立方氮化硅粉体的超高压烧结特性

以冲击波合成的立方氮化硅(γ-Si3N4)粉体为原料,添加Y2O3-Al2O3-La2O3系烧结助剂,进行了超高压烧结,研究了在不同烧结温度与压力下,烧结样品的相对密度、力学性能、物相变化及显微结构.经5.4～5.7 GPa和1670～1770 K,保温保压15 min超高压烧结后,烧结制备的氮化硅陶瓷主要由长柱状晶粒组成,显微结构均匀,y-Si3N4已完全转化为β-si3N4.烧结样品的最高相对密度与Vickers硬度分别为99.16%,23.42GPa.     

α-Si_3N_4与γ-Si_3N_4、α-Si_3N_4混合粉体超高压烧结的比较研究

以Y2O3-Al2O3-La2O3体系作烧结助剂,在5.4～5.7GPa、1620K～1770K的高温高压条件下进行了α-Si3N2与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4粉体的烧结研究.探讨了烧结温度及压力对烧结体性能的影响.实验测试结果表明:α-Si3N4、γ-Si3N4完全相变为β-Si3N4,相同的烧结条件下,α-Si3N4比γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的相对密度、维氏硬度高.α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的最高相对密度与维氏硬度分别为98.78%、21.87GPa和98.71%、21.76GPa.烧结体由相互交错的长柱状β-Si3N4晶粒组成,显微结构均匀.     

添加AlN-Y2O3-La2O3烧结助剂的c-BN-β-Si3N4复合材料的超高压烧结

以AlN-Y2O3-La2O3为烧结助剂,在5.5 GPa,1 550℃下对c-BN-β-Si3N4复合材料进行了超高压烧结。借助X射线及扫描电镜对烧结样品进行了分析和观察,探讨了保温时间对产物的组成、形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明:1)超高压条件下c-BN保持了原有的结构及形貌,发育良好的棒状β-Si3N4晶体均匀分布于烧结体中;α-Si3N4完全转变成β-Si3N4的时间随c-BN含量的增加而延长;烧结体相对密度和弯曲强度均随c-BN含量的增加而降低,硬度则随着c-BN含量的增加而增加,而相对密度的降低在一定程度上抵消了c-BN对硬度提高的贡献。2)c-BN质量分数为50%的复合材料同时具备较高的弯曲强度及硬度,其值分别为830 MPa与29.3 GPa。     

α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体超高压烧结的比较研究

以Y2O3-Al2O3-La2O3体系作烧结助剂,在5．4～5．7GPa、1620-1770K的高温高压条件下进行了α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4粉体的烧结研究,并探讨了烧结温度及压力对烧结体性能的影响。实验结果表明：α-Si3N4、γ-Si3N4完全相变为β-Si3N4;在相同的烧结条件下,α-SigN4比γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的相对密度、维氏硬度高。α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的最高相对密度与维氏硬度分别为98．78％、21．87GPa和98．71％、21．76GPa。烧结体由相互交错的长柱状β—Si3N4晶粒组成．显微结构均匀。     

高温高压下γ-Si3N4的相变

为了研究γ-Si3N4在高温高压下的相变,在压力为5.2、5.4及5.7 GPa,温度为1 300～1 450 K,保温时间为15 min条件下,以Y2O3、Al2O3和La2O3为烧结助剂,制备了γ-Si3N4烧结体。用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对烧结样品进行了分析和观察。结果表明:γ-Si3N4首先转变为α-Si3N4,再由α-Si3N4转变为β-Si3N4;β-Si3N4烧结体主要由长柱状的晶粒组成,晶粒相互连接,呈交叉分布,显微结构较为均匀,结构致密。拟合了三相相界方程,得到了γ、γ+α、α、α+β、β-Si3N4相界方程,并讨论了相关的相变机制。     

