烷基酚类内分泌干扰物污染现状及去除研究进展

内分泌干扰化学物质是环境科学领域研究的热点之一,已报道的内分泌干扰化学物质达100种左右,烷基酚类物质是一类重要的内分泌干扰物,具有雌性激素效应,广泛地分布于环境当中。笔者重点分析了烷基酚类物质在国内外天然水体,自来水,再生水以及生活污水的污染现状,综述了该类物质的主要去除方法,并探讨了该领域进一步研究重点与方向。     

水体中4-叔丁基苯酚的去除研究进展

4-叔丁基苯酚是一种外源性酚类雌激素物质,它通过生物体内积累作用进入周围的环境以及人体,产生不可忽视的危害作用,目前我国饮用水水源已经严重受到烷基酚类、农药类等内分泌干扰物的污染。概述了4-叔丁基苯酚的性质、对环境以及人体的危害,水体中的检出情况。鉴于目前国内外对该物质的去除研究很少,根据其它烷基酚类内分泌干扰物质的去除研究情况,展望了4-叔丁基苯酚在水处理中可能的去除方法。     

两种土壤对内分泌干扰物双酚A和类固醇的吸附性能

论文采用批量平衡法,研究两种土壤对于内分泌干扰物双酚A和类固醇（E1、E2、EE2、E3）的吸附特征,并探讨了温度和离子强度对吸附的影响。结果表明,五种物质在两种土壤中的吸附存在快速吸附和缓慢平衡的过程,Freundlich方程能够较好的拟合土壤对水中低浓度内分泌干扰物双酚A和类固醇的吸附等温线。土壤对五种物质的吸附是放热过程,温度升高会降低土壤的吸附容量。随着离子强度的增加,吸附容量增大。     

水中内分泌干扰物去除技术研究进展

内分泌干扰物进入水体后将对人类健康和生态环境造成危害,从水中去除该类物质成为一个研究热点。首先介绍了内分泌干扰物的分类及危害,然后对水中典型内分泌干扰物的去除方法进行了对比分析,最后指出组合技术是一种去除内分泌干扰物较为有效的方法,寻求高效稳定的去除内分泌干扰物的技术和最佳的组合工艺是今后研究的一个趋势。     

固相萃取-液质联用检测地下水中的内分泌干扰物

通过优化水体中雌激素类内分泌干扰物的固相萃取方法,利用液相色谱-串联质谱仪(LC-MS)检测地下水中存在的内分泌干扰物,水样检测发现徐州市八个地下水监测点仅检出双酚A(BPA),浓度范围为0~26.45 ng/L。     

污水处理过程中环境干扰物质的减量化研究进展

污水生物处理（活性污泥法）能有效地去除环境内分泌干扰物质（EDCs），但污水经处理后的水仍存在一定浓度的EDCs，并且被认为是污水受纳水体中存在EDCs的主要原因。本文综述了EDCs在水环境中的分布、基于生物法和膜组件去除EDCs的减量化研究以及EDCs去除机理。     

邻苯二甲酸酯的污染现状及去除研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是水环境中广泛存在的一类内分泌干扰物,由于其具有致畸性、致突变性、致癌性以及生殖毒性,已引起了各国的广泛关注.本文分析了邻苯二甲酸酯类物质在国内外天然水体、自来水以及生活污水的污染现状,综述了该类物质的主要去除方法的最新研究进展,并探讨了该领域进一步研究重点与方向.     

