乳状液膜法处理含铜电镀废水的原理与研究进展

乳状液膜法具有高效、快速、节能及选择性强的优点,是废水处理与回收的有效手段之一,已经被应用于许多领域。介绍了几种含铜废水的处理技术与方法;阐述了乳状液膜法处理含铜废水的原理;综述了采用乳状液膜分离技术处理含铜废水时,膜溶剂、表面活性剂、载体及内水相的选择,外水相p H、乳水体积比、提取转速及载体用量等工艺条件的研究进展;同时对乳状液膜技术在处理含铜电镀废水方面的应用进行了展望。     

乳状液膜法萃取废水中氰化物的特性

针对氰化废水的特点,以三正辛胺（TOA）为载体、煤油为膜溶剂、液体石蜡为膜助剂、NaOH水溶液为内水相,采用乳状液膜技术处理工业废水中的氰化物。重点考察了表面活性剂用量、流动载体用量、内相液NaOH浓度等因素对氰化物萃取率的影响规律。研究结果表明：当TOA体积分数为2%、表面活性剂Span-80体积分数为3%、液体石蜡体积分数为1%、内水相NaOH质量分数为2%、油内比为1︰1、乳水比为1︰7、萃取时间为15min时,氰化废水中氰化物的萃取率达到95%以上。在实验得出的最优条件下,考察最优条件对初始浓度不同的实际废水的适用范围,分别对初始浓度为322.23mg/L、483.35mg/L、644.46mg/L和966.70mg/L的氰化废水进行处理,可得该体系下处理氰化废水的较佳的浓度范围为300～500mg/L,氰化废水中氰化物的萃取率可达到95%以上。综上所述,乳状液膜法在工业上具有良好的应用前景。     

乳状液膜法处理含镍废水的原理与研究现状

液膜分离技术具有高效、快速、选择性强的特点，是溶液回收和废水处理的一种有效手段。介绍了几种含镍废水的处理方法。阐述了乳状液膜法处理含镍废水的原理和工艺流程，探讨了乳状液膜工艺中的表面活性剂、流动载体、内水相与膜溶剂的选择，pH值、乳水比、搅拌速度、温度、操作时间及配位效应的最佳工艺条件的确定。提出了液膜法处理含镍废水的研究方法。     

液膜法处理含铜废水

<正> 用液膜法处理含铜废水,国内外均有报导,但目前国内多用聚胺类作表面活性剂,这样制得的乳状液比较稳定,但破乳困难,需要高压破乳。本文试图系用酯类Span80作表面活性剂,以P_(204)作流动载体,煤油作溶剂的液膜体系研究对含铜废水的处理。试验表明,这种乳状液膜,稳定性稍差,但破乳容易,低压交流电便可破乳。在实验的基础上,我们对湖南省浏阳矿山排水和湘潭市某机械厂镀铜漂洗废水进行了初步处理,效果令人满意,除铜效率比较高,有机相可循环利用,内相可富集,是一种新型的废水处理技术。     

国内化肥文摘

乳状液膜处理含氰废水——湖南师范大学化学系,何鼎胜等,《工业水处理》,1987,3,p34 液膜法除氰的原理类似于液膜法除酚。液膜为溶有表面活性剂的煤油,内水相为NaOH溶液,外水相为含氰废水。若废水溶液维持微酸性,则废水中的氰绝大部分以HCN存在,HCN能溶于油相并渗透入内水相和NaOH反应生成NaCN,NaCN不溶于油相,故不能返回外水相中,从而达到废水除氰并在内水相富集NaCN的目的。用乳状液膜处理含CN~-废水在技术上可行。在间歇性实验中,用上述较佳     

乳状液膜在湿法磷酸体系中稳定性的研究

研究了以N205为表面活性剂,磺酸基络合剂为流动载体,液体石蜡为膜增强剂,磺化煤油为膜溶剂,盐酸加氯化钠为内水相的乳状液膜在湿法磷酸体系中捕获镁离子时的稳定性。结果表明,表面活性剂用量、内水相反萃剂浓度、萃取时间、萃取转速等对液膜的稳定性均有显著影响。在一定的范围内,随着表面活性剂用量的增加,液膜的稳定性增加。适宜的操作条件为:在1 000 r/min下加内水相,3 000 r/min下制乳15 min,萃取转速为200 r/min。     

海水为脱硫介质乳状液膜法烟气脱硫的研究

采用煤油作膜溶剂,L-113B作表面活性剂,Ca（OH）2为内相液,海水为外相液,对乳状液膜体系进行了烟气脱硫的研究。还通过实验考察了表面活性剂的用量、外相液浓度、油内比、乳水比等对脱硫效率的影响。通过正交实验确定了在最佳条件下,烟气脱硫效率可达98.86%。     

乳状液膜法处理苯胺废水的实验研究

采用乳状液膜法处理苯胺质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的模拟废水,通过高速分散器制乳、搅拌器提取等操作,得到稳定的W/O/W的乳状液膜体系.考察了膜增强剂质量分数、表面活性剂质量分数、内水相盐酸浓度、外水相pH、乳水比等因素对苯胺传质速率和提取率的影响,并得到各因素的适宜操作范围.     