以MgSiN_2作烧结助剂制备高热导β-Si_3N_4陶瓷

以MgSiN2为烧结助剂,采用热压烧结法在1750～1900℃制备了高热导β-Si3N4陶瓷,研究了烧结助剂成分、保温时间、烧结温度和添加晶种对热导率的影响。采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪和光热偏转热导测试仪对样品进行了分析和表征。结果表明:通过延长保温时间、提高烧结温度和添加一定量的β-Si3N4晶种3种途径可有效提高β-Si3N4陶瓷的热导率。添加1%(质量分数)β-Si3N4棒状颗粒作为晶种,1900℃烧结4h制备的β-Si3N4陶瓷的热导率最高,达158W/(m·K)。     

烧结温度对含有定向α-Si3N4晶须的Si3N4陶瓷的影响

利用流延成型使α-Si3N4晶须在基体中定向排列,并采用热压烧结技术制备了SGN4陶瓷.用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对陶瓷的物相和显微结构进行了研究,讨论了流延成型对坯体中晶须的分布状态的影响和烧结条件对所得到的块体的显微结构的影响.结果表明:流延成型和热压烧结可以使晶须呈一维定向排布;随着烧结温度的升高,烧结样品的相对密度增大;添加10.6%质量分数)α-Si3N4晶须在1500℃下烧结,Si3N4陶瓷的断裂韧性为9.24MPa·m1/2,Vickers硬度为15.740Pa.在1 600℃α-Si3N4转变成的长柱状β-Si3N4颗粒,大大提高了Si3N4陶瓷的力学性能,其断裂韧性和Vickers硬度分别为10.26MPa·m1/2和16.56GPa.     

常压烧结Si3N4-MgO-Y2O3-CeO2陶瓷的研究

本研究了Si3N4-MgO—Y2O3-CeO2陶瓷的烧结过程和微观结构,常压烧结氮化硅陶瓷的致密化主要通过液相烧结实现。微观分析结果表明,氮化硅烧结体的显微结构为等轴状的α—Si3N4和长柱状的β—Si3N4相互交织,这种结构有利于提高烧结体的强度和韧性。     

β-氮化硅陶瓷烧结致密化的研究

以β-Si3N4粉末为原料,MgAl2O4为烧结助剂,通过气氛压力烧结(GPS)制备出致密的β-氮化硅陶瓷材料,探讨了β-氮化硅陶瓷烧结机制,系统研究了烧结助剂质量分数、烧结温度以及保温时间对材料致密化的影响.     

添加Mg-Al-Si体系烧结助剂的氮化硅陶瓷的无压烧结

以MgO-Al2O3-SiO2体系作为烧结助剂,研究了氮化硅陶瓷的无压烧结。着重考察了烧结温度、保温时间以及烧结助剂用量等工艺因素对氮化硅陶瓷材料力学性能和显微结构的影响,通过工艺调整来设计材料微观结构以提高材料的力学性能。在烧结助剂质量分数为3.2％的情况下,经1 780℃,3 h无压烧结,氮化硅大都呈现长柱状β-Si3N4晶粒,具有较大的长径比,显微结构均匀。样品的相对密度达99%,抗弯强度为956.8 MPa,硬度HRA为93,断裂韧性为6.1 MPa·m1/3。具有较大长径比晶粒构成的显微结构是该材料表现较高力学性能的原因。     

钕-铝系稀土色料的研制

通过钕-铝系列色料合成实验,分析不同配比及不同矿化剂等对色料呈色效果的影响,确定最佳工艺方法。对实验结果进行XRD及色度分析,确定其主晶相为钕酸铝,试样的明度均在70以上,色彩鲜艳亮丽。     

Polycrystalline In2O3 and In2O3/Y2O3 photoanodes

Single crystal In₂O₃ shows promise as a photoanode for the decomposition of water. Because of various difficulties in the preparation of the single crystal material, two simple techniques were developed for the preparation of polycrystalline In₂O₃ anodes. One method involves the thermal decomposition of the nitrate while the other utilizes the chemical vapour deposition technique. Voltammograms and photoresponse spectra of these anodes are compared to the single crystal material. Among other observations, it is noted that the quantum efficiencies of the thermally decomposed films are comparable to the single crystal material. It is also shown that the on-set potential can be shifted to more negative values by forming the mixed oxide In₂O₃/Y₂O₃.     

