三代生物柴油的制备与研究进展

综述了三代生物柴油的制备和工艺条件,包括第一代生物柴油制备方法:酸碱催化法、酶催化法和超临界法;第二代生物柴油制备方法:掺炼法、加氢直接脱氧法和加氢脱氧异构法;第三代生物柴油制备方法:微生物油脂法、生物质气化合成法。     

酯交换法制备生物柴油研究进展

综述了酯交换法制备生物柴油的国内外重要研究进展,总结了超临界体系、生物酶催化体系、均相催化体系和非均相催化体系制备生物柴油的研究成果,重点讨论了不同催化剂和实验条件对酯交换反应速率和生物柴油产率的影响,分析了不同反应体系存在的一些关键问题,并对酯交换法制备生物柴油的研究方向进行了展望。     

生物柴油生产技术现状

对均相催化法、非均相催化法、生物酶催化法和超临界法等几种制备生物柴油的化学方法的研究进展及生物柴油生产最新装置的研究利用情况进行了介绍,并提出了几种降低成本的方法.     

微藻制备生物柴油技术综述

随着化石燃料的日益枯竭,生物柴油作为一种可再生的生物能源,其制备方法成为了各国研究开发的重点,藻类生物质则是生产生物柴油的优良原料。综述了制备微藻生物柴油的研究进程,着重阐述了酸催化法、碱催化法、酶催化法以及超临界法等国内外微藻制备生物柴油几种技术,并对其今后的研究重点进行了总结和展望。     

酯交换法制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油是一种环境友好、可再生资源,目前最有效制备方法是化学催化酯交换法.介绍了酯交换法在生物柴油制备中的应用,主要包括酸催化法、碱催化法、酶催化法和离子液态催化法等.     

酯交换法生产生物柴油技术研究进展

生物柴油是对环境友好的绿色可再生能源。论述了酸碱催化法、酶催化法和非催化法酯交换工艺制备生物柴油的研究进展，并指出了今后的研究方向。     

酸碱催化法制备生物柴油技术研究

酯交换方法是制备生物柴油最常用的方法。酯交换法包括酸碱催化法、酶催化法、超临界法等。主要介绍了酸碱催化法的催化剂、反应结果以及优缺点,并展望了酸碱催化法制备生物柴油技术的发展方向。     

离子交换树脂在制备生物柴油中的应用

生物柴油具有环境友好、可再生的优点且燃烧性能与石油柴油相当,目前制备生物柴油的方法主要是化学催化酯交换法。主要概述了离子交换树脂作为酸碱催化剂催化制备生物柴油的应用进展。     

生物柴油制备方法研究进展

生物柴油是典型"绿色能源",大力发展生物柴油对经济可持续发展,推进能源替代,减轻环境压力,控制城市大气污染具有重要的战略意义。本文论述了生物柴油各种制备方法,重点阐述了化学催化酯交换法、生物法以及超临界法制备生物柴油的研究进展,展望了生物柴油的发展前景。     

超临界酯交换法制备生物柴油工艺基础及其过程强化技术研究

生物柴油以其优良的环境友好性和可再生性成为近年来的研究热点.简述了生物柴油的特性,比较了生物柴油制备工艺的优缺点,重点介绍了超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的研究现状,指出以共溶剂和催化剂强化超临界过程可以有效地改善反应条件;同时对超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的热力学和动力学进行了探讨,包括状态方程、混合体系临界参数、反应速率常数和反应活化能的估算方法;最后对超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油的经济性进行了分析.结果表明,超临界酯交换法具有与传统酸碱催化过程相当的竞争性,尤其是对以餐饮废油等低成本油为原料的生产过程.     

生物柴油发展现状

综述了世界各国生物柴油开发及应用现状、各国为发展生物柴油而采取的相应措施以及主要的油料资源.重点介绍了我国生物柴油研究开发现状及产业化情况、我国为发展生物柴油产业制定的相关法规及扶持政策和我国能源油料资源的研究和开发现状,指出了我国生物柴油发展中存在的主要问题并提出了相应的建议,展望了我国生物柴油的发展前景.     

