脂肪酶固定化及催化酯化反应

本研究报道了利用吸附法和化学键合法将白地霉脂肪酶固定化于五种载体上，用吸附法固定化的脂肪酶保持了高的活性。在有机溶剂中，固定化酶催化了长链脂肪酸与醇的酯化反应，酯化率可达９４％。固定化过程并未改变脂肪酶的选择性。固定化脂肪酶可重复使用。     

非水相固定化生物催化的研究进展

非水相固定化生物催化技术有效拓宽了生物催化过程研究的应用范围。本文分别介绍了水-有机溶剂两相以及离子液体、超临界流体、质子惰性有机溶剂和深低共熔溶剂等新型非水相介质以及无机和高分子载体及无载体固定化技术在生物催化研究中的应用进展。展现了各种非水相介质与固定化技术对底物溶解度、酶的稳定性及产物产量等性能的促进作用,体现了其对酶活及生物催化反应的选择性等方面的不利影响,而且突出显示了非水相介质与固定化技术的结合是提高酶和微生物的活性、稳定性与选择性等性能的一个有效手段,再通过生物反应器的选择或设计以及工艺优化,有助于一些生物催化过程更高效地实现工业化。     

固定化离子液体高效催化废弃食用油合成生物柴油

采用溶胶?凝胶技术和浸渍法制备了固定化1-(4-丁基磺酸)-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([(n-Bu-SO3H)MIm][HSO4])离子液体(IL),得到了一种适用于游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化反应的不溶性IL催化体系,对合成的催化剂进行了表征,并对其活性进行了系统评价. 结果表明,离子液体成功负载于载体上,该固定化Br?nsted性离子液体在油酸和甲醇酯化反应中具有非常好的催化活性,在最佳反应条件下,油酸的转化率高达98.4%. 该催化剂用于催化高游离脂肪酸含量的废弃食用油酯化时,经后续碱催化酯交换反应,可获得收率高达94.7%的生物柴油.     

固定化离子液体高效催化废弃食用油合成生物柴油（英文）

采用溶胶-凝胶技术和浸渍法制备了固定化1-(4-丁基磺酸)-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([(n-Bu-SO_3H)MIm][HSO_4])离子液体(IL),得到了一种适用于游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化反应的不溶性IL催化体系,对合成的催化剂进行了表征,并对其活性进行了系统评价.结果表明,离子液体成功负载于载体上,该固定化Br?nsted性离子液体在油酸和甲醇酯化反应中具有非常好的催化活性,在最佳反应条件下,油酸的转化率高达98.4%.该催化剂用于催化高游离脂肪酸含量的废弃食用油酯化时,经后续碱催化酯交换反应,可获得收率高达94.7%的生物柴油.     

固定化假丝酵母99-125脂肪酶催化酯化脂肪酸低碳醇酯反应条件的研究

以硅藻土和纺织品为载体 ,采用吸附法制备固定化脂肪酶 ,研究了固定化假丝酵母 99 1 2 5脂肪酶在有机溶剂中催化脂肪酸低碳醇酯酯化合成过程中 ,有机溶剂性质、脂肪酸与低碳醇的结构、pH值、反应温度和体系含水量、低碳醇的抑制作用等因素对酯化过程的影响。试验结果表明 :底物低碳醇需要采用流加方式加入体系 ,石油醚是最适宜的有机溶剂 ,脂肪酸与醇的碳链越长 ,越易于酯化 ;固定化脂肪酶对直链醇的选择性优于支链醇。以石油醚为有机溶剂 ,在反应温度为 40℃、pH值为 7时 ,硬脂酸与甲醇的酯化率达 95 % ;反应后期应除去体系中的水以避免酶失活。固定化酶间歇催化油酸与甲醇的酯化时 ,重复使用 1 5次 (每次 2 4h) ,其操作半衰期约为 360h。     

固定化脂肪酶催化酯交换制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物酶法生产生物柴油具有化学催化法不可比拟的优越性,是工业化生产的发展方向。介绍了固定化脂肪酶在催化油脂酯交换制备生物柴油方面的应用,对影响酯交换反应的脂肪酶源、底物摩尔比率、酰基受体、水含量、反应温度、副产物等因素进行了综述。     