自来水及其水源中的内分泌干扰物质

残留在自来水中的内分泌干扰物质的来源主要包括水源污染,配水管网及这些化合物质在氯消毒过程中的副产物,水源中检出频率较高的是壬基苯酚,双酚A、4-t-辛基苯酚、邻苯二甲酸乙基已基酯及来自人畜的雌酮,配水管网中的物质主要是作为塑料添加剂的壬基苯酚,双酚A等,在氯消毒过程中,双酚A及NP可以分解产生多种副产物,用酵母Two-hybrid法对这些副产物的内分泌干扰作用进行了研究,表明双酚A的副产物具有雌激素协同作用,而NP的副产物则具有雌激素拮抗作用,检测出我国某河流及自来水的内分泌干扰活性。     

生物法去除污水中内分泌干扰物的研究现状

内分泌干扰物是一类能够影响人类和动物生殖发育的化学物质.水环境中内分泌干扰物的存在对人类的身体健康存在潜在性危害.近年来,在多个污水处理厂的进水中均检测到了内分泌干扰物.生物处理是有效去除该种类物质的方法之一.分析和综述了内分泌干扰物生物去除方法的主要工艺、作用机理和影响因素,提出了目前存在的主要技术难点和未来研究发展...     

纳氏试剂比色法测氨氮时的影响因素与解决方法

“纳氏试剂比色法”是测定水中氨氮的国家标准方法（HJ535-2009）,此方法具有操作简便、灵敏等特点,但乌石化的各类污水成分较为复杂,含有钙、镁、铁等金属离子,还含有硫化物、醛、酮类等有机成分,且水体的色度和浊度等在使用此法进行分析测定时会产生诸多干扰,需要进行相应的预处理。通过长期的实践摸索,结合乌石化污水水体实际及日常工作中的经验积累,对纳氏试剂比色法测氨氮时的影响因素进行了归纳总结,同时提出一些解决方法。     

污泥脱水预处理技术综述

随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市污水处理的规模和质量不断提高,所产生的剩余污泥作为固体废弃物的处理与处置也越来越成为制约污水处理效果的关键问题。由于污泥混合体的架构复杂且含有微生物组成的细胞和胞外聚合物(EPS)等亲水性物质,污泥脱水困难。污泥预处理作为强化污泥脱水和后续稳定化处理的关键技术能够有效改变污泥组成形态、促进污泥中细胞水和结合水向自由水的转变,是提高污泥脱水效率的主要方法。当前,主要的污泥脱水预处理主要包括:物理法、化学法和上述两种方法的组合等方式。文中主要讨论了不同预处理方法对污泥脱水性能的影响。     

饮用水中挥发酚测定的相关因素探讨

酚类属高毒物质,水中挥发酚的含量直接影响人类健康。在用4-氨基安替比林(4-AAP)法测定挥发酚中,影响因素很多,如:样品预处理、试剂纯度、显色萃取操作等问题,在测定过程中操作不当均会给分析结果带来误差。针对挥发酚的测定中可能出现的问题,从三大方面进行研究探讨,为提高测定挥发酚的精密度和准确度提供科学依据。     

Sewage Sludge Electro-Dewatering Treatment—A Review

Purification of municipal wastewater generates huge amounts of sewage sludge, which contains large quantities of water, biomass, and extracellular polymeric substances. It is widely known that sewage sludge usually has a poor dewaterability. A large amount of water in sludge directly translates into high transport and handling costs; therefore, sludge treatment and disposal usually requires over 50% of the operation budget for wastewater treatment plants. The application of a low electric field through the sludge segment, called electro-dewatering, is considered to improve the liquid–solid separation, resulting in low water content in the sludge cake. However, prediction of dewatering enhancement for sewage sludge, in particular, offers a challenge due to variations in sludge pretreatment practices and the lack of harmonized testing methodologies. In this review article, the aspects that have an effect on sewage sludge electro-dewatering and its feasibility are discussed in the light of recent technological developments. It was found that electro-dewatering has several potential benefits, such as removal of pathogens, reduction in energy and transportation costs, and prevention of filter fouling.     

气相色谱法中顶空分析技术有关问题的探讨

介绍了气相色谱分析法中顶空技术的原理和特点,用实例对顶空法的适用性进行了探讨.顶空分析技术具有样品预处理简单、避免大量液相基体干扰、不易沾污或损坏色谱柱、检测灵敏度高等特点,尤其适用于具有高挥发性、高气液相分配比的物质;并且提高水相中的无机盐浓度,可以显著提高被测物质的响应值.但是对于非均相的乳液状态的样品,顶空分析技术不适用.该技术用于废水中痕量全氟异丁烯(PFIB)含量的测定,检测限达到0.04 mg/m3.     

某煤制烯烃项目给排水系统分析与优化

针对某已建煤制烯烃项目给排水系统的设计及运行情况进行调研分析,分析结果显示该项目给水系统设计基本符合"分级供水、分质供水"的原则,排水系统设计基本符合"清污分流、污污分流"的原则。同时针对存在的"少量高压生产水用户提高了整个生产给水系统压力"及"工艺装置内部分高浓度污水混入低浓度污水和污染雨水系统,对污水处理场运行产生冲击"等问题,提出了"少量高压生产水单独设置加压泵"和"装置内部分高浓度污水进一步分流和预处理"等优化建议。     

Ozone-Based Decomposition of Main Endocrine Disruption Chemicals in Sewage Effluent

In order to decompose endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs) in sewage effluent, ozone based oxidation of nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) was investigated. Experimental results showed that these EDCs were decomposed easily even in the presence of other organic substances of TOC 5 mg/L. The simulation using kinetic constants obtained from the experiments indicated that these EDCs in sewage effluent were removed to below the detection limit with an amount of ozone consumed less than 0.5 mg/L. Ozonation also reduced the estrogenic activity and the aquatic acute toxicity of these EDCs solution. From these results it was concluded that ozonation was very effective in decomposing these EDCs in sewage effluent.     

Effect of pretreatment on water migration and volatile components of heat pump dried tilapia fillets

Abstract

In this study, ultrasonic assisted osmotic pretreatment and pulsed vacuum assisted osmotic pretreatment were applied to investigate their effects on water migration and volatile components of heat pump dried Tilapia fillets. To achieve that, some effective parameters including sample drying rate, water diffusivity, microstructure, water morphology, water distribution, and volatile components were compared and analyzed with some advanced measurement devices. The water diffusivity, water distribution characteristics, and composition of volatile components were obtained after different pretreatment methods. As the drying process progresses, the sample moisture content decreases. Meanwhile, the high-degree-of-freedom water migrates to the low-degree-of-freedom water and the water-solid bond strength increases. Subsequently, the effective water diffusion coefficients of control group (without pretreatment samples), ultrasonic assisted osmosis pretreatment group and pulsed vacuum assisted osmosis pretreatment group were measured as 4.304?×?10^?7m²/s, 6.109?×?10^?7m²/s, and 5.003?×?10^?7m²/s, respectively. In addition, the control group, ultrasonic assisted osmosis group, and pulse vacuum assisted osmosis group contained 52, 59, and 41 volatile compounds, respectively. Compared to the results from the control group, the water diffusion coefficients of ultrasonic osmotic pretreatment and pulse vacuum osmotic pretreatment increased by 41.94% and 16.24%, respectively. From the point of view of increasing drying rate, the ultrasonic penetration pretreatment provided better improvement, which was exactly consistent with the results of microstructure. On the other hand, the ultrasonic assisted osmotic pretreatment group had more types of volatile compounds, which could stimulate more flavored substances to be released. Evidently, the samples with ultrasonic assisted osmotic pretreatment showed less drying time and more aromatic substances whereas the samples from the pulsed vacuum assisted osmotic pretreatment had better protein protection feature. Although the dried samples had higher ratio of bound water and better storage stability after these two pretreatment methods, from the point of view of increasing drying rate and stimulating flavor substances, the ultrasonic assisted osmosis pretreatment method had more advantages. The research outcomes can contribute to optimize better pretreatment methods for the process of heat pump dried Tilapia fillets.     

PTA生产污水氨氮的样品预处理方法

研究了精对苯二甲酸(PTA