Fuel consumption and emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled with castor oil and soybean biodiesel

This work investigates the impacts on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a diesel power generator operating with biodiesel. Fuel blends with 5%, 20%, 35%, 50%, and 85% of soybean biodiesel in diesel oil, and fuel blends containing 5%, 20%, and 35% of castor oil biodiesel in diesel oil were tested, varying engine load from 9.6 to 35.7 kW. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) and the exhaust concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) were evaluated. The engine was kept with its original settings for diesel oil operation. The results showed increased fuel consumption with higher biodiesel concentration in the fuel. Soybean biodiesel blends showed lower fuel consumption than castor biodiesel blends at a given concentration. At low and moderate loads, CO emission was increased by nearly 40% and over 80% when fuel blends containing 35% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel were used, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. With the load power of 9.6 kW, the use of fuel blends containing 20% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel increased HC emissions by 16% and 18%, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. Exhaust CO₂ concentration did not change significantly, showing differences lower than ±3% of the values recorded for diesel oil operation, irrespective of biodiesel type, concentration and the load applied. The results demonstrate that optimization of fuel injection system is required for proper engine operation with biodiesel.     

生物柴油的生产现状及发展前景

生物柴油是绿色可再生能源。本文由生物柴油的特性出发,阐述了西方国家和我国生物柴油的发展现状,讨论了各种生物柴油的制备方法及生物柴油的工业应用及存在的主要问题,并展望了该产业的发展前景。     

Physical-chemical properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel and castor oil biodiesel blends

This work presents the physical-chemical properties of fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel or castor oil biodiesel with diesel oil. The properties evaluated were fuel density, kinematic viscosity, cetane index, distillation temperatures, and sulfur content, measured according to standard test methods. The results were analyzed based on present specifications for biodiesel fuel in Brazil, Europe, and USA. Fuel density and viscosity were increased with increasing biodiesel concentration, while fuel sulfur content was reduced. Cetane index is decreased with high biodiesel content in diesel oil. The biodiesel blends distillation temperatures T₁₀ and T₅₀ are higher than those of diesel oil, while the distillation temperature T₉₀ is lower. A brief discussion on the possible effects of fuel property variation with biodiesel concentration on engine performance and exhaust emissions is presented. The maximum biodiesel concentration in diesel oil that meets the required characteristics for internal combustion engine application is evaluated, based on the results obtained.     

柴油-生物柴油-乙醇溶解性及其调和燃料特性的研究

以自制的生物柴油为助溶剂,研究了生物柴油对乙醇和柴油调和燃料的助溶作用;研究了不同比例的柴油-生物柴油-乙醇调和燃料的理化特性及稳定性。结果表明,当生物柴油含量为12.55%时,柴油和燃料乙醇可以以任意比例互溶;乙醇含量过高会导致燃料的各种理化性能下降;乙醇含量为10%,生物柴油含量>12.55%为混合燃料较为适宜的调和比列。     

Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant

The use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel has become of great interest for the reasons of combating the destruction of the environment, the price of petroleum-based diesel and dependency on foreign energy sources. But for practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase the oxidation stability during long term storage. It is quite possible that these additives may affect the clean burning characteristics of biodiesel. This study investigated the experimental effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from croton megalocarpus oil. The three synthetic antioxidants evaluated its effectiveness on oxidation stability of croton oil methyl ester (COME) were 1, 2, 3 tri-hydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol, PY), 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid (Propyl Gallate, PG) and 2-tert butyl-4-methoxy phenol (Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA). The fuel sample tested in TDI diesel engine include pure croton biodiesel (B100), croton biodiesel dosed with 1000 ppm of an effective antioxidant (B100 + PY1000), B20 (20% croton biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel) and diesel fuel which was used as base fuel. The result showed that the effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of PY > PG > BHA. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but both were higher than that of diesel. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel. Combustion characteristics in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends PY and PG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage. Overall, the biodiesel derived from croton megalocarpus oil can be utilized as partial substitute for mineral diesel.     

