松木成型燃料水蒸气气化反应特性

采用自制蒸气气化炉试验系统,以废弃松木屑为原料制作成型颗粒燃料,采用高温水蒸气气化,考察不同气化温度及气料比(S/B)对生物质水蒸气气化反应的影响,利用XRD射线衍射和傅里叶红外图谱分别分析生物质反应残留物及气化焦油,反应残留物的比表面积及空隙特性由BET多点法和BJH法测得。结果表明,蒸汽流量和反应温度有利于促进蒸汽重整、碳还原、CO的变换反应,当S/B由0.5增加到1.5时,温度为900℃,H2体积分数由52.32%增长到67.3%;随温度升高(750~950℃,S/B=1),松木颗粒的失重率由82.91%升高到91.27%,其微孔结构充分发展,平均孔直径由20.96 nm降低到3.76 nm,焦油中脂肪烃含量增加,芳香烃因发生开环反应使其含量降低,有益于降低气化气中焦油含量。     

松木成型燃料水蒸气气化反应特性

采用自制蒸气气化炉试验系统,以废弃松木屑为原料制作成型颗粒燃料,采用高温水蒸气气化,考察不同气化温度及气料比（S/B）对生物质水蒸气气化反应的影响,利用XRD射线衍射和傅里叶红外图谱分别分析生物质反应残留物及气化焦油,反应残留物的比表面积及空隙特性由BET多点法和BJH法测得。结果表明,蒸汽流量和反应温度有利于促进蒸汽重整、碳还原、CO的变换反应,当S/B由0.5增加到1.5时,温度为900℃,H₂体积分数由52.32%增长到67.3%;随温度升高（750~950℃,S/B=1）,松木颗粒的失重率由82.91%升高到91.27%,其微孔结构充分发展,平均孔直径由20.96 nm降低到3.76 nm,焦油中脂肪烃含量增加,芳香烃因发生开环反应使其含量降低,有益于降低气化气中焦油含量。     

固体热载体外循环逆流移动床生物质气化工艺

基于实验室外循环逆流移动床(ECCMB)催化气化反应体系进行了生物质气化实验研究。该反应系统由移动床热解反应器、气固逆流移动床气化反应器和提升管燃烧反应器组成。以白松木屑为生物质原料、煅烧橄榄石为热载体(催化剂)进行气化实验,考察了热解器温度、水蒸气质量/生物质质量(S/B)、原料粒度以及气化器床层高度对气化结果的影响。实验结果表明:反应器温度和S/B是影响气化产品分布的重要因素;随热解温度的升高,气体产率和化学效率显著提高,氢气含量也有所增加;水蒸气的加入不仅提高了产气率,焦油含量明显降低;原料颗粒粒度和气化器床层高度均对产品分布和化学效率产生不同程度的影响。     

松木屑和褐煤流化床的共气化特性

在流化床上以空气-水蒸气为气化介质,对松木屑和褐煤的共气化特性进行了试验研究。在828～928 ℃范围内考察了生物质掺混比例、空气当量比（ER）和水蒸气-燃料比（S/F）对气化气成分、热值、碳转化率及气化效率的影响。结果表明,在生物质掺混比例为50%时,①随着ER值从0.2增加至0.35,CO2含量增加,CO、H2、CH4和CnHm含量减少,气化气热值、碳转换率、气化效率先增加后减少,在ER=0.26时达到最大;②在ER=0.26,S/F从0增加至0.44时,CO2含量增加,CO和H2含量先增加后减少,CH4和CnHm含量减少,气化气热值、碳转化率和气化效率先增加后减少。试验结果表明,在松木屑掺混比例为50%和褐煤共气化过程中,气化气热值最高可达7819 kJ/m3。     

生物质气化制取合成气的模拟

阐述了利用串行流化床制取生物质合成气的技术,该技术将生物质气化过程与燃烧过程分开,气化反应器和燃烧反应器之间通过床料进行热量传递,并通过生物质补燃实现自供热。利用ASPEN PLUS软件建立了串行流化床制取合成气的模型,通过将模拟数值与实验结果相比较,验证了模拟研究的可行性。重点研究了气化温度、水蒸汽与生物质的质量配比(S/B)对制取生物质合成气的影响。结果表明,为获取较高品质的生物质合成气并得到较高的碳转化率、气化份额和合成气产率,气化温度以650～800℃为宜,S/B应在0.2～1.0之间。     

