添加剂对TNT成型性能的影响

研究了添加剂 (增塑剂和高分子添加剂 )对 TNT炸药成型性能的影响 ,实验发现 :增塑剂和高分子添加剂对炸药的成型性能起着相反的作用。但是 ,通过对增塑剂和高分子添加剂用量和用量比的选择 ,可制备出比军品 TNT成型性能好的混合炸药     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响，对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT／RDX、TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能，并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明，老化后炸药颜色变深，体积膨胀，质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2 mL／g ，热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT／RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低，与整体加速老化情况一致，TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反，说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

用来装填现代弹丸的新型爆炸组份

介绍法国国防委员会库塞莱(Courcelette)防卫研究中心研制的混合炸药,用它代替B炸药或者以TNT为基的炸药装填某些弹丸。这类可浇注的混合炸药主要是由黑索今和以端羟基聚丁二烯为基的弹性粘结剂构成的。它固化以及渗出时不形成空心,比以TNT为基的炸药优越得多。另外,这类炸药摩擦感度低、对金属粘附性好、抗机械冲击的性能好、既不能重新熔化也不易破碎。本报告叙述其制备工艺,给出了机械性能和爆炸性能的典型数值以及各种感度的试验结果。     

用来装填现代弹丸的新型爆炸组份

介绍法国国防委员会库塞莱(Courcelette)防卫研究中心研制的混合炸药,用它代替B炸药或者以TNT为基的炸药装填某些弹丸。这类可浇注的混合炸药主要是由黑索今和以端羟基聚丁二烯为基的弹性粘结剂构成的。它固化以及渗出时不形成空心,比以TNT为基的炸药优越得多。另外,这类炸药摩擦感度低、对金属粘附性好、抗机械冲击的性能好、既不能重新熔化也不易破碎。本报告叙述其制备工艺,给出了机械性能和爆炸性能的典型数值以及各种感度的试验结果。     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响（英文）

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT/RDX、TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2mL/g,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT/RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

微/纳米HMX粒度级配对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了提高TNT/HMX熔铸炸药的装药质量,将HMX进行微/纳米粒度级配后应用于TNT基熔铸炸药中。分别采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和固体密度排水法研究了HMX微/纳米粒度级配对TNT/HMX(质量比为40∶60)熔铸炸药的微观结构与密度均一性的影响;测试了含不同HMX微/纳米粒度级配的TNT基熔铸炸药的抗压强度、抗拉强度、撞击感度、摩擦感度和爆速。结果表明,与采用单一粗颗粒HMX(d_(50)=100μm)所制备的TNT基熔铸炸药相比,当采用质量分数15%纳米级HMX(d_(50)=100nm)、15%微米级HMX(d_(50)=5μm)、70%粗颗粒HMX(d_(50)=100μm)时,制备的TNT基熔铸炸药药柱内部缺陷少,密度均一性好,抗压强度提高200%,抗拉强度提高128%,撞击感度降低45.5%,摩擦感度降低46%,爆速增加32m/s,表明综合性能得到明显提高。     

熔铸混合炸药用载体炸药评述

介绍了TNT、3号炸药、DNTF、TNAZ、DNAN、DNP等典型熔铸载体炸药的物化性能、爆炸性能、安全性能、结晶和凝固性质铸装质量,分析了作为载体炸药所存在的优点和不足,提出了利用优势克服不足的途径.认为TNT通过改性仍然是熔铸炸药的主要载体炸药;3号炸药具有系统研究的必要;DNTF通过降低冲击波感度和强化结晶控制研...     

DNAN基高致密熔铸炸药装药安全性研究

文章从熔铸炸药的一般性质入手,分析了以球形化RDX/DNAN为基的高致密熔铸炸药装药的可行性与优越性;通过制备一定量的RDX/DNAN和RDX/TNT熔铸炸药药柱,采用GJB炸药试验方法,进行密度和冲击波感度测试。试验结果表明,相同配比下使用球形化RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药相对于使用普通RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药,其密度更高,冲击波感度略有降低。而相同RDX含量下,将载体由TNT改为DNAN,其冲击波感度又降低了超过15%,安全性得到了极大的提升。     