生物液体燃料

对全球生物液体燃料的发展现状进行了概述。叙述了目前我国发展燃料乙醇的主要原料以及秸杆乙醇技术。对我国生物柴油产业的发展、生物柴油标准以及影响我国生物柴油发展的因素进行了探讨。并结合我国国情，对如何发展生物液体燃料提出了建议。     

Synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil using various reaction parameters

Biodiesel fuel is gaining more and more importance because of the depletion and uncontrollable prices of fossil fuel resources. The use of vegetable oil and their derivatives as alternatives for diesel fuel is the best answer and as old as Diesel Engine. Chemically biodiesel fuel is the mono alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from renewable feed stocks like vegetable oils and animal fats. Safflower oil contains 75-80% of linoleic acid; the presence of this unsaturated fatty acid is useful in alleviating low temperature properties like pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point. In this paper we studied the effect of various parameters such as temperature, molar ratio (oil to alcohol), and concentration of catalyst on synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil. The better suitable conditions of 1:6 molar ratio (oil to alcohol), 60 degrees C temperature and catalyst concentration of 2% (by wt. of oil) were determined. The finally obtained biodiesel fuel was analyzed for fatty acid composition by GLC and some other properties such as flash point, specific gravity and acid value were also determined. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel was with in the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel with 96.8% yield.     

Experimental investigation on injection characteristics of bioethanol-diesel fuel and bioethanol-biodiesel blends

This paper analyses the fuel injection characteristics of bioethanol-diesel fuel and bioethanol-biodiesel blends considered as fuel for diesel engines. Attention is focused on the injection characteristics which significantly influence the engine characteristics and subsequently the exhaust emissions. In this context the following injection characteristics have been investigated experimentally: fuelling, injection timing, injection delay, injection duration, mean injection rate, and injection pressure. The tested fuels were neat mineral diesel fuel, neat biodiesel made from rapeseed oil, bioethanol/diesel fuel and bioethanol/biodiesel blends up to 15% (v/v) bioethanol with an increment of 5%. The fuels blends were experimentally investigated in a fuel injection M system at rated condition (FL, 1100 rpm), peak torque (FL, 850 rpm), and maximum pump speed (1100 rpm) for different partial loads (PL 75% and PL 50%), at ambient temperature.It has been proven that for all operating regimens tested, the addition of bioethanol to biodiesel reduces fuelling, injection timing, injection duration, mean injection rate and maximum injection pressure and increases injection delay compared to pure biodiesel. Meanwhile, increasing bioethanol in diesel fuel shows no significant variations or a slightly increase in fuelling, injection timing, injection duration, and mean injection rate and a decrease in injection delay and maximum injection pressure, compared to pure diesel fuel.The influence of bioethanol in biodiesel is much more significant that in diesel fuel; it has a beneficial effect on biodiesel injection characteristics because bioethanol addition brings them nearer to the diesel fuel one and it is expected to decrease biodiesel NO_x emissions.     

Fuel injection characteristics and spray behavior of DME blended with methyl ester derived from soybean oil

The objective of this work is to analyze the fuel spray injection characteristics and macroscopic behaviors of the dimethyl ether (DME) blended methyl ester derived from soybean oil at different blending ratios. The injection characteristics of the blended fuels such as injection delay, injection rate, and effective velocity in the nozzle flow passage were investigated under the various DME and its blended fuels. In comparison with the injection delay of blended fuels, the lower blending ratio of DME blended fuel with biodiesel showed a shorter injection delay than the higher blending ratio of the blended fuel. At the same energizing period and injection pressure, the DME fuel with a higher blending ratio showed a longer injection duration than that of the lower blending ratio. The higher DME blended with biodiesel also showed a low peak value of injection rate compared to the lower DME blended fuel at the same injection time. As the blending ratio of DME fuel was increased, the effective initial velocity of neat biodiesel and lower DME blended with biodiesel increased compared to the higher DME blended fuel. In comparison of spray penetration of blended fuel, biodiesel and blended fuel have a similar spray length at the same condition except the neat DME fuel.