内蒙颗粒褐煤的气化特性研究

以粒度为5¹0 mm的大颗粒内蒙褐煤为原料,分别以H2O(g)和CO2为气化剂,采用自制的煤炭地下气化模拟实验装置进行气化模拟实验,并测定煤气组分、气化残焦的微观结构,考察了气化剂种类、气化温度和气化时间对内蒙褐煤气化反应特性的影响。结果表明,CO2为气化剂时,随着反应温度升高,煤气中CO、H2、CH4含量越多,煤气热值也越高;以H2O(g)为气化剂时,H2含量随着反应温度升高而增大,CO含量则先增大后降低,CH4则降低,煤气热值最高可达12.19 MJ/m3;反应速率在气化约30 min时达到最大;H2O(g)气化的碳转化率、气化反应速率和煤气热值均高于CO2气化,表明H2O(g)作气化剂比CO2好。     

流化床作为生物质气化反应器试验研究

在流化床生物质气化炉内 ,用空气进行气化生物质 (花生壳 )的试验研究 ,分析的参数是当量比ER 0 .2— 0 .4 5 ,气化床的温度 75 0— 85 0℃和加入二次风。当ER在 0 .2 5— 0 .33,气化燃气热值为 6 .2— 6 .8MJ/m3 ,气体产量在 2 6 0— 390m3 /h ,生物质燃烧时比气化产量在 1.2 8— 2 .0 3m3 /kg之间 ,炭转化率在 5 3%— 80 %。并对 7种农、林废弃物进行了初步气化试验研究 ,生成的燃气体积分数 :CO为 14 %— 18% ,H2 一般低于 6 % ,甲烷 4 %— 12 %。燃气热值在 4 70 0— 710 0kJ/m3 。试验结果表明 ,在流化床生物质气化炉中 ,通过在悬浮空间加入二次风 ,可使燃气热值得到提高。     

碱金属对焦炭与CO_2或水蒸汽气化反应的影响

采用自制的气-固相反应装置研究了K/Na对焦炭与CO_2和水蒸汽气化反应的影响.结果表明,K/Na对焦炭与CO_2气化反应的催化作用强于对焦炭与水蒸汽反应的催化作用,焦炭中Na含量由0.045wt%增加到0.727wt%,焦炭与CO_2和水蒸汽气化反应的反应性指数分别增加23.17%和14.35%,反应后焦炭强度分别降低27.55%和18.31%.焦炭中K/Na含量增加,焦炭与CO_2和水蒸汽气化反应明显开始温度、激烈反应温度和反应表观活化能均降低,焦炭中Na含量由0.045wt%增加到0.727wt%,焦炭与CO_2和水蒸汽气化反应明显开始温度分别降低170和20℃,激烈反应温度分别降低165和80℃,Na含量由0.045wt%增加到0.326wt%,表观活化能分别降低22.56和9.26 k J/mol.     

工艺条件对耐硫变换催化剂COS转化活性以及甲硫醇生成量的影响

模拟工业装置的工艺条件,考察了原料气中CO和H2S含量、温度和水气比等因素对耐硫变换催化剂COS转化活性和甲硫醇生成量的影响。结果表明,当原料气中CO和H2S含量较高时,会有甲硫醇生成,且其生成量随着CO和H2S含量增加而增加;受平衡的影响,原料气中H2S含量升高时,COS转化率降低;增加反应温度,可以提高COS的氢解反应活性,并减少甲硫醇的生成,但不利于COS的水解反应。水气比具有提高COS转化活性并减少甲硫醇生成的双重作用:水气比较低时,其值从0增加到0.2,COS转化率从89.65%增加到97.82%,表明COS的水解反应比氢解反应更容易进行;当水气比为0.3时,反应后的尾气中只有微量甲硫醇生成,当水气比大于0.4时,反应后几乎无甲硫醇生成。     

内蒙颗粒褐煤的气化特性研究

以粒度为5~10 mm的大颗粒内蒙褐煤为原料,分别以H2O(g)和CO2为气化剂,采用自制的煤炭地下气化模拟实验装置进行气化模拟实验,并测定煤气组分、气化残焦的微观结构,考察了气化剂种类、气化温度和气化时间对内蒙褐煤气化反应特性的影响。结果表明,CO2为气化剂时,随着反应温度升高,煤气中CO、H2、CH4含量越多,煤气热值也越高;以H2O(g)为气化剂时,H2含量随着反应温度升高而增大,CO含量则先增大后降低,CH4则降低,煤气热值最高可达12.19 MJ/m3;反应速率在气化约30 min时达到最大;H2O(g)气化的碳转化率、气化反应速率和煤气热值均高于CO2气化,表明H2O(g)作气化剂比CO2好。     