金属磷酸盐分子筛的催化性能研究

金属磷酸盐因其具有优异的择形选择性、热稳定性和水热稳定性而广泛应用于催化领域,综述了金属磷酸盐分子筛的催化性能及它们在裂解反应、脱氢反应、水合反应、酯化反应等反应中的应用。指出金属磷酸盐的结构是影响其催化性能的重要因素,提出了应加快开发具有新颖结构的高效金属磷酸盐催化剂以及加强其构性关系的理论研究。     

超临界乙醇技术原理研究与运用进展

综述了超临界乙醇在制备生物柴油中的主要技术,分析了在酯交换反应、酯化反应、液化反应制生物油以及生物油加氢升级中的原理及应用。研究表明,超临界乙醇的酯交换反应过程由三个连续可逆的反应组成,水和CO_2均能提高反应速率。在酯化过程中,乙醇、酸的浓度对过程存在显著影响,此外,动力学模型表明酸存在催化效应,因此水解及油酸本身存在酸催化效应及自催化作用。超临界乙醇被广泛用于生物质的液化过程,过程主要存在:(1)生物质裂解;(2)油份重整(涉及酯交换及酯化反应等);(3)结焦或结聚;(4)小分子组分气化;及(5)气体间相互反应等典型反应等;且升高温度有利于液化;液化过程中醇与水表现出协同作用。此外,在生物油的加氢升级过程中,超临界乙醇不仅作为一种良好的反应介质,也作为反应物与生物油中的酸类物质发生酯化反应,降低生物油的酸度,提高生物油的热值。因此,超临界乙醇在生物燃料的制备与升级中具有良好的应用前景。     

葡萄糖硬脂酸酯的非水相酶法制备

考察了脂肪酶催化合成葡萄糖硬脂酸酯(GSAE)的非水相转化条件及其效果。从7种商品化脂肪酶中筛选适于非水相酶法制备GSAE的酶,分别探讨脂肪酶种类及用量、助溶剂种类及用量、底物摩尔比、水分、分子筛用量、摇床速率、反应温度、反应时间等因素对GSAE合成反应产率的影响。结果表明,丙酮是适宜的助溶剂,在丙酮反应体系中固定化脂肪酶Novozyme 435是适宜GSAE酯化反应的最好催化剂,水分明显降低脂肪酶活性和酯化反应产率,底物、助溶剂和反应过程的除水对于该酯化反应是十分必要的。正交实验设计优化的酯化反应条件为:Novozyme 435酶用量0.08 g、分子筛用量0.8 g、n(硬脂酸)∶n(葡萄糖)=3∶1、反应温度45℃、丙酮用量10 mL、摇床转速150 r/min、反应时间5 h。该条件下最大反应速率Vm=0.749μmol/(min.g)和Km=0.020 3mmol/L,GSAE产率达64.11%。     

Candida sp. 99-125脂肪酶及其在化学品合成中的应用

传统的酯化或转酯化产品的合成通常需要高温、强酸、强碱等相对苛刻的条件,脂肪酶由于其生物催化过程具有高效、高选择性、条件温和和环境友好等特点,在化学品的合成中越来越受到人们的关注。本课题组开发了一种可以用于酯类合成的新脂肪酶,并且实现了该酶的工业化生产。来源于Candida sp. 99-125的脂肪酶在非水相中对酯化和转酯化反应具有高效的催化活性和稳定性。本文介绍了该脂肪酶的发酵生产及其在中长链脂肪酸酯、二元酸酯、维生素A棕榈酸酯、手性化合物以及生物柴油等多种化学品的合成中的应用。     

Enzyme,medium, and reaction engineering to design a low-cost,selective production method for mono- and dioleoylglycerols

The selective enzymic production of mono- and diolein (MO, DO) was optimized at high yields. A comparative study of the following distinct enzymic reactions was conducted: ethyl oleate glycerolysis, triolein (TO) glycerolysis, and direct esterification Solvent-free systems were compared with media that contained different solvents. Native, modified (with polyethylene glycol), and immobilized lipases were used. Mechanical resistance, the support effect on enzyme and glycerol dispersion and on process reproducibility, and hydrophilicity of the support were considered in the process optimization. We report the use of an immobilized lipase on an inorganic support (Celite), which has high activities in both solid-phase glycerolysis (99% reaction conversion) and esterification (100% conversion). The optimum conditions for the distinct reactions were compared by considering their selectivities, conversions, yields, and cost of the substrates. We found less costly and more selective processes in the absence of solvents for glycerolysis of triolein and direct esterification. Although glycerolysis was the most interesting process to produce diolein, esterification was better for monoolein preparation with this biocatalyst. The esterification reaction yielded 93 wt% of MO, in the absence of either TO or oleic acid (OA), at low cost because of the 100% reaction conversion. Similar costs of the substrates (10.6 and 10.1 $/g) were necessary to obtain 67 and 80 wt% of DO in esterification and glycerolysis, respectively. The glycerolysis conversion was 96%. In esterification, the product mixture was impure, with a high amount of residual OA due to the low conversion (59%). The high activity of PSL-Celite in these solid-phase reactions has an advantage over the reactions with nonimmobilized lipases due to the ease of enzyme recovery. The absence of organic solvents reduces the need for solvent removal from the reaction mixtures.     