Phase equilibrium in binary La2O3-Dy2O3 and ternary CeO2-La2O3-Dy2O3 systems

Cerium oxide doped with oxides of rare earth elements is a multifunctional material, a wide range of uses which is associated with its unique physicochemical properties. Phase diagrams of multicomponent systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of new materials with improved characteristics.In this work, phase equilibria in ternary CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ and binary La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ systems in the whole concentration range were studied. No new phases have been identified in these systems. An isothermal section of the phase diagram of the CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ system at a temperature of 1500 °С is constructed. No new phases have been detected in the system. It was found that in the studied ternary system solid solutions are formed on the basis of (F) modification of CeO₂ with structure of fluorite type, monoclinic (B), cubic (C) and hexagonal (A) modifications of Ln₂O₃.In the La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ binary system (1500–1100 °С) three types of solid solutions are formed: based on hexagonal modification A-La₂O₃, monoclinic modification B-Dy₂O₃ and cubic modification C-Dy₂O₃ separated by two-phase fields (A+B) and (B+C), respectively. The boundaries of the regions of homogeneity of solid solutions based on A-La₂O₃ are determined by compositions containing 35–40, 20–25, 15–20 mol% Dy₂O₃ at 1500, 1250, 1100 °C, respectively. From the obtained data it follows that the solubility of Dy₂O₃ in the hexagonal modification of lanthanum oxide is 39 mol% at 1500 °C, 23 mol. % at 1250 °C and 16 mol% at 1100 °C. The limits of existence of solid solutions based on monoclinic B-modification are determined by compositions containing 30–35, 65–60 (1250 °С), 35–40, 55–60 (1100 °С) 40–45, 70–75 (1500 °C) mol% Dy₂O₃.In the studied system, with a decrease in temperature from 1500° to 1100°C, there is a decrease in the solubility of La₂O₃ in the crystal lattice of cubic solid solutions of C-type from 16 to 10 mol%.     

Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中铝、铁的反应行为

以Al2O3, Fe2O3和Na2CO3为原料,对Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中的反应行为进行了详细研究. 基于溶出率与时间、温度的关系,证明Na2O×Al2O3和Na2O×Fe2O3的生成反应动力学都服从Zhuralev-Lesokin-Tempelman模型,表观活化能分别为186.59和80.92 kJ/mol,表明Na2O×Fe2O3比Na2O×Al2O3在动力学上更易形成;Al2O3易与Na2O×Fe2O3反应形成Na2O×Al2O3和Fe2O3,在1273 K烧结30 min,所得熟料Al2O3溶出率达98.51%;Fe2O3对Na2O×Al2O3的形成有双重作用,在1273 K下可加速Na2O×Al2O3的形成,超过1323 K,促使Na2O×Al2O3分解成Na2O和b-Al2O3,且随着温度升高或时间延长,分解程度增高,从而导致熟料中Al2O3溶出率显著降低.     

Fe2O3-MnO-Cr2O3-La2O3系统紫色颜料的制备及表征

采用溶胶均匀共沉淀法于低温下合成了含少量稀土氧化物La2O3的紫色颜料，并采用颜色测定、SEM、XRD等手段对颜料的颜色、检度及结晶构造等进行了表征。     

Separation of Phases by Spinodal Decomposition in the Systems Al2O3−Cr2O3 and Al2O3−Cr2O3−Fe2O3

Separation of phases was investigated in the hexagonal (rhombohedral) systems Al₂O₃−Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃−Cr₂O₃−Fe₂O₃. The binary system shows a miscibility gap with a T_c of 950°C; the miscibility gap for the ternary system was determined for a constant Cr₂O₃ content of 16.6 mol%. Dark field transmission electron microscopy of solid solutions annealed within the miscibility gap showed dark and light lamellas ∼50 to 200 Å thick. X-ray diffraction results for the solid solutions in the ternary system indicated that, in the early stages of annealing, broadening occurred only on (hkl) reflections where l≠0. There was no major change in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the annealed solid solutions in the binary system. Electron diffraction results indicated, however, that phase separation in both systems proceeded in the [001] direction. Solid solutions in the binary system separated very slowly; the separation could be enhanced hydrothermally. The mechanism of the separation of phases in both systems is spinodal and proceeds as follows: solid solution→intermediate modulated phase→equilibrium phases.     