Numerical simulation of 3D fluidized bed biomass gasification based on CPFD

Based on computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD), a three-dimensional bubbling fluidized bed steam-air mixed gasification numerical model was established, and it was verified with experiment trials. The results show that the simulation and experiment have good consistency. Based on the model, the gas distribution and temperature distribution in the gasifier were studied; meanwhile, the biomass properties (particle size, water content, types) and operating conditions (gasification temperature, bed height) were investigated. The results show that there is an optimal value for the impact of biomass particle size on gasification performance, with an average particle size of 0.6 mm being the best; a higher water content will reduce the output of combustible gas and is not conducive to the gasification reaction. Among the four types of biomass, sawdust gasification has the highest efficiency, the largest combustible gas production, and the highest gas calorific value. Rice husk is second only to sawdust but its carbon conversion rate is higher than that of sawdust; increasing the gasification temperature can increase the proportion of combustible gas and increase gasification efficiency; while the change of initial bed height can change the ratio of H₂/CO. This experiment provides a theoretical reference for biomass steam/air gasification, which is helpful for the selection and processing of biomass raw materials, and also facilitates the amplification and optimization of the gasifier.     

基于CPFD方法的流化床生物质气化数值模拟

基于计算颗粒流体动力学（CPFD）建立了三维鼓泡流化床水蒸气-空气混合气化的数值模型，并进行了模型验证，结果表明模拟和实验具有良好的一致性。在该模型的基础上，研究了气化炉内气体分布以及温度分布；同时探究了生物质属性（颗粒粒径、含水率、种类）以及操作条件（气化温度、床料高度）对气化特性的影响。结果表明，生物质颗粒粒径对气化性能的影响存在一个最优值，平均粒径为0.6 mm是最佳的；较高的含水率会降低可燃气体产量，不利于气化反应的进行；四种生物质中，锯末气化的效率最高、可燃气体产量最大、气体热值最高，稻壳仅次于锯末但其碳转化率高于锯末；提高气化温度可以增加可燃气体的比例、提高气化效率；而初始床层高度的变化可以改变H₂/CO的比例。本实验为生物质水蒸气/空气气化提供了理论参考，有助于生物质原料的选取和处理，也有助于气化炉的放大和优化。     

基于Fluent软件的生物质气化模拟研究

基于Fluent软件,建立流化床反应器模型,对生物质-水蒸气气化过程进行模拟,研究温度对生物质气化过程的影响,同时分析碳转化率、气体成分以及气体总产率的变化规律。结果表明:模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,碳转化率及气体总产率随温度的升高而升高,床层高度对CO、 H₂生成具有较大影响。模拟计算条件下,氢气体积分数高达55%,这说明水蒸气作为气化介质有利于气化过程中产生更多的H₂。Fluent软件能够很好的对生物质气化过程进行模拟,可以作为生物质气化研究的一个重要工具。     

废食用菌棒循环流化床气化试验

废菌棒是食用菌生产过程中产生的残余废弃物，其再利用对于资源节约与环境保护具有重要意义。本文采用循环流化床气化炉对废菌棒进行了气化试验，分别研究空气当量比、水蒸气配比对气化炉运行温度、气化燃气组分与热值、焦油含量、气化效率及碳转化率等气化特性的影响规律。结果表明：空气当量比由0.20增大至0.35时，循环流化床运行温度与碳转化率升高，气化燃气中的CO₂体积分数增大，CO与焦油含量及气化燃气热值下降，气化效率呈现先增大后减小的趋势；空气当量比为0.26时气化效率达到最大74.86%，此时燃气热值为5.59MJ/m³。以空气为主气化介质，采用水蒸气作为辅助气化剂，可以改善气化燃气品质，提升气化效率。当空气当量比为0.26、水蒸气配比为0.2时，废菌棒具有较好的空气-水蒸气气化特性，燃气热值与气化效率分别达到最大值6.14MJ/m³与83.73%。     

A mathematical model of fluidized bed biomass gasification

A mathematical model of biomass gasification in a fluidized bed has been developed. It considers axial variations of concentrations and temperature in the bubble and emulsion phases. The mass balance involves instantaneous oxidation and equilibrium devolatilization of the biomass, kinetics of solid-gas gasification reactions as well as of gaseous phase reactions and interphase mass transfer and gas convection. The energy balance is solved locally for each vertical volume element, and globally on the reactor by iteration on the temperature at the bottom of the bed. Three parameters have been adjusted based on the experimental results: the heat transfer coefficient at the wall, the weighting of the kinetics of the water-gas shift reaction and the fraction of biomass carbon remaining as char after devolatilization. The model is used to simulate a pilot scale (50 kg/h) biomass gasifier, and its predictions compared to experimental measurements. The temperature and gaseous concentrations are estimated with good accuracy for the experiments using a wood feedstock, except for the concentration of hydrogen which is overestimated.     