Membrane reactors in chemical production processes and the application to the pervaporation-assisted esterification

When appropriate membrane was used for the assistance of chemical and biochemical equilibrium reactions, it is possible to enhance the yield and the purity of the reaction product by selectively adding educts or selectively removing products and to a lower the energy input and the reaction time compared to conventional process. In this paper a review on membrane reactors with special emphasis on membrane-assistance of esterification reactions and a continuous tube membrane reactor for the pervaporation-assistance of the esterification are presented. The heterogeneously catalyzed esterification of ethanol and acetic acid to ethyl acetate and water was investigated as a typical chemical equilibrium reaction. The selective and simultaneous water separation from the reaction mixture of the esterification with polyvinyl alcohol pervaporation membranes is considered to be an interesting process alternative to the conventional distillation process. Compared to the distillation process, for the pervaporation-assisted process a decrease of the energy input of over 75% and of the investment and operating coasts of over 50% each was calculated.     

磺酸型介孔材料催化合成甲基葡萄糖苷

以甲醇和葡萄糖为原料,采用一步合成法合成甲基葡萄糖苷。以磺酸型介孔材料作为催化剂,借助扫描电子显微镜、高分辨率透射电子显微镜、低温氮气吸附/脱附、热重分析等方法研究了材料的结构和性能。实验结果表明,催化剂用量为0.6g,醇糖摩尔比为28∶1,反应温度为115℃,反应时间为2 h为最佳反应条件,此条件下合成产物的收率可达95.67%。同时使用Fourier红外光谱仪对产物进行了表征。     

Enzymatic Synthesis of Glucose- and Xylose Laurate Esters Using Different Acyl Donors,Higher Substrate Concentrations,and Membrane Assisted Solvent Recovery

Glucose- and xylose laurate esters are enzymatically synthesized using equimolar substrate concentrations in 2-methyl-2-butanol, comparing free lauric acid with methyl- and vinyl-laurate as acyl donors. All reactions result in ≥70% acyl donor conversions after 72 h but the activated donors are also partially hydrolyzed to lauric acid, highlighting the difficulty in controlling water presence in this particular reaction system. The esterification of xylose generates a complex product profile, with several regioisomers of monoesters and diesters. The esterification of glucose is quite selective, forming mainly the 6-O monoester (≥96%) with a small presence of two diester isomers (4%). Increasing substrate concentration up to 800 millimoles kg⁻¹ results in lower conversion values (down to 58%) but shows that the reaction proceeds successfully even in the presence of high amounts of insoluble glucose. However, the reaction is less selective and the proportion of diester increases, becoming up to 46% (molar fraction) of the final product. Solvent recovery after esterification can be achieved by organic solvent nanofiltration through a polymeric membrane able to retain ≥80% of all reaction substrates and products. Practical Applications: The use of high substrate concentrations during the enzymatic synthesis of sugar ester biosurfactants leads to product titers that are more industrially appealing, without the need to find a solvent that can solubilize all initial substrate. The sustainability of the enzymatic conversion at mild temperatures can be enhanced by recycling of the reaction solvent through organic solvent nanofiltration, an energy efficient alternative to other traditional methods like distillation.     

