精细化工废水的污染特性分析及其控制策略

针对精细化工废水处理难以稳定达标的现状,采用国家标准方法、离子色谱、ICP/MS、GC/MS等分析手段研究了浙江省某工业园区精细化工废水的COD、BOD、氨氮、色度等常规指标及主要阴阳离子和有机物组成,从化学与生物水平揭示了精细化工废水的污染特性,并提出了针对精细化工废水污染过程的控制策略。研究结果表明,精细化工废水是一种典型的有毒/难降解工业有机废水,呈现高COD、高氨氮及高色度等特征;精细化工废水中对微生物构成危害的主要成分有COD、氨氮、部分重金属离子、染料及其分解物等,重点是有机污染物;精细化工废水中的有机成分大多属于有毒/难降解有机污染物,对生物系统存在严重的抑制作用,是造成出水不达标的主要原因。因此,对精细化工废水的处理,应着重对有毒/难降解有机物进行优先控制,并综合考虑高效的处理工艺、合理的水质结构及有效的政策性策略。     

生物电化学系统对制药废水中难生化有机物的降解

为探究制药废水中难生化有机物的有效降解方法,本文采用“电Fenton+生物电化学”联合处理制药废水,通过三维荧光光谱（EEMs）及气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）分析进、出水中溶解性有机物（DOM）和难生化有机物的降解效果,结果如下。①采用电Fenton预处理制药废水,对废水COD_Cr的平均去除率为28.75%±1.29%,对四氢呋喃的平均去除率为41.18%±2.95%,初步降低废水生物毒性,实现了制药废水的良好预处理效果。②电化学生物反应器对制药废水的化学需氧量（COD_Cr）有显著的降解效果且明显优于单一生物膜反应器。其中电化学生物反应器运行39天,COD_Cr从(3438.30~4775.70)mg/L降至(20.18~331.09)mg/L,平均去除率达95.89%±1.63%;单一生物膜反应器运行10天,COD_Cr从(3943.90~4631.20)mg/L降至(345.08~1264.3)mg/L,平均去除率为79.86%±6.21%。③制药废水中溶解性有机物成分以酪氨酸类蛋白、色氨酸类蛋白、溶解性微生物副产物（SMPs）为主,电化学生物反应器对3个区域的荧光组分降解效果明显,去除率分别为58.88%、37.16%和36.26%。④针对制药废水中的主要难生化有机物四氢呋喃,电化学生物反应器可实现四氢呋喃的有效降解,四氢呋喃去除率高达97.65%。本研究从COD_Cr去除率、EEMs降解效果和难生化有机物降解效果三方面考察生物电化学系统对制药废水的处理效果,为电化学生物反应器在制药废水处理领域的应用提供科学依据。     

苯胺废水光催化-过氧化氢协同氧化处理技术研究

苯胺废水中含有苯胺、硝基苯等难生物降解物质,有较强的生物毒性、生物蓄积性,一直以来是炼化企业污水处理的难题。采用专利设计的光催化氧化反应器,开展了光催化—过氧化氢协同氧化技术研究,结果表明,2种技术的有机结合可有效缩短反应时间,降低氧化剂加量,出水水质稳定达标,实现了苯胺废水的高效处理。     

含硝基苯类化合物废水预处理技术研究进展

硝基苯类化合物是重要的化工原料和精细化工中间体,它性质稳定,属难降解有机物,不易被生物降解,对环境危害大。由于高浓度硝基苯类化合物对生物有抑制作用,难以生化降解,单一使用生化法处理高浓度硝基苯类废水不可行,因此必须在生化处理单元前进行预处理。通过预处理,改变硝基苯类化合物的分子结构,使之变成较易生物降解的化合物,降低废水的毒性,提高废水的可生化性,再用生化法处理,以达到消除环境污染的目的。     

共代谢在制药废水好氧处理中的应用研究

格列奇特制药废水既含有难降解有机物,又含有易生物降解的有机物,成分复杂、浓度高。作者将共代谢应用于循环移动载体生物反应器(MBBR)处理格列奇特制药废水,研究了葡萄糖在进水中的最佳比例,同时也讨论了营养元素的加入对于处理效果的影响。     

