water sorption and diffusion in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)

The temperature dependency of water vapor sorption and diffusion in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was studied for the first time. Equilibrium sorption and diffusion kinetics were determined by a quartz McBain's vacuum microbalance technique in the temperature range of 303–333 K. A probability of water molecule interaction with the polymer matrix was analyzed for wet PHB films by FTIR spectroscopy technique. Sorption isotherms are interpreted as the solution of free water molecules estimated by the Flory–Huggins equation and the sorption of water molecules immobilized on the carbonyl groups of PHB. The immobilization effect was described by a Langmuir-type equation. The dependency of diffusivity on water concentration was described in the frames of Fujita's immobilization model in which the growing function D_w versus C_w characterized the filling degree of carbonyl groups as sites of immobilization in the polymer. Enthalpy of free water sorption (12 kJ/mol) and water immobilization (42 kJ/mol), as well as the activation energy of water diffusion coefficients (71 kJ/mol), in noncrystalline areas of PHB were determined. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 981–985, 1999     

Enhanced functionality of colloidal polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite as an antibacterial agent

This study describes the preparation of colloidal polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol (PAn/PVA) nanocomposite by chemical polymerization of aniline (AN) in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulphate (APS) as an oxidant and PVA as a stabilizer. The product was characterized morphologically using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), chemically using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and optically UV–visible. The prepared polymer was then tested for the antibacterial properties against gram‐negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa); and gram‐positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The antibacterial properties were assessed by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and the bactericidal effect methods. The results clearly showed that colloidal PAn/PVA nanocomposite strongly inhibits the growth of wild‐type E. coli (19 ± 0.5) mm followed by P. aeruginosa (17 ± 0.5 mm) and S. aureus (17.5 ± 0.5 mm) bacteria. S. aureus was completely killed after exposure for only 15 min, whereas S. aureus and E. coli were completely killed after exposure for 25 min. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 22:267–272, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Trivalent chromium removal from tannery effluent using kaolin‐supported bacterial biofilm of Bacillus sp isolated from chromium polluted soil

BACKGROUND: Bacterial strains belonging to the genus Bacillus, isolated from Cr‐ polluted soil (tannery sludge) were employed as consortium for Cr(III) removal from tannery effluents. Kaolin clay, a natural adsorbent, was used as supporting material for bacterial biofilm formation. The use of clay‐supported bacterial biofilm has not previously been employed for the treatment of tannery effluents containing Cr(III) salt. RESULTS: Commercial tannery effluent containing 1000 ppm initial metal ion concentration was treated in stages. The initial Cr(III) concentration of 1000 ppm was brought down to 2 ppm, a permissible level for discharge, after the fourth stage. The bacterial isolates were found to be Bacillus subtilis VITSCCr01 and Bacillus cereus VITSCCr02 by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Batch assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy results revealed the role of kaolin as a support material in biofilm formation. Best fit was obtained with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The mechanism of sorption was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS). CONCLUSION: Cr(III) removal from tannery effluent using low cost adsorbents such as kaolin and bacteria proved to be effective for metal concentrations ?1000 ppm; this is normally not possible using conventional treatment methods. This work has demonstrated feasible sorption of Cr(III), especially during post‐tanning operations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Immobilization of invertase onto crosslinked poly(p‐chloromethylstyrene) beads

Invertase was immobilized onto poly(p‐chloromethylstyrene) (PCMS) beads that were produced by a suspension polymerization with an average size of 186 μm. The beads had a nonporous but reasonably rough surface. Because of this, a reasonably large external surface area (i.e., 14.1 m²/g) could be achieved with the proposed carrier. A two‐step functionalization protocol was followed for the covalent attachment of invertase onto the bead surface. For this purpose, a polymeric ligand that carried amine groups, polyethylenimine (PEI), was covalently attached onto the bead surface by a direct chemical reaction. Next, the free amine groups of PEI were activated by glutaraldehyde. Invertase was covalently attached onto the bead surface via the direct chemical reaction between aldehyde and amine groups. The appropriate enzyme binding conditions and the batch‐reactor performance of the immobilized enzyme system were investigated. Under optimum immobilization conditions, 19 mg of invertase was immobilized onto each gram of beads with 80% retained activity after immobilization. The effects of pH and temperature on the immobilized invertase activity were determined and compared with the free enzyme. The kinetic parameters K_M and V_M were determined with the Michealis–Menten model. K_M of immobilized invertase was 1.75 folds higher than that of the free invertase. The immobilization caused a significant improvement in the thermal stability of invertase, especially in the range of 55–65°C. No significant internal diffusion limitation was detected in the immobilized enzyme system, probably due to the surface morphology of the selected carrier. This result was confirmed by the determination of the activation energies of both free and immobilized invertases. The activity half‐life of the immobilized invertase was approximately 5 times longer than that of the free enzyme. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1268–1279, 2002     