烟道废水液膜法脱酚实验探索

通过液膜法脱酚的多项实验，总结出废水的乳水比、处理时间、pH值、实验温度、NaOH的浓度等因素对脱酚效果的影响。     

乳状液膜法提取浓海水中溴的研究

采用乳状液膜对海水中溴进行提取分离,考查了表面活性剂的用量、内水相浓度、乳水比、油内比等因素对提取性能的影响。结果表明,以民用煤油为溶剂,0.54%体积分数的L-113A为表面活性剂,内相为0.05 mol/L的Na2CO3,油内比为1:1,制乳时间为18 min,萃取接触时间为8 min,乳水比1:40,浓海水溴的提取率达到99.4%,表明乳状液膜能有效的从海水中提取溴。     

Extraction of alcohol using emulsion liquid membrane consisting of paraffin oil as an organic phase and lecithin as a surfactant

BACKGROUND: This paper reports on the use of a liquid emulsion membrane involving paraffin light oil as membrane phase and lecithin as surfactant for the extraction of alcohol from anthocyanin extract and simulated pineapple wine. RESULTS: The extraction of alcohol was found to depend on the many factors such as surfactant concentration, contact time, stirring speed, stirring time, and ratio of membrane emulsion to feed volume. Results showed that optimum conditions for maximum alcohol extraction (25%) were lecithin concentration 3%, contact time 20 min, stirring speed 250 rpm and ratio of membrane emulsion to feed volume 1:2. Multistage extraction using this liquid emulsion membrane was found to completely remove alcohol from anthocyanin extract and from simulated pineapple wine in seven stages and five stages, respectively. CONCLUSION: This liquid emulsion membrane was found to be a useful method for the extraction of alcohol from aqueous feed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Recovery of Nitrophenols from Aqueous Solutions by a Liquid Emulsion Membrane System

Abstract

The application of liquid emulsion membrane technology to the extraction of nitrophenols from aqueous solutions is discussed. The effects of various parameters such as hydrophilic lipophilic balance of the surfactants, speed of agitation, water volume fraction in the water-in-oil emulsion, treatment ratio, and the concentration of surfactant on the extraction of p-nitrophenol are studied, and a suitable formulation for a liquid emulsion membrane is developed. The same formulation was used to extract o-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol, and the results are compared with those of p-nitrophenol. The swelling of the emulsion during extraction is minimized by the addition of cyclohexanone to the membrane phase. The demulsification of the emulsion phase after extraction is also carried out by a chemical demulsification technique. Acetone is used for demulsification.     

乳状液膜提取青霉素及其溶胀的研究

采用W／O型乳状液膜提取模拟发酵液中的青霉素，考察膜相添加剂、表面活性剂、载体、解析剂Na2CO3浓度、搅拌速度对青霉素传质和液膜溶胀的影响。以span80为表面活性剂、三辛胺为流动载体、液体石蜡为膜相添加剂、煤油为膜溶剂组成的乳状液膜体系。结果表明：青霉素提取率随表面活性剂和载体浓度的增加而明显增加。但表面活性剂浓度增加使液膜易产生再乳化，而再乳化和搅拌是夹带溶胀产生的主要原因；水的渗透(渗透溶胀)随载体和内相NaCO3浓度升高而增加。液膜溶胀是影响液膜技术工业化应用的关键因素之一。适宜的液膜配方和操作条件，有利于控制液膜溶胀，增加青霉素的提取率。在本研究中，青霉素的提取率最高可达91．5％，液膜溶胀率为16％。     

Separation and Concentration of Phenylalanine by Emulsion Liquid Membrane in a CSTR Extraction Process

Abstract

The extraction and concentration of phenylalanine by the continuous CSTR emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) separation process has been evaluated. We discussed the influence of operating conditions on the separation and concentration efficiencies of phenylanine. It was found that the extraction rate of phenylalanine increased as the amount of emulsion used and the internal concentration of H⁺ increased. However, the concentration ratio of phenylalanine increased as the emulsion amount and acid concentration increased only up to a certain limit and then declined with further increases of these. The reduction of the concentration ratio is due to the swelling of the emulsion drops. Two effects, swelling owing to osmotic pressure and swelling caused by the entrainment of water due to mechanical agitation, are responsible for the swelling of emulsion drops. A mass transfer model for analyzing the extraction of phenylalanine by liquid surfactant membrane is presented. The model assumes that the extraction and stripping reactions are reversible, and that the reaction equilibrium exists in both the internal and the external interfaces. The scheme for mass transfer is based on a hollow sphere model. The phenomena of osmotic swelling, mechanical entrainment, and breakage are all considered in the mathematical treatment. The effects of operation parameters on the extraction efficiency and concentration ratio are discussed by simulation.     