生物强化及催化氧化处理颜料废水工程应用

某颜料企业在颜料生产过程中产生的工艺废水具有高色度、高有机物含量、高悬浮物、高盐度、难生物降解等特征。其有机成分中含有大量的苯胺类物质。利用苯胺高效降解菌的生物强化作用结合混凝沉淀、催化氧化和碳滤组合工艺处理该企业废水。运行结果表明,该工艺运行稳定,出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级标准。     

难生物降解有机废水处理技术现状与发展

工业有机废水都含有毒性和稳定性强的污染物，对于这样的废水难以用常规的物理、化学及生物方法处理。对目前国内外难生物降解有机废水的主要处理技术进行了综述，包括生物处理、化学处理和物理处理及各种联合处理工艺，阐述了各种方法或工艺的优缺点及它们的研究现状及进展。得出了单一工艺对难生物降解有机物废水的处理都存在一定的局限性的结论，指出了新的联合工艺的开发与应用将成为难降解有机废水处理发展的方向。     

难降解有机废水的治理

中科院过程工程研究所采用电—生物耦合技术处理难被微生物降解的有机废水取得良好效果。最近该技术已申请国家发明专利。据介绍，硝基苯类、卤代烃、还原染料等都是重要的工业原料或产品，但它们都很难被微生物所降解。以前这类废水的处理一直是企业面临的一项难题。中科院过程工程研究所经过深入研究发明的电—生物耦合技术，利用电催化反应将水中难降解有机物催化还原成生物易降解的有机分子，之后通过生化工艺将它们彻底去除。     

水中氯代有机物超声降解技术综述

概述了氯代有机物的处理现状,介绍了超声空化的基本原理,对国内外近年来单独超声降解及超声联用技术（超声波与紫外光、过氧化氢、臭氧、Fenton试剂、生物法等联用）降解氯代有机物的研究情况进行了介绍,并在此基础上提出了今后超声波及其联用技术降解水中氯代有机物的研究方向。     

基于活性污泥呼吸速率的精细化工废水特征污染因子的查找方法

针对精细化工企业废水处理站出水水质波动大,难降解、有毒物质多,精细化工园区综合接管污水厂不易稳定达标的问题,本研究以实际化工废水为对象:(1)提出了一种基于活性污泥OUR(Oxygen Uptake Rate)的S_(TOD)值法评价精细化工废水水质,此方法可将废水水质分别为可生化、难降解、有毒3种类别;(2)结合基于OUR的水质评价方法,只需检测难降解、有毒废水中的常见优先控制污染物,提出了有毒废水、难降解废水特征污染因子的查找方法。     

中国台湾的催化和催化剂的研究开发

本文重点介绍了台湾省各大学和研究院所对催化及催化剂的教学。研究与开发方面动向,相关催化方面学科带头人的研究领域和主要成果,并给出大量参考文献。     

Designer enzyme and cell applications in industry and in environmental monitoring

Renewed world interest in enzyme biotechnological industries now derives from the expectation that many new biocatalysts will be created by genetic engineering associated with protein engineering designer techniques, or by chemical modification of existing enzymes by use of protein tailoring methods. The biocatalysts produced are mainly enzymes, abzymes (catalytic antibodies) and synthesis (synthetic analogues or mimics), and these will be used in industry, synthesis, therapy: and in bioanalysis of components of foodstuffs, and the environment including water, air and soil. The biocatalysts, including whole cells, are firstly incorporated into a particular bioreactor form by use of enzyme engineering techniques such as immobilization, and are then used, as appropriate, to modify their substrates. Improved processing or enhanced products are thereby achieved in the case of manufacturing industry: or monitoring signals are generated, often in the form of a measurable change in current flow, in the case of environmental biosensors. Designer enzymes and cells can be made now for identified applications where the presently available biocatalysts are inadequate, incompatible or uncompetitive.     