The effects of urine and temperature on the physicochemical surface properties and adhesion behaviour of uropathogenic bacteria

Bacterial adhesion in relation to urinary-tract infections has gained importance in the last years because of the increasing catheterization in hospitals to assist post-surgery flow of urine. Since the initial adhesion of bacteria to biomaterials is governed by physicochemical forces emerging from the physicochemical properties of both interacting phases, we have investigated the physicochemical surface changes of uropathogen Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212 bacteria due to the presence of urine in its growth medium and to the differences in the environmental temperature. Urine-grown cells were found to be less hydrophobic based on water contact angles at 22°C, while no changes were detected at 37°C. In addition, they exhibited higher acid-base surface energy component than urine-free cultured cells. These changes in surface properties were also reflected in thermodynamic predictions of the adhesion to glass and silicone, which were experimentally compared with the in vitro adhesion curves obtained in a parallel plate flow chamber. The shapes of the adhesion graphs indicated that interaction free energies should be used to describe only the initial adhesion stages. Adhesion to silicone was always enhanced by urine-grown cells, while the adhesion to glass did not seem to be affected by the urine constituents. Despite the fact that the interaction free energies were not able to explain the adhesion process in some cases, changes in the electron-donor and electron-acceptor parameters of their surface free energy due to urine addition seemed to have a relation with initial adhesion rates.     

Lindane adsorption isotherms interpreted in terms of interaction free energies with porous media

Lindane adsorption isotherms on silica sand and alluvial loam were investigated by batch and column experiments and related to lindane interaction free energies with the porous media. These interaction free energies were highly dependent on the physico-chemical characteristics of lindane and the porous media and could be calculated by their surface thermodynamic properties. Silica sand displayed a single adsorption domain and lindane had a linear adsorption isotherm on silica sand. In contrast, alluvial loam exhibited dual adsorption domains, which could be interpreted by two linear adsorption isotherms. For heterogeneous porous media with multiple adsorption domains, such as alluvial loam, lindane first adsorbed onto domains of high adsorption potentials. When these domains were occupied, lindane began to adsorb onto domains of low adsorption potentials.     

Functional Characterization of E. coli LptC: Interaction with LPS and a Synthetic Ligand

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main cell‐surface molecular constituent of Gram‐negative bacteria, is synthesized in the inner membrane (IM) and transported to the outer membrane (OM) by the Lpt (lipopolysaccharide transport) machinery. Neosynthesized LPS is first flipped by MsbA across the IM, then transported to the OM by seven Lpt proteins located in the IM (LptBCFG), in the periplasm (LptA), and in the OM (LptDE). A functional OM is essential to bacterial viability and requires correct placement of LPS in the outer leaflet. Therefore, LPS biogenesis represents an ideal target for the development of novel antibiotics against Gram‐negative bacteria. Although the structures of Lpt proteins have been elucidated, little is known about the mechanism of LPS transport, and few data are available on Lpt–LPS binding. We report here the first determination of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the interaction between LptC and a fluorescent lipo‐oligosaccharide (fLOS) in vitro. The apparent dissociation constant (K_d) of the fLOS–LptC interaction was evaluated by two independent methods. The first was based on fLOS capture by resin‐immobilized LptC; the second used quenching of LptC intrinsic fluorescence by fLOS in solution. The K_d values by the two methods (71.4 and 28.8 μm, respectively) are very similar, and are of the same order of magnitude as that of the affinity of LOS for the upstream transporter, MsbA. Interestingly, both methods showed that fLOS binding to LptC is mostly irreversible, thus reflecting the fact that LPS can be released from LptC only when energy is supplied by ATP or in the presence of a higher‐affinity LptA protein. A fluorescent glycolipid was synthesized: this also interacted irreversibly with LptC, but with lower affinity (apparent K_d=221 μM ). This compound binds LptC at the LPS binding site and is a prototype for the development of new antibiotics targeting LPS transport in Gram‐negative bacteria.     