Steven试验中含TNT类炸药的响应特性

为了研究不同尺寸下含TNT类炸药在撞击作用下的安全性能,用2 kg弹丸分别对TNT炸药以及不同尺寸B炸药进行Steven试验,并用锰铜压力计测试了样品的压力变化过程,用高速摄像机记录了点火反应过程,用冲击波超压传感器测量了炸药的反应超压,分析了TNT炸药和B炸药的响应规律。结果表明,Steven试验中B炸药的尺寸变化对射弹起爆速度阈值有显著影响,随着B炸药厚度的增加,其射弹起爆速度阈值随之降低,反应超压增加。     

DNTF基熔铸炸药的性能研究

通过相图分析，研究了DNTF／TNT作为液相载体炸药的可能性，并对DNTF／TNT、DNTF／TNT／HMX以及DNTF／TNT／HMX／A1体系的典型配方进行了能量表征和讨论。结果表明，DNTF基熔铸炸药是一种很有前途的高能混合炸药，可满足多种武器装药的高威力要求。     

超(近)临界水氧化法降解炸药废水的工艺优化与动力学研究

炸药工业排放废水中含TNT、RDX、HMX等多种剧毒物质,一般难以生物降解甚至不可生物降解,处理非常困难.并且炸药废水的COD很大,对水体污染严重.文中采用超(近)临界水氧化技术,对TNT, RDX和HMX模拟炸药废水进行正交实验及反应动力学研究,在降解TNT, RDX和HMX同时降低废水的COD值.得到最佳氧化降解工艺条件为:反应温度648 K,反应时间5 min,模拟炸药废水:氧化剂(H_2O_2) (体积比)= 10:1,处理后废水的COD=38 mg·L~(-1),COD降解率为98.65%.动力学研究结果表明,在573 K、603 K、623 K、653 K时的表观速度常数k分别为:0.01030、0.02069、0.03709和0.04699.TNT、RDX、HMX氧化反应的活化能、指前因子和平均反应级数分别为:61.31 kJ·mol~(-1),4251,1.56.     

熔铸炸药研究现状与发展趋势

熔铸炸药是目前战斗部最主要的装药方式之一,但是现有以TNT为载体的熔铸炸药配方在能量、安全性、装药质量和力学性能等方面存在明显缺陷。本文详细综述了熔铸炸药连续相、高能量密度材料、综合降感技术、流变性研究和装药工艺5个方面国内外的研究现状,特别是归纳了以NTO、DNTF等为代表的新型含能材料的应用情况,提出了熔铸炸药在新型载体物质、高能钝感单质炸药、共晶炸药、功能助剂、高固相含量熔铸体系装药工艺等方面未来的主要发展方向。     

10#-159炸药耐热性能的试验研究

为实现10#-159炸药的回收利用,采用火炸药药柱热爆炸试验系统,研究了10#-159炸药中少量含能材料对10#-159炸药耐热性能的影响。结果表明,在180℃恒温4h的情况下,硝化棉发生分解反应放热,由于含量较少,10#-159炸药没有发生热爆炸;而TNT由固态变成液态,体积明显变大,对10#-159炸药的体积影响较大。因此,将10#-159炸药制备成耐热炸药,必须将炸药中的梯恩梯、硝化棉去除。     

军民两用乳化炸药的制备

为解决战争期间军用炸药短缺的问题,以民爆行业生产的乳化炸药为研究对象,通过添加乙二胺二硝酸盐(EDD)、钝化RDX等高能组分,增加其能量水平;通过高效乳化剂丙烯酰化Span 80及微乳化技术进一步提高乳化炸药的稳定性,形成高能乳化炸药。结果表明,当EDD和钝化RDX的质量分数均为10%时,乳化炸药的装药密度为1.57g/cm3,爆速为6 120m/s,威力(TNT当量)136%,爆热4 910kJ/kg。     

Verification of the Explosive Quality of TH‐5

This paper reports the characteristics of the explosive TH‐5, recycled (recovered) trinitrotoluene (TNT) with max. 5 wt‐% of hexogen (RDX). The explosive TH‐5 was obtained by delaboration of warheads and melting of explosive charges based on TNT and RDX and by separation (extraction) of high explosive components. The thermal characteristics of pure (virgin) TNT and RDX, and recycled explosive TH‐5 are determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The possibility of processing TH‐5 by pressing and casting is also examined. The comparative analysis of sensitivity of TH‐5 and TNT to friction is determined, as well as compressibility of explosives, and the detonation velocity of pressed and cast charges. Based on the analysis of experimental results, the defense standard requirements for the quality of TH‐5 are defined and possibility of practical application of explosive TH‐5 was estimated.     