Differences in color naming and color salience in Vietnamese and English

The accepted model of color naming postulates that 11 “basic” color terms representing 11 common perceptual experiences show increased processing salience due to a theorized linkage between perception, visual neurophysiology, and cognition. We tested this theory, originally proposed by Berlin and Kay in 1969. Experiment 1 tested salience by comparing unconstrained color naming across two languages, English and Vietnamese. Results were compared with previous research by Berlin and Kay, Boynton and Olson, and colleagues. Experiment 2 validated our stimuli by comparing OSA, Munsell, and newly rendered “basic” exemplars using colorimetry and behavioral measures. Our results show that the relationship between the visual and verbal domains is more complex than current theory acknowledges. An interpoint distance model of color‐naming behavior is proposed as an alternative perspective on color‐naming universality and color‐category structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 113–138, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10131     

EZH2 Down-Regulation Exacerbates Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in in Vitro and in Vivo NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent, chronic liver diseases, worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease caused by complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Recently, several microRNAs, some of which epigenetically regulated, have been found to be up- and/or down-regulated during NAFLD development. However, in NAFLD, the essential role of the Polycomb Group protein Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), which controls the epigenetic silencing of specific genes and/or microRNAs by trimethylating Lys27 on histone H3, still remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the nuclear expression/activity of the EZH2 protein is down-regulated both in livers from NAFLD rats and in the free fatty acid-treated HepG2. The drop in EZH2 is inversely correlated with: (i) lipid accumulation; (ii) the expression of pro-inflammatory markers including TNF-α and TGF-β; and (iii) the expression of miR-200b and miR-155. Consistently, the pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 by 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) significantly reduces EZH2 expression/activity, while it increases lipid accumulation, inflammatory molecules and microRNAs. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the defective activity of EZH2 can enhance the NAFLD development by favouring steatosis and the de-repression of the inflammatory genes and that of specific microRNAs.     

Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in cereals and legumes cultivated in Chile

Insoluble, soluble and total dietary fiber (DF) were determined in 35 varieties of certified whole seeds (without processing) of cereals (rice, oat, rye, and wheat) and legumes (pea, cowpea, beans, chikpea, lentil and lupine). The enzymatic method of Asp, Johansson and Siljestrom was used, with modifications in relation to time of incubation with alpha amylase, filtration system and volumes of the filtrates. Results were expressed as g/100 g dry weight. Total DF for cereals showed a range from 10.1 (wheat var. Chasqui) to 22.2 (rice var Quella). Rye, var. Tetra Baer and oats var. Pony Baer presented the highest soluble fiber content (3.3 and 3.9, respectively). In legumes, total DF fluctuated between 12.7 (pea, var. yellow) and 36.6 (lupine, var. Multolupa). Bean, var. Pinto INIA and lupine var. Multolupa presented the highest soluble fiber values (5.8 for both). Based on the results of this research work, it might be concluded that great variation exists in regard to the amount of total soluble and insoluble DF in cereals and legumes, a fact which impedes generalization as to its content in each food item.     

2003年我国水泥进出口形势及2004年展望

1 我国建材产品进出口形势 2003年上半年,国际经济在重重阻力下缓慢复苏,但美英联军发动的对伊战争以及三十几个国家和地区突然遭受非典疫情的袭击,给世界经济复苏增添了不确定因素。但从第三季度开始,世界不少国家,尤其是主要发达国家的经济表现明显好于上半年,     

2007年石油和化工行业回顾及2008年展望

归纳石油和化工全行业2007年的经济运行状况,进出口贸易形势和存在的隐忧,预测2008年全行业经济发展趋势,提出了努力方向.     

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of agaro-oligosaccharides in vitro and in vivo

Background  

Agaro-oligosaccharides derived from red seaweed polysaccharide have been reported to possess antioxidant activity. In order to assess the live protective effects of agar-oligosaccharides, we did both in vitro and in vivo studies based on own-made agaro-oligosaccharides, and the structural information of this oligosaccharide was also determined.