Preparation and antimicrobial activity of Konjac Glucomannan modified with quaternary ammonium compound

Seven kind of graft copolymerization Konjac Glucomannan with quaternary ammonium group have been prepared, using Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) and methacryloxylethyl alkyl dimethyl ammonium bromide with c₈–c₁₈ alkyl and benzyl in water, ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator, the reaction temperature of 348 K, and the reaction period of 3 h. The structures were confirmed by FTIR. The 15 min inhibitory rates of all the graft copolymerization KGM against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, against Candida albicans somewhat lower, but 30 min inhibitory rate still reached 99.02% for graft copolymerization KGM with quaternary ammonium group having 14 alkyl. The antibacterial mechanism of the graft copolymerization KGM has been investigated by adsorption ability to E. coli, measure of 260 nm absorbing materials and SEM micrographs. Firstly, the bacteria were fastly adsorbed by graft copolymerization KGM. Interactions between bacterial membranes and antibacterial product cause fundamental changes in both membrane structure and function, induced leakage of cytoplasmic contents is a classic indication of damage to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. The loss of the connection between the outer membrane and the underlying peptidoglycan induces the abnormality of nodular structures and bleb formation of the cell envelope of E. coli. The antibacterial mechanism is in accordance with microbiologic findings identifying surface blebbing as the first morphologic change occurring in the permeability barrier of gram‐negative bacteria under mild heat stress and laser irradiation, etc. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Rhamnolipids: Production in bacteria other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most studied biosurfactants due to their potential applications in a wide variety of industries and the high levels of their production. However, even though these biosurfactants are already produced at an industrial scale, the fact that P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen impose a restriction for its large scale production due to the intrinsic health hazard of the process. Other bacterial species that have been reported to be rhamnolipid producers are the pathogens Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei, and recently the non‐pathogenic B. thailandensis. This short review presents information on rhamnolipid production by bacteria different from P. aeruginosa, as well as some approaches that have been taken to produce rhamnolipids using non‐pathogenic bacteria by genetic engineering of different bacteria. The low frequency of occurrence of rhamnolipid production among natural isolates that are not P. aeruginosa or Burkholderia, as well as the absence of orthologs of the genes involved in rhamnolipid synthesis (rhl genes) among the hundreds of sequenced bacterial genomes, suggest that the rare reported cases of these type of rhamnolipid‐producing bacteria have acquired this trait through horizontal gene transfer either from P. aeruginosa or from a member of Burkholderia.     

Co‐immobilized Whole Cells with ω‐Transaminase and Ketoreductase Activities for Continuous‐Flow Cascade Reactions

An improved sol–gel process involving the use of hollow silica microspheres as a supporting additive was applied for the co‐immobilization of whole cells of Escherichia coli with Chromobacterium violaceum ω‐transaminase activity and Lodderomyces elongisporus with ketoreductase activity. The co‐immobilized cells with two different biocatalytic activities could perform a cascade of reactions to convert racemic 4‐phenylbutan‐2‐amine or heptan‐2‐amine into a nearly equimolar mixture of the corresponding enantiomerically pure R amine and S alcohol even in continuous‐flow mode. The novel co‐immobilized whole‐cell system proved to be an easy‐to‐store and durable biocatalyst.     

Stimuli‐sensitive nanostructured poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate): Synthesis,characterization, and study of metal ion retention properties

Stimuli‐sensitive polymers are a type of smart polymers having the capability to change their configuration or properties under adequate stimuli as heat, pH, magnetic field, mechanical strength, among other. The aim of this work was to synthesize nanostructured polymers with antibacterial properties capable to change their retention properties of divalent metal ions by external stimuli (pH and ionic strength). For that, a polymerizable nanostructured crosslinker (PNC) based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and acrylic acid was synthesized. Later, NPSS was synthesized by free‐radical polymerization, characterized by different analytical techniques and its retention properties of divalent ions (Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺) were studied at different pHs and ionic strengths (5.0, 7.0, and 9.0; and 0.0, 0.5, and 1.5% NaCl, respectively). It was evidenced that AgNPs can be synthesized using acrylic acid as stabilizing agent, and later, be used for synthesis of NPSS by free‐radical polymerization. For NPSS, metal ion retention decreases as pH is increased; in addition, results suggest that the electrostatic interaction is not the only determining factor in the retention of ions. Other possible factors which would be affecting the retention are: water flow by swelling capacity and water flow by osmotic stress resulting of high salt concentration. NPSS showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus which was enhanced by incorporation of PNC based on AgNPs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46001.     

Biocompatible surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) focused on pathogenic bacteria: Promising prospects in biomedical applications

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET, is one of the most common polyesters, widely used in biomedical applications ranging from catheters to stents, vascular grafts, heart valves, sutures, and scaffolds. PET surface modification is necessary to impart desired properties for biomedical applications, making the polymer biocompatible, noncytotoxic and antibacterial that can preferably resist biofilm formation caused by pathogenic bacteria. A novel approach to anticorrosive wet chemical surface modification of PET by insertion of alkyl and hydroxyl groups was achieved by using Grignard reagents and confirmed by several different characterization methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angle (WCA) measurement, free surface energy (FSE) measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). High antibacterial efficiency against four different types of biofilm active, pathogenic bacterial strains namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established on the modified PET surface. Biocompatibility higher than 84% of the modified samples has been proved. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44990.