ß-Al2O3 synthesis from m-Al2O3

-Al₂O₃ formation fromm-Al₂O₃ was found by a new convenient technique. By thermal decomposition of a complex compound, trioxalatoaluminate Na _x (NH₄)_3–x [Al(C₂O₄)₃]yH₂O(0.091 x 0.333;y= 3), a very fine powder ofm-Al₂O₃ was formed. The decomposition process was examined by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction and the phase relation of the system Na₂O-Al₂O₃ in the midtemperature region between 600 and 1200° C is discussed briefly. The tablet ofm-Al₂O₃ was fired at 1600° C for 30 min to prepare dense-Al₂O₃ ceramics, the apparent density of which was greater than 95% of the theoretical value. The sintered tablet was examined from the structural point of view and the electrical conductivity was measured by an a.c. method to verify that the procedure of the complex decomposition is a suitable technique for-Al₂O₃ synthesis.     

Bactericidal Effectiveness of O3, O3/H2O2 and O3/TiO2 on Clostridium perfringens

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the bactericidal capacity of different Advanced Oxidation Treatments (AOTs) based on ozone: ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide and ozone/titanium dioxide on a wild strain of Clostridium perfringens, a fecal bacterial indicator in drinking water. The dose of ozone consumed ranges from 0.6 mg L^?1 min^?1 to 5.13 mg L^?1 min^?1 depending on the process and on the sample. In the treatments combined with O₃, H₂O₂ dose utilized is 0.04 mM and TiO₂ dose, 1 g L^?1. In order to evaluate the influence of natural organic matter and suspension solids over the disinfection rate, treatments are performed with two types of water – natural water from Ebro River (Zaragoza, Spain) and NaCl solution 0.9%. To achieve 4 log units of inactivation, 3.6 mg O₃ L^?1 is necessary in O₃ treatment, 4.25 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/TiO₂ system and 2.7 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/H₂O₂ after processing the natural water. In NaCl solution, to get the same inactivation, 0.42 mg O₃ L^?1 is necessary in O₃ treatment, 1.15 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/TiO₂ system and 0.06 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/H₂O₂ process. Even though the three treatments studied have a high bactericidal activity due to the number of surviving bacteria decreases to non-detectable levels, O₃/H₂O₂ is the most effective system for eliminating C. perfringens cells in a lower contact time, followed by O₃ and finally O₃/TiO₂ system.     

Oxide/oxide composites in the system Cr2O3-Y2O3-Al2O3

Ceramic compacts in the systems Al₂O₃–Y₂O₃, Cr₂O₃–Y₂O₃ and Y₃(Cr_yAl_1-y)₅O₁₂ (Cr-doped YAG) were prepared by solid state reaction in calcined co-precipitated powder mixtures of appropriate compositions. Various solid-solution phases were formed, e.g. Y₃(Al_1-xCr_x)₅O₁₂, YAl_yCr_1-yO₃ and Al_2-xCr_xO₃. Composite materials in the pseudo-binary or ternary systems Al₂O₃–Y₃Al₅O₁₂, Cr₂O₃–Y₂O₃ and Y₃(Al_1–xCr_x)₅O₁₂–YAl_yCr_1–yO₃–(Al_zCr_1−z)₂O₃ were obtained by hot-pressing appropriate powder precursors at 1600–1650°C for 1 h. The microstructure of the prepared materials was studied in a scanning electron microscope with element analysis facilities. X-ray diffraction was used to reveal the phases present and their lattice parameters. The chemical compatibility of these phases was investigated. The results are discussed with a special emphasis on the solubility of Cr in the YAG structure, and on the compatibility relationship between Cr-doped YAG and its neighbouring phases. A gel-coating process for preparing Al₂O₃–YAG composites with tailored microstructures is also described.