2号岩石粉状铵梯油炸药结块硬化的原因分析

从原材料水分、装药温度、半成品吸湿性与成品水分,在不同温度下的成品储存等方面,探讨２号岩石粉状铵梯油炸药结块硬化的原因。     

Thermal and Sensitivity Study of Dihydroxyl Ammonium 5,5′‐Bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50)‐based Melt Cast Explosive Formulations

Dihydroxyl ammonium 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolate (TKX‐50) is a promising energetic material with predicted performance similar to RDX as well as to CL‐20. In the present study, TKX‐50 was evaluated as a possible replacement for RDX in TNT‐based, aluminized as well as non‐aluminized melt cast formulations. Thermal analysis reveals the compatibility of TKX‐50 with benchmark explosives like RDX and TNT in explosive formulations. This paper describes the thermal and sensitivity study of TKX‐50 with RDX and TNT‐based melt cast explosives. The result indicated that TKX‐50 can be effectively used as a RDX replacement in melt cast explosive formulations. TKX‐50/TNT‐based aluminized composition shows more thermal stability than RDX/TNT based composition, which clearly indicated the usefulness of TKX‐50 in melt cast explosive formulations.     

The Use of Utilizable Explosives to Increase the Efficiency of an Explosion

The possibility of using the utilizable explosives to increase the efficiency of an explosion of industrial high–explosive (HE) charges is studied under laboratory and working conditions. To do this, the explosive charges were used as linear initiators of the elongated charges of industrial HE. It is shown that the placing of an NB–40 ballistite powder rod of diameter 10 mm in a bulk–density TNT charge of diameter 40 mm increases the velocity of acceleration of an aluminum shell by 14% (the ratio between the detonation velocities of the powder and TNT is 1.8 : 1.0). The use of ShZ–1 TNT–based and ShZ–2 RDX–based hose charges in well charges of industrial HE, such as 79/21 Grammonit (79% granular ammonium nitrate/21% scale–shaped TNT), 30/70 Grammonit (30% granular ammonium nitrate/70% granular TNT), and ammonium nitrate, as linear initiators leads to a decrease in the output of bulky rock by 15—20% and allows one to increase the grid of the wells of diameters 160 and 220 mm by 20—25% with preservation of the rock output. The ratio of the detonation velocities of ShZ–1 and ShZ–2 and industrial HE charges is within 1.5—1.7 in the case of 79/21 Grammonit and 2.2—2.6 in the case of ammonium nitrate. The results obtained are explained by the fact that the detonation of a linear initiator from utilizable materials changes the form of the detonation wave front of the basic charge; as a result, it arrives at the surface of an ambient medium at a large angle and a more intense shock wave enters the medium compared to the case without a linear initiator.     

Modification of W/O Emulsions by Demilitarized Composition B

A series of W/O emulsion explosives containing 30–50 wt‐% of the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT (Composition B 50/50) was prepared. Detonation velocities and relative explosive strengths of these mixtures were determined and their detonation characteristics were calculated according to the EU standard methods for commercial explosives. Thermal reactivities of the most reactive components of these W/O mixtures were examined by means of differential thermal analysis and outputs were analyzed according to the Kissinger method. The reactivities, expressed as the E_a ⋅ R⁻¹ slopes of the Kissinger relationship, correlate with the squares of the detonation velocities of the corresponding explosive mixtures. It was found that fortification of the W/O emulsions by the demilitarized mixture RDX/TNT allows modification of detonation velocities of the resulting emulsion explosives within relatively broad limits. However, the effect of this admixture on the relative explosive strength is not well defined. Nevertheless, fortification in this sense can give rock‐blasting explosives with a performance on the level of industrial powdered amatols.     

Comparison of underwater shock wave attenuation of a new insensitive high explosive with different explosives

A series of experiments is performed to compare underwater shock wave attenuation of a new insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS with TNT, JH14, and PBXN-111 explosives. A new model with a uniform expression is proposed to characterize the pressure-time histories of the explosives. Numerical results show that the new model is applicable for both aluminized explosives and ideal explosives. The correlation coefficients for fitted curves are verified by thousands of test data for different explosives, and the accuracy is above 0.99. The energy of the underwater shock wave generated by PBXN-111 and TNT characterized by the new model agrees well with available experimental results. In addition, the shock energy of the new insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS is higher than that of PBXN-11 by 13.4%. The general performance of underwater shock wave attenuation of the insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS is found to be better than that of TNT, JH14, and PBXN-111 explosives.