生物质催化气化实验研究

在常压流化床上进行了生物质在水蒸气条件下的实验研究。实验装置主体由常压流化床反应器和固定床催化裂解反应器组合而成。生物质原料为木屑,焦油裂解催化剂分别选用煅烧白云石和镍基重整催化剂。实验结果表明,H2/CO(H/C)的摩尔比随着气化温度、水蒸气质量/生物质质量（S/B）的升高迅速增加,但催化裂解温度变化对H/C的影响较小。另外,在催化裂解反应器中使用催化剂种类不同,H/C也不同。本文采用两段催化裂解,一段催化剂采用煅烧白云石,二段采用镍基催化剂,焦油裂解率达到96.70％。采用两段催化裂解,不但可以提高焦油的裂解率,增加了H2和CO收率,净化生物质裂解气,而且可以防止镍基重整催化剂失活,延长其使用寿命。     

串行流化床煤气化试验

针对串行流化床煤气化技术特点,以水蒸气为气化剂,在串行流化床试验装置上进行煤气化特性的试验研究,考察了气化反应器温度、蒸汽煤比对煤气组成、热值、冷煤气效率和碳转化率的影响。结果表明,燃烧反应器内燃烧烟气不会串混至气化反应器,该煤气化技术能够稳定连续地从气化反应器获得不含N₂的高品质合成气。随着气化反应器温度的升高、蒸汽煤比的增加,煤气热值和冷煤气效率均会提高,但对碳转化率影响有所不同。在试验阶段获得的最高煤气热值为6.9 MJ•m^-3,冷煤气效率为68％,碳转化率为92％。     

Effect of process parameters on circulating fluidized bed coal gasification using 3D full-loop CFD simulation

This article presents a 3D full-loop computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a circulating fluidized bed gasifier (CFBG). The simulation results are validated against the experimental data and found to be in good agreement. Thereupon, the effect of the process parameters, ie, temperature, pressure, air/coal (A/C) ratio, and steam/coal (S/C) ratio, on the performance of the gasifier is analyzed. The effect of temperature on the hydrodynamics was found to be small. The CO and H₂ increase, whereas the CO₂ and H₂O decrease with an increase in temperature. While the effect of pressure on the outlet species mole fraction is negligible, the gas and solid axial velocity decrease with an increase in pressure. With an increasing A/C ratio or decreasing S/C ratio, the combustion products (CO₂ and H₂O) increase, whereas the gasification products (CO and H₂) decrease due to the increase in the O₂ concentration. In addition, temperature increases with an increase in the A/C ratio or a decrease in the S/C ratio. The feed velocity increases with an increasing A/C or S/C ratio, and, accordingly, the pressure increases and bed height decreases. The CH₄ decreases in all of the cases as it is being consumed in gasification as well as combustion reactions.     

An integrated biomass-derived syngas/dimethyl ether process

A Cu-Zn-Al methanol catalyst combined with HZSM-5 was used for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from a biomass-derived syngas containing nitrogen. The syngas was produced by air-steam gasification of pine sawdust in a bubbling fluidized bed biomass gasifier with a dry reforming reaction over ultra-stable NiO-MgO catalyst packed in a downstream reactor for stoichiometric factor (H₂, CO, CO₂) adjustment. It constantly gave syngas with H2/CO ratio of 1.5 and containing trace CH₄ and CO₂ during a period of 150 h. The obtained N₂-containing biomass-derived syngas was used directly for DME synthesis. About 75% CO per-pass conversion and 66.7% DME selectivity could be achieved under the condition of 533 K, 4MPa and 1,000-4,000 h^-1. The maximized DME yield, 244 g DME/Kgbiomass (dry basis), was achieved under a gasification temperature of 1,073 K, ER (Equivalence Ratio) of 0.24, S/B (Steam to Biomass Ratio) of 0.72 and reforming temperature of 1,023 K with the addition of 0.54 Nm³ biogas/Kg_biomass (dry basis).