Synthesis of plant sterol esters catalyzed by heteropolyacid in a solvent‐free system

The synthesis of phytosteryl esters is of importance due to their recent recognition and application as cholesterol‐lowering agents in the food and nutraceutical industries. In this study, a synthetic route potentially useful for the large‐scale production of food‐grade phytosteryl esters with high yield and purity in a solvent‐free system was investigated. To examine the feasibility of replacing sodium methylate by heteropolyacid, four heteropolyacids, tungstosilicic acid, tungstophosphoric acid, molybdosilicic acid and molybdophosphoric acid, were evaluated to determine the best catalyst and the optimum conditions for the esterification reaction between various fatty acids and phytosterols. The results suggested that tungstosilicic acid was more selective towards butyric acid and caprylic acid than towards lauric acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. However, there was no significant discrimination in terms of the tungstosilicic acid catalyst's selectivity to stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and alpha‐linolenic acid, all with C18 chains, in the esterification reaction. The yield of phytosteryl ester was higher than 90% when the esterification reaction was carried out at 150 °C, with phytosterols and fatty acids in a molar ratio of 1 : 1.5, and catalyzed by 0.2% tungstosilicic acid in silica gel. The catalysts recovery experiments suggested that the immobilized tungstosilicic acid did not significantly lose its activity in six operation runs. As a result, the immobilized tungstosilicic acid would be a promising catalyst for replacing sodium methylate, to synthesize phytosteryl esters with fatty acids and phytosterols as the starting materials in a commercial production.     

固定化脂肪酶合成肉豆蔻酸异丙酯的研究

采用固定化脂肪酶(Novozym 435)在有机溶剂体系中催化肉豆蔻酸和异丙醇酯化合成了肉豆蔻酸异丙酯.研究了各种因素如有机溶剂种类、反应物摩尔比、反应温度及酶用量等因素对酯化率的影响.结果表明,肉豆蔻酸异丙酯合成的较佳条件为:1.14 g肉豆蔻酸,0.45 g异丙醇,0.02 g Novozym 435,10 mL石油醚(其中加入0.5 g 3A分子筛吸水),在55℃下振荡反应4 h,酯化率为99.2%(肉豆蔻酸可基本完全转化为肉豆蔻酸异丙酯).实验过程中固定化酶稳定性较好,可连续使用7批左右.     

丙烯酸-2-羟基-3-磺酸钠-丙酯的合成

以环氧氯丙烷为原料,通过磺化、闭环和酯化反应,合成了功能性单体丙烯酸-2-羟基-3-磺酸钠-丙酯。对中间产物3-氯-2-羟基丙磺酸钠、环氧丙磺酸钠及最终产物丙烯酸-2-羟基-3-磺酸钠-丙酯〖JP〗等进行了熔点测试和FTIR分析鉴定,并对闭环和酯化反应的影响因素进行了讨论,确定了最佳反应条件。单因素闭环反应,最佳反应条件：n(NaOH)∶n(NaCHPS)=0.9∶1.0,溶剂为丙酮,NaOH配制成26%的水溶液进行滴定,反应温度35 ℃,滴加时间(1.5～2.0) h,反应时间2.0 h;单因素酯化反应,最佳反应条件：催化剂为苄基三乙基氯化铵,其用量占反应物总质量的1.2％;n(环氧丙磺酸钠)∶n(丙烯酸)=1.0∶1.2时,酯化率较高,反应时间为3.0 h。     

Enrichment of γ-linolenic acid from borage oil via lipase-catalyzed reactions

Three lipase-catalyzed reactions were utilized to enrich γ-linolenic acid in borage oil: (i) selective hydrolysis in isooctane by Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on microporous polypropylene, (ii) selective esterification of free fatty acid from saponified borage oil and n-butanol by Lipozyme IM-20, and (iii) acidolysis of the products of the previous two reactions, that is, unhydrolyzed acylglycerols and unesterified free fatty acid. In the selective hydrolysis, γ-linolenic acid content could be raised from 23.6 mol% in borage oil to 51.7% in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. On the other hand, γ-linolenic acid content in free fatty acid could be increased to 87% after selective esterification. Products with 65% γ-linolenic acid in their acylglycerols were obtained by means of the acidolysis reaction.     

Enzymatic synthesis of astaxanthin n-octanoic acid esters

We examined the enzymatic synthesis of astaxanthin n-octanoic acid esters. Carriers for the immobilized enzyme and reaction conditions such as water content, reaction temperature, and time were examined using Candida cylindracea lipase (Lipase OF). Lipase OF) immobilized by a hydrophobic anion exchange resin (10% w/w content of lipase) gave the best yield in the esterification reaction of astaxanthin. Two milligrams of astaxanthin per 750 microL tri-n-octanoin (ca. 0.3%) was optimum because of the low solubility of tri-n-octanoin. The esters were obtained in a yield of 36.4% under the optimal reaction conditions.