大豆油制备生物柴油K2CO3/SiO2固体碱催化剂性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了K₂CO₃/SiO₂固体碱催化剂，运用X射线粉末衍射仪对催化剂进行了分析表征。探究了反应时间、K₂CO₃负载量、醇油物质的量比、焙烧温度、催化剂用量和焙烧时间6个因素对生物柴油产率的影响。探究结果显示，在大豆油制取生物柴油时，最优的条件是：K₂CO₃负载量70%、焙烧温度600℃、焙烧时间4 h、反应时间是4 h、催化剂用量3%、醇油物质的量比9∶1。此时产物的产率是94.7%。     

K2CO3/γ-A12O3催化剂在棉籽油制备生物柴油中的应用

利用等体积浸渍法制备K₂CO₃/γ-A1₂O₃负载型固体碱催化剂,应用于棉籽油和甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。对催化剂使用前的保存条件、水分、重复使用性能、游离脂肪酸影响以及失活和再生进行了分析。结果表明,固体催化剂K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃具有较好的抗水性,酸度对催化剂影响明显,重复使用4次未经活化的催化剂,催化活性明显降低,催化剂应密封保存。K₂CO₃/γ-A1₂O₃负载型固体碱催化剂经济实惠且催化效果良好。     

KOH/ZrO2催化制备生物柴油新工艺

采用浸渍法,将KOH负载在新型载体氧化锆上,通过高温煅烧得到了固体碱催化剂。探讨了制备条件对催化剂催化酯交换反应活性的影响,获得了催化剂的最佳制备条件,以大豆油和甲醇为原料研究并优化了催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。结果表明,固体碱催化剂KOH/ZrO₂的最佳制备条件为：KOH负载量20%,煅烧温度600℃,煅烧时间2 h。固体碱催化剂催化酯交换反应的最优反应条件为：醇油比9：1,反应温度75℃,反应时间3 h,催化剂用量4.0%。各因素对产率影响的大小为：醇油摩尔比 > 反应温度 > 反应时间 > 催化剂用量。     

Ce掺杂固体酸催化制取生物柴油的工艺优化及脂肪酸甲酯含量的测定

为优化SO₄^2-/Zr O₂-CeO₂-杭锦2^#土(SZCe-HJ)催化大豆油制取生物柴油的工艺，基于中心复合(Central Composite Design,CCD)试验设计方法，以反应温度(X₁)、醇油摩尔比(X₂)、催化剂质量分数(X₃)、反应时间(X₄)为自变量及生物柴油产率(Y)为响应值进行优化试验。将试验数据拟合建立了数学模型，该模型能够较准确地预测SZCe-HJ催化大豆油制取生物柴油的产率。结果表明，在反应温度为178℃、醇油摩尔比为30∶1、催化剂质量分数为3.06%、反应时间为6 h优化工艺条件下，生物柴油平均产率最高为62.92%。经气相色谱定量分析，生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯质量分数达到95.18%，符合使用标准。     

文冠果壳活性炭纤维负载K_2CO_3制备生物柴油的研究

以文冠果活性炭纤维(XSBACF)负载碳酸钾制备K_2CO_3/XSBACF固体碱催化剂,用于文冠果生物柴油的制备。考察了K_2CO_3的负载量、煅烧温度和时间、醇油摩尔比、K_2CO_3/XSBACF加入量和反应温度对生物柴油产率影响。结果表明,当K_2CO_3负载量为50%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间3 h,催化剂用量为油重的1. 5%,醇油摩尔比9∶1,反应温度70℃,反应时间2 h时,文冠果生物柴油的产率可达85. 10%。红外和XRD分析表明,该催化剂在煅烧过程中产生了新的活性中心K2O。     

金属氧化物掺杂对CaO催化性能影响的研究

以非均相碱性催化剂CaO催化废餐饮油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油为目标反应.研究不同金属氧化物掺杂对CaO催化性能影响.首先,利用CaO分别研究了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对反应产率的影响,实验结果表明,该反应最佳操作条件:醇油摩尔比为6,反应温度75℃.反应时间2 h,ω(催化剂)=4%,生物柴油的产率达到83.58%.采用浸渍法制备了以CaO为载体的负载型固体碱催化剂K2O/CaO和ZnO/CaO,通过对比发现氧化物对CaO的催化效果有提高作用,生物柴油产率均可达96%以上.     

乙醇与餐饮废油制备生物柴油的工艺研究

以餐饮废油和乙醇为原料,以氢氧化钾为催化剂,采用酯交换法制备生物柴油。考查了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和温度对原料转化率的影响。正交试验结果表明,餐饮废油与乙醇酯交换反应的最佳反应条件为：醇油摩尔比12∶1,催化剂用量1.25%,反应温度78℃,反应时间1.5h。在此反应条件下,餐饮废油转化率达65.12%;在此基础上引入四氢呋喃作助溶剂,转化率可提高至86%~90%。     

文冠果壳活性炭纤维负载K_2CO_3制备生物柴油的研究

以文冠果活性炭纤维(XSBACF)负载碳酸钾制备K_2CO_3/XSBACF固体碱催化剂,用于文冠果生物柴油的制备。考察了K_2CO_3的负载量、煅烧温度和时间、醇油摩尔比、K_2CO_3/XSBACF加入量和反应温度对生物柴油产率影响。结果表明,当K_2CO_3负载量为50%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间3 h,催化剂用量为油重的1. 5%,醇油摩尔比9∶1,反应温度70℃,反应时间2 h时,文冠果生物柴油的产率可达85. 10%。红外和XRD分析表明,该催化剂在煅烧过程中产生了新的活性中心K2O。     

Na/SiO2新型固体碱催化制备生物柴油的研究

以NaOH、正硅酸乙酯和乙醇为原料,经溶胶-凝胶法制备新型固体碱催化剂（Na/SiO₂）,用于催化大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应制备生物柴油,研究催化剂焙烧温度、n(NaOH)∶n(SiO₂)、n(甲醇)∶n(大豆油)、催化剂用量和反应时间对产率的影响以及催化剂的稳定性。结果表明,固体碱催化剂Na/SiO₂在大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应中具有较高的催化活性,在催化剂焙烧温度600 ℃、n(NaOH)∶n(SiO₂)=2∶1、n(甲醇)∶n(大豆油)=15∶1、催化剂用量为大豆油质量的7%和反应时间3 h的条件下,脂肪酸甲酯产率可达97.42%,催化剂在稳定性试验中呈现出优良的稳定性。     

K2CO3辅助钯催化C-H活化反应的理论研究

K₂CO₃是一种常见的碱金属碳酸盐，在有机合成中常被用作碱性添加剂，以加快过渡金属尤其是钯催化C-H活化反应的速率或提高反应产率。因此，研究K₂CO₃辅助的钯催化C-H活化反应成为近年来有机合成和理论计算领域的热点之一。本文对近十年来K₂CO₃辅助钯催化C-H活化反应的最新理论研究进展进行分类总结，重点对钯催化C-H活化反应的微观机理、K₂CO₃的作用机制等进行了深入探讨，并对该领域的发展前景进行展望。     

固体碱K_2CO_3/Al-Ni及K_2CO_3/Al-Ni-O催化制备生物柴油

分别采用合成的铝镍类水滑石和其焙烧后复合氧化物为载体,负载K_2CO_3制得负载型固体碱催化剂,并用于催化食用菜籽油制生物柴油的反应。考察甲醇与菜籽油物质的量比、反应时间和反应温度对催化性能的影响,结果表明,在甲醇与菜籽油物质的量比10∶1、反应温度60℃、反应时间6 h和催化剂用量为油质量的5%条件下,生物柴油产率最高,为82.4%,且催化剂可重复使用,具有稳定的催化作用。     

K2CO3活化空心莲子草制备活性炭及表征

以入侵生物空心莲子草为原料,以K₂CO₃为活化剂,经一步共混活化法制备活性炭。研究了K₂CO₃与空心莲子草质量比、活化温度及活化时间对活性炭得率及吸附性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对不同温度下得到的活性炭进行了表面形貌观察。实验结果表明,K₂CO₃活化空心莲子草的最佳活化条件为：质量比为1.5,活化温度及时间分别为800℃,3.0 h,此时活性炭得率为13.79%,其碘吸附值及亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为1477 mg·g^-1和384 mg·g^-1。当氮气流量在20～100 ml·min^-1范围内变化时,K₂CO₃的回收率相差不大,且其回收率均能达到80%以上。SEM结果表明活化温度对活性炭孔结构具有明显影响。     

木炭水蒸气催化气化制取合成气

以木炭为原料,选用KOH、K₂CO₃、KHCO₃、KNO₃为催化剂,在上吸式固定床气化炉中,进行水蒸气催化气化制取合成气实验。考察了不同催化剂、催化剂用量、水蒸气流量、气化温度对木炭水蒸气气化的炭转化率、产氢率、气体组成体积分数和H₂/CO值的影响。实验通过炭吸收催化剂溶液来负载催化剂,实验结果表明：4种催化剂都可提高木炭气化效率,在浸渍相同质量分数的催化剂溶液下,催化活性顺序为KOH>K₂CO₃>KHCO₃>KNO₃。碳转化率及产氢率都随着催化剂溶液浓度的增加而增大,但浓度过高增加趋势逐渐变缓,催化剂溶液质量分数在4%~6%较为合适。增加水蒸气流量,气体产物中H₂体积分数增大,H₂/CO值增大。升高温度可促进炭气化反应,950℃时碳转化率和产氢率分别达到98.7%和145.23g/kg。实验可得到H₂/CO比1.53~4.09范围间的合成气,可用于合成甲醇、甲烷、二甲醚等燃料。     

Hydrogen production by catalytic gasification of cellulose in supercritical water

Cellulose, one of the important components of biomass, was gasified in supercritical water to produce hydrogen-rich gas in an autoclave which was operated batch-wise under high-pressure. K₂CO₃ and Ca(OH)₂ were selected as the catalysts (or promoters). The temperature was kept between 450°C and 500°C while pressure was maintained at 24–26 MPa. The reaction time was 20 min. Experimental results showed that the two catalysts had good catalytic effect and optimum amounts were observed for each catalyst. When 0.2 g K₂CO₃ was added, the hydrogen yield could reach 9.456 molkg^-1 which was two times of the H₂ amount produced without catalyst. When 1.6 g Ca(OH)₂ was added, the H₂ yield was 8.265 molkg^-1 which is lower than that obtained using K₂CO₃ as catalyst but is still 1.7 times that achieved without catalyst. Comparing with the results obtained using K₂CO₃ or Ca(OH)₂ alone, the use of a combination of K₂CO₃ and Ca(OH)₂ could increase the H₂ yield by up to 2.5 times that without catalyst and 25% and 45% more than that obtained using K₂CO₃ and Ca(OH)₂ alone, respectively. It was found that methane was the dominant product at relatively low temperature. When the temperature was increased, the methane reacts with water and is converted to hydrogen and carbon dioxide.     

Na2CO3/CF固体碱对菜籽油酯交换反应的催化性能

以Na₂CO₃为活性组分、泡沫炭（CF）为载体,本文借助等体积浸渍法制备了Na₂CO₃/CF非均相固体碱催化剂,通过SEM、SEM-EDS、FTIR、XRD、BET对其结构性能进行分析表征,结果显示：Na₂CO₃/CF的比表面积为182m²/g,负载的Na₂CO₃以细小颗粒的形式均匀分布于CF泡壁表面,平均粒径<350nm。以菜籽油-甲醇体系为对象,分析了Na₂CO₃/CF的催化活性及重复利用性,并对酯交换反应的工艺条件进行优化,结果显示,在Na₂CO₃/CF用量为油重10%、反应时间180min、醇油物质的量比为27∶1、反应温度65℃的条件下,反应转化率高达97.80%,该催化剂重复利用5次,转化率仍可达94.48%。研究结果对开发以强碱弱酸盐为活性中心的碳基固体碱高效催化剂提供了新思路。     

Synthesis and characterization of poppy seed oil methyl esters

Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to determine the optimum conditions of the methanolysis of crude poppy seed oil using Na OCH3 as catalyst. The experiments were run according to five levels, four variable central composite rotatable design(CCRD) using RSM. The reaction variables, i.e., molar ratio of methanol/oil(3:1–9:1), catalyst concentration(0.5 wt%–1.25 wt% Na OCH3), reaction temperature(25–65 °C), and reaction time(20–90 min) were studied. We demonstrated that the molar ratio of methanol/oil, catalyst concentration,and reaction temperature were the significant parameters affecting the yield of poppy seed oil methyl esters(PSOMEs). The optimum transesterification reaction conditions, established using the RSM, which offered a89.35% PSOME yield, were found to be 7.5:1 molar ratio of methanol/oil, 0.75% catalyst concentration, 45 °C reaction temperature, and 90 min reaction time. The proposed process provided an average biodiesel yield of more than 85%. A linear correlation was constructed between the observed and predicted values of the yield.The gas chromatography(GC) analyses have shown that PSOMEs contain linoleic-, oleic-, palmitic-, and stearic-acids as main fatty acids. The FTIR spectrum of the PSOMEs was also analyzed to confirm the completion of the transesterification reaction. The fuel properties of the PSOMEs were discussed in light of biodiesel standards(ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214).     

TPR and infrared measurements with cu/zno/al2o3 based catalysts for the synthesis of methanol and higher alcohols from co + h2

The influence of different promoters (CeO₂, MnO_x, K₂CO₃) on various properties of a standard coprecipitated Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst has been examined. The catalysts prepared were characterized by Cu surface area, PTIR and TPR measurements. It was found that addition of K₂CO₃ reduced the Cu surface area by about 30%, whereas the Cu surface area did not decrease with addition of the other promoters. The reduction behaviour was affected by the addition of K₂CO₃ as well as by MnO_x, but not by CeO₂. The cause of these effects is possibly an electronic interaction between the promoter and Cu ions.The effect of the different promoters on the activity and selectivity has also been studied. The K₂CO₃ promoted catalyst has an optimum selectivity to higher alcohols at 280 °C; addition of Mn made the catalyst more selective towards methanol. At 300 °C, the Ce promoted catalyst had a high selectivity to methanol and iso-butanol. The promoting effect of the additives may be caused by stabilization of the surface intermediates leading to alcohols. Infrared measurements of adsorbed CO or adsorbed methanol on materials with and without K did not, however, provide any evidence for a difference in reaction mechanism.