高湿气溶胶颗粒浓度在线检测操作条件

采用光散射法测量湿法除尘系统的气相颗粒浓度与粒度分布时,测量结果易受颗粒吸湿、凝雾以及雾沫夹带等影响。为准确测量气溶胶浓度,需对采样气流进行稀释以降低相对湿度,促使液滴蒸发。基于液滴蒸发动力学方程,研究了液滴蒸发时间与液滴粒径、混合气温度、相对湿度和液滴浓度的关系。结果表明,在液滴温度20℃、气相温度20~40℃及液滴浓度不大于2×10~4 P×cm~(-3)时,出口气相相对湿度不高于15.7%时,粒径0.2~5μm的水滴均可在稀释器内完全蒸发。研究得到了不同气相温、湿度及液滴浓度下的临界蒸发操作条件。以5μm液滴为例,气相温度为20℃,气相相对湿度为18%时,临界蒸发液滴数浓度为104 P×cm~(-3)。实验表明加载稀释器时在临界蒸发操作条件下测得的颗粒物粒径分布与真实粒径分布吻合良好。     

U型微乳水相增溶过程微观结构的模拟

利用耗散粒子动力学（DPD）方法对丁酸乙酯/无水乙醇/Tween80/水四组份微乳体系形成过程进行了模拟,其模拟内容包括水相增溶过程中微乳体系的微观结构和微乳液滴的形态特征变化、微乳体系内有效区域与无效区域的分界线等。模拟结果表明：水相增溶过程中,微乳体系能够在含水量为50%和70%时发生相的转变以及微乳液滴形态结构的变化：柱状→球状→柱状→球状。在油相与表面活性剂质量比小于等于5：5时,微乳体系水相可无限增溶;当油相与表面活性剂质量比为10：0,9：1,8：2,7：3,6：4时,微乳体系的最大增溶水量分别为25%,30%,35%,45%和50%,均为油包水型微乳,当水容量大于最大增溶水量时,微乳体系被破坏,分层。试验结果也发现：当含水量小于55%时,微乳体系电导率表明,微乳体系为油包水型;当含水量为55%-70%时,微乳体系为双连续型;当含水量大于70%时,微乳体系为水包油型。微乳体系的三相图也显示出微乳的有效区域。试验结果很好的吻合了模拟结果。     

基于数字图像处理的盐溶液过饱和比与结晶压力测量方法

溶液过饱和比和结晶压力是研究多孔材料结晶破坏效应的主要参数，但目前没有很好的手段直接测量溶液过饱和比。观察溶液结晶现象发现，溶液结晶前后图像灰度会发生明显变化，因此本文提出一种基于数字图像处理(DIP)技术的盐结晶过饱和比和结晶压力的测量方法。该方法以图像为基础，得出灰度值与溶液浓度的关系，运用MATLAB软件绘出溶液过饱和比和结晶压力分布图。以Na₂SO₄溶液和NaCl溶液的结晶行为为例，得到Na₂SO₄溶液与NaCl溶液结晶的初始过饱和比在1.1～1.3,进一步计算了Na₂SO₄和NaCl的结晶压力理论值。Na₂SO₄和NaCl结晶破坏效应的差异与二者不同的结晶行为有关，Na₂SO₄晶体的蠕变生长行为导致其更具破坏性。     

振动诱导微结构粗糙表面水滴Wenzel-Cassie状态转变特性

以聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）基底采用光刻蚀技术制备了微方柱结构粗糙表面。采用高速摄影对液滴在垂直振动作用下的动态浸润状态进行了图像采集。通过对水滴振动过程中的动态浸润特性分析,研究了粗糙表面水滴的Wenzel-Cassie浸润状态转变特征。结果表明,对于一定尺寸的Wenzel状态水滴,只有当施加的振动能量超过某一阈值时,微方柱粗糙表面Wenzel状态液滴才可以发生向Cassie状态的完全转变,且存在发生Wenzel-Cassie浸润转变的阈值范围;此外,当外加振动频率和液滴固有频率一致时,即在共振频率时,液滴发生Wenzel-Cassie状态转变需要的能量最小。外加振动频率偏离液滴固有频率越远,发生Wenzel-Cassie状态转变需要的能量最大。基于表面化学和振动力学理论,建立了液滴发生Wenzel-Cassie转变时的物理模型。     

超声波悬浮TBAB溶液液滴表面半笼型水合物生长过程研究

利用超声波悬浮技术将四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)溶液液滴悬浮，观测了不同TBAB质量分数(15%、20%、25%)时的水合物生长过程，并与悬挂液滴进行了对比。实验发现，超声波悬浮的液滴处于快速旋转状态，液滴呈扁球状，水合物生长速率较快，但当液滴中含有气泡时生成水合物的诱导时间延长。总结出超声波悬浮状态下TBAB水合物生长方式可以分为两大类：由内而外，由外而内。由外而内又可以分为单平顶式、双平顶式和包裹式。建立悬浮液滴和悬挂液滴的传热模型，通过对比发现，超声波可以加快悬浮液滴的传热效率，加速水合物的生成和生长。该实验为观测水合物生长提供了一种新的方法。     

常用炸药潮解的原因及一般规律

潮解性并不是在任何一个相对湿度下都存在的,而是存在某一特定的相对湿度数值,当小于这一值时就没有潮解性,只有相对湿度超过这一值时,才表现出显著的吸水能力。通过计算部分炸药在20℃时的吸湿点,以及对常见炸药不同温度时水及盐的饱和蒸汽压试验,分析吸湿点与温度的关系,探索其潮解的原因及一般规律。     

乙醇溶液液滴降压闪蒸特性

基于液滴低压闪蒸理论,设计了一套悬垂液滴的真空闪蒸可视化实验装置,研究了质量分数为0、5%、10%、20%的乙醇溶液液滴的降压闪蒸特性,记录了液滴的成核结晶过程。液滴在降压条件下会经历液态蒸发、伴随气泡生长的蒸发、稳态蒸发结冰、伴随气泡生长的结冰、外部结冰内部气泡逸出最终爆裂5种形态。研究表明乙醇溶液的浓度越高,液滴的凝固点越低,液滴结晶所需时间越长;同时还发现一定浓度的乙醇溶液可以提高液滴结晶时的闪蒸室压力,降低了对系统真空度的要求。     

液滴撞击微结构疏水表面的动态特性

对去离子水滴撞击不同几何尺寸显微结构方柱和方孔状疏水表面的动态特性进行了研究。结果表明：当液滴以不同速度撞击微方柱疏水表面时,液滴展现铺展和回缩过程,且随着韦伯数（We数）增大,最大铺展直径增大,并伴随卫星液滴出现,但到达最大铺展直径的时间一致;而当液滴以相同的速度（We数相同）撞击间距不同的微方柱疏水表面时,液滴的最大铺展直径随着间距的增大而减小,且铺展过程会液滴浸润状态变得不稳定,发生由Cassie向Wenzel状态的浸润转变。当微方柱间距较小时,液滴受到的黏附功越小,越易发生向Cassie状态的转变;液滴撞击微方孔疏水表面时,液滴以规则的圆环状向外铺展和回缩,最后呈现近似规则的椭球状,不会发生向Wenzel状态的浸润转变,利用建立的物理模型对前述现象进行了分析。     

乙醇溶液液滴降压闪蒸特性

基于液滴低压闪蒸理论,设计了一套悬垂液滴的真空闪蒸可视化实验装置,研究了质量分数为0、5%、10%、20%的乙醇溶液液滴的降压闪蒸特性,记录了液滴的成核结晶过程。液滴在降压条件下会经历液态蒸发、伴随气泡生长的蒸发、稳态蒸发结冰、伴随气泡生长的结冰、外部结冰内部气泡逸出最终爆裂5种形态。研究表明乙醇溶液的浓度越高,液滴的凝固点越低,液滴结晶所需时间越长;同时还发现一定浓度的乙醇溶液可以提高液滴结晶时的闪蒸室压力,降低了对系统真空度的要求。     

液体弹珠翻越固着液滴的动态特性及运动机理

对体积在10—40μL之间的液体弹珠翻越液滴的过程进行可视化实验，研究液体弹珠翻越水平面上的固着液滴的动态行为。实验结果表明：弹珠以一定初速度撞击固着液滴后会发生反弹、翻越、弹飞和破裂4种运动状态，小体积弹珠只会产生前3种状态，弹珠体积越大越趋向于破裂。不同运动状态主要受弹珠初速度、弹珠体积、韦伯数(We)、雷诺数(Re)和邦德数(Bo)控制，在弹珠体积为10μL时，能够翻越同体积液滴的临界韦伯数在14—20之间，当体积达到40μL时，临界韦伯数为45—120。弹珠撞击液滴后受挤压，两者都会持续振荡变形，体积越大，弹珠的变形系数极值越大且液滴的振荡周期越长。该研究可为液体弹珠在微反应器方面的应用提供参考。     

Hygroscopic Growth of an (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Aqueous Solution Droplet Measured Using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)

The contact angle, θ, and volume equivalent diameter of an (NH₄)₂SO₄ aqueous droplet was measured using an environmental scanning electric microscope (ESEM), showing the hygroscopic growth of the solution droplet as the relative humidity (RH) increased from 80% to 98%. (NH₄)₂SO₄ particles with diameters in the range 1–2 μ m were produced by an atomization technique, and collected onto a copper substrate that had been treated with polytetrafluoroethylene. To observe the hygroscope growth, the sample chamber of the ESEM was filled with water vapor at a pressure of 600 Pa, and the sample temperature was adjusted using a cooling stage to control the relative humidity inside the chamber. Before the observation of the hygroscopic growth, we determined the value of θ from overhead views of droplets on the stage at a tilted angle of 45°. The average value of θ was 96 ± 10°, and this value was used to estimate the droplet diameter. We measured the diameter of the (NH₄)₂SO₄ droplets at different RH, and observed that the growth factor, G, increased with increasing RH. The experimental value of G was consistent with the theoretically estimated value. This shows that our method for determining the value of θ was valid, and that the ESEM technique can be used to measure the diameters of droplets of aqueous solutions.     

固体冷表面上液滴凝结过程分析

液滴凝结的换热方式在航空航天工程、蒸汽动力工程、化学工程等工业领域有着广泛应用,滴状凝结更利于强化换热,大多研究专注于单个液滴凝结过程的研究,本文对液滴凝结群的性状特征进行研究,通过可视化的试验设备观察四氟乙烯平板冷表面上的液滴凝结过程,探究在不同过冷度以及相对湿度情况下冷表面上液滴凝结过程的变化规律。试验结果表明：相对湿度较过冷度来看对液滴凝结速率影响最大;第1代液滴数量随凝结时间呈正态分布,不同过冷度下液滴数量峰值出现时间为180~480s,均集中在1.0×10¹²~1.6×10¹²区间,高相对湿度下液滴合并时间短,更快进入第2代液滴凝结过程;第2代液滴形成过程中,不同相对湿度下高过冷度液滴数量峰值均高于低过冷度,80%RH时过冷度24K是22K的近2倍;面积率峰值均集中在75%~82%区间,稳定后面积率在65%~85%之间波动。在工程实际中在对液滴状态特定需求下进行环境条件的选取以及对应环境条件下对液滴特性的预测判断具有指导意义,提高冷凝换热设备的换热性能对节约能源、原材料和保护环境等方面具有积极意义。     

Aerosol growth studies — IV. Phase transformation of mixed salt aerosols in a moist atmosphere

The phase transformation and subsequent droplet growth of the mixed salt aerosols NaCl—KCl and (NH₄)₂SO₄—H₂SO₄ were investigated in a continuous-flow apparatus at 25 and 30°C as a function of relative humidity. Monodisperse salt aerosols (d = ≈ 0.5 μm, OG = 1.07–1.13) were prepared and mixed with N₂ carrier gas at controlled humidities. The particle-size distribution of the aerosol before and after growth by water vapor condensation was continuously monitored with an optical particle counter. It was found that mixed salt aerosols were characterized by stage-wise growth when the relative humidity in the atmosphere was increased. The onset of growth took place at a specific deliquescence humidity determined by the water activity at the eutonic composition. Thus, mixed NaCl—KCl aerosols deliquesce at 73.8 ± 0.5% r.h. regardless of initial compositions. For sulfate aerosols containing 0.75 to 0.95 mole fraction (NH₄)₂SO₄ (the balance being H₂SO₄), the onset of growth occurs at 69.0 ± 0.5% r.h.. In the composition range of 0.5 to 0.75, a deliquescence humidity of 39.0 ± 0.5% is noted. Below 0.5 mole fraction, however, the mixed-sulfate aerosols are expected to exhibit hygroscopic properties on the basis of thermodynamic considerations.     

Phase Transition and Hygroscopic Properties of Internally Mixed Ammonium Sulfate and Adipic Acid (AS-AA) Particles by Optical Microscopic Imaging and Raman Spectroscopy

We studied the phase transition and hygroscopicity of particles of a mixture of two atmospherically relevant species, ammonium sulfate and adipic acid. We conducted extensive investigations on ammonium sulfate–adipic acid (AS-AA) particles deposited on a hydrophobic substrate with the weight percentage (wt%) of AA ranging from 3 to 90%. Crystallization and deliquescence were observed through an optical microscope, which enabled multiple particles to be examined simultaneously. At an initial relative humidity (RH) of 94%, which was the highest RH setting, AA solids were formed from the deposited solution droplets, leading to the presence of mixed-phase particles prior to the complete crystallization recorded between 31% and 42% RH of all mixtures. The complete crystallization RH values were close to that of pure AS, indicating that the AA solids did not promote effective heterogeneous nucleation of AS. When the RH was increased, partial deliquescence in all mixtures was observed at 80% RH, which was attributed to the dissolution of the AS fractions. Full deliquescence was only observed in 3 wt% AA particles at 91% RH. We also used Micro-Raman Spectroscopy to determine the hygroscopicity of mixtures with up to 50 wt% AA. The hygroscopic behavior of the AS fraction in the mixed particles was found to resemble that of pure AS particles. However, there was observable water uptake in the solid particles at about 70% RH in mixtures with up to 70 wt% AA. This early water uptake was more pronounced in mixtures with lower weight percentages of AA (AA less than 30 wt%).     

A model for the relative humidity effect on the readings of the PM10 beta-gauge monitor

In the previous paper (Atmos. Environ. 15 (1981) 1087), we found that the PM₁₀ concentrations detected by the Wedding beta-gauge PM₁₀ monitor and those measured by the manual hi-vol PM₁₀ sampler were quite close when the ambient relative humidity (RH) was lower than the deliquescence RH (DRH) of aerosols. However, when the deliquescent point was exceeded, PM₁₀ concentrations of the beta-gauge were found to be higher and differences increased with an increasing ambient RH. In addition, theoretical water mass calculated by a thermodynamic model (ISORROPIA model, (Aquat. Geochem. 4 (1998) 123)) was found to be much higher than the actual values. In this study, models were developed to determine water evaporation loss from collected particles on the filter tape of the beta-gauge during sampling and in the monitoring room. Simulated results show that all absorbed water will evaporate completely at RH lower than about 85%. However, absorbed water does not evaporate completely at RH higher than about 85%, and remaining water in particles accounts for higher beta-gauge readings than the hi-vol concentrations. The simulated daily beta-gauge PM₁₀ concentrations are close to the actual beta-gauge readings obtained previously.     

采用增大凝结液滴方法的锥芯超音速旋流分离装置性能研究

To improve the separation performance of a supersonic gas separation device for the treatment of gas mixture with a single heavy component, a novel structure with shorter settlement distance was constructed and a method of droplet enlargement was applied. A series of experiments were carried out in the improved separation device under various conditions, using air-ethanol vapor as the medium and micro water droplets as nucleation centers. The effects of the inlet pressure, temperature and relative humidity, the swirling intensity, and mass flow rate of water on the separation performance were investigated. The separation was improved by increasing the inlet pressure and relative humidity. With the decrease of swirling intensity and mass flow rate of water, the separation efficiency increased first and then decreased. The inlet temperature had a slight effect on the separation. The results showed that the separation performance was effectively improved using the proposed structure and method, and the best separation in this study was obtained with the ethanol removal rate about 55% and dew point depression 27 K. The addition of water had little pollution to the air-ethanol vapor system since the water carry-over rate was within the range of %-0 in most cases.     

Water Uptake by NaCl Particles Prior to Deliquescence and the Phase Rule

Using an environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM), we show that a significant amount of water, far exceeding the multilayers caused by surface adsorption, is reversibly associated prior to deliquescence with substrate-supported NaCl particles (dry diameters of ～ 40 nm to 1.5 μ m; ～ 18°C). We hypothesize that the water is present as an aqueous solution containing dissolved Na and Cl ions. Water uptake occurs at relative humidities (RH) as low as 70%, and the resulting liquid layer coating the particles is stable over extended times if the RH is held constant. We exposed CaSO ₄ and CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O particles to elevated RH values in the ETEM to show that chemically nonspecific condensation of gas-phase water on the TEM substrate does not explain our observations. Furthermore, damage to the NaCl surface induced by the electron beam and small fluctuations in RH do not seem to contribute to or otherwise affect water uptake. We have similar observations of water association for other alkali halide particles, including NaBr and CsCl, prior to deliquescence. To explain the observations, we derive the phase rule for this geometry and show that it allows for the coexistence of liquid, solid, and vapor for the binary NaCl/H ₂ O system across a range of RH values. The derivation includes the effects of heterogeneous pressure because of the Laplace-Young relations for the subsystems. Furthermore, in view of the lever rule and the absence of similar observations for free-floating pure NaCl aerosol particles, we hypothesize that the surface energy necessary to support these effects is provided by sample-substrate interactions. Thus, the results of this study may be relevant to atmospheric systems in which soluble compounds are associated with insoluble materials.     

Influence of surfactants on growth of individual aqueous coarse mode aerosol particles

Understanding the links between aerosol and cloud and radiative properties remains a large uncertainty in predicting Earth's changing energy budget. Surfactants are observed in ambient atmospheric aerosol particles, and their effect on cloud droplet growth is a mechanism that was, until recently, neglected in model calculations of particle activation and droplet growth. In this study, coarse mode aqueous aerosol particles were created containing the surfactant Igepal CA-630 and NaCl. The evaporation and condensation of these individual aqueous particles were investigated using an aerosol optical trap combined with Raman spectroscopy. For a relative humidity (RH) change from 70% to 80%, droplets containing both Igepal and NaCl at atmospheric concentrations exhibited on average more than 4% larger changes in droplet radii, compared to droplets containing NaCl only. This indicates enhanced water uptake in the presence of surfactants, but this result is unexpected based on the standard calculation of the effect of surfactants, using surface tension reduction and/or hygroscopicity changes, for particles of this size. One implication of these results is that in periods with increasing RH, surfactant-containing aqueous particles may grow larger than similarly sized aqueous NaCl particles without surfactants, thus shifting atmospheric particle size distributions, influencing particle growth, and affecting aerosol loading, visibility, and radiative forcing.

Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Adsorption/desorption of toluene on a hypercrosslinked polymeric resin in a highly humid gas stream

In many sources of volatile organic compounds(VOCs), large amounts of water vapor come from the air and the reactors. The relative humidity(RH) of exhaust gas is normally N60% and is supersaturated. Maintaining the property of adsorbent on VOCs in a highly humid gas stream is a serious industrial problem. In this study, the adsorption/desorption behavior of toluene in a micro-mesoporous polymeric resin was investigated in a highly humid environment to explore the influence of abound water vapor on resin adsorption and regeneration.This resin could selectively adsorb toluene at an RH of 80%, and its adsorption property was unaffected by the presence of water vapor. In the case of humidity saturation, the resin displayed a high adsorption capacity at a moisture content of b30%. Therefore, the polymer resin is an excellent water-resistant adsorbent of VOCs.In the regenerative experiment, the resin maintained its original adsorption capability after four adsorption/desorption cycles of toluene purging with nitrogen gas at 120 °C. The resin exhibited excellent regeneration performance at high humidity.     

Measurement of the condensational growth of single hygroscopic acid aerosol droplets

The condensational growth of hygroscopic phosphoric acid droplets is quantified using a bihyperboloidal electrodynamic chamber. The droplet mass increase is determined from the direct current voltage required to balance the droplet at the null point of the electrodynamic field. The diameter of the droplet (15–65 μm) is measured using a 35 mm objective in conjunction with a calibrated image splitter. Dew point temperatures are monitored by a condensation type hygrometer and ambient temperatures are measured with a thermistor. Mass and diameter increases are measured over the relative humidity range from 5 to 80%. Comparison of data derived from this study compare favorably with existing data on the water activity of orthophosphoric acid solutions.