Emulsion liquid membrane for selective extraction of Bi(III)

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was used as extractant of bismuth ions from nitrate medium by emulsion liquid membrane, with Triton X-100 as the biodegradable surfactant in n-pentanol bulk membrane. The novelties and innovative points of this work are the application of emulsion liquid membrane for selective and efficient extraction of bismuth ions as wel as the relevant optimization procedures. The extraction of bismuth ions was evaluated by the yield of extraction. The experimental parameters were evaluated and optimized, including the ratio of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid mass concentration to Triton X-100 (1.0%:0.5%), nature of diluent (n-pentanol), nature and concentration of stripping solution (sulfuric acid, 0.5 mol·L?1), stirring speed (1800 r·min?1) and equilibrium time of extraction (20 min), initial feed solution of bismuth (350 mg·L?1) and the volume ratio of internal stripping phase to membrane phase (14). The experimental parameters of kinetic extraction reveal that the bismuth ions can be extracted by 100%.     

Emulsion liquid membrane for selective extraction of bismuth from nitrate medium

The novelty of this work is the selective extraction of bismuth ions from nitrate medium by emulsion liquid membrane. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was used as extractant of bismuth ions from nitrate medium by emulsion liquid membrane, and Triton X-100 was used as the biodegradable surfactant in n-pantanol n-pentanol bulk membrane. The extraction of bismuth ions was evaluated by the yield of extraction. The experimental parameters were evaluated and were optimized. They included the ratio of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid concentration to the concentration of /Triton X-100 concentration (1.0: 0.5% w/w), nature of diluents (n-pentanol), nature and concentration of the stripping solution (sulfuric acid, 0.5M), stirring speed (1,800 rpm) and equilibrium time of extraction (20min), initial feed solution of bismuth (350 ppm) and the volume ratio of the internal stripping phase to the membrane phase (14 times). The experimental parameters of kinetic extraction revealed that the bismuth ions were extracted at 100% 97%.     

乳化液膜法提取废水中的阿司匹林

针对阿司匹林（ASA）结晶母液经处理后产生的废液,采用搅拌和超声结合的方法制备了乳化液膜体系来回收ASA。以环己烷为膜溶剂,Span80做表面活性剂,石蜡做膜稳定剂,氢氧化钠（NaOH）为内水相,研究了表面活性剂浓度、内水相NaOH浓度、内水相类型、外相pH、油内比、乳水比、搅拌速度、膜溶剂类型、盐浓度、ASA初始浓度等试验条件对ASA萃取效果的影响,并进行了破乳研究。结果表明：在最佳实验条件下[环己烷90%（质量分数）、Span80 6%（质量分数）、C（NaOH）=0.1mol/L、油内比1：1、水乳比1：4、搅拌速度200r/min、ASA初始浓度500mg/L],不对外相进行pH调节时,15min后ASA的萃取率可高达97.4%。对实验后的乳液进行离心破乳,20min后破乳率可达72.9%,破乳后的油相重复利用5次后,对ASA的提取率仍在76%左右。     

Recovery of Copper Ions from Wastewater by Hollow Fiber Supported Emulsion Liquid Membrane

Recovery of copper ions from wastewater using a hollow fiber supported emulsion liquid membrane (HFSELM) was studied with LIX984N as carrier, kerosene as diluents, and sulfuric acid solution as strippi...     

Response Surface Optimization of Dysprosium Extraction Using an Emulsion Liquid Membrane Integrated with Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

A new emulsion liquid membrane was prepared for dysprosium (Dy) extraction from aqueous solution using multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The influence of MWCNT concentration, carrier and surfactant concentration, stirring speed, feed‐phase pH, and internal phase concentration and their interactive effects were studied. A regression model for Dy extraction was developed and the parameters were optimized by response surface methodology. The extent of extraction increases with higher MWCNT concentration up to a certain level. The Dy extraction through the liquid membrane containing MWCNT improves with time. Moreover, the overall mass transfer coefficient was enhanced in the presence of MWCNT due to the formation of a more stable emulsion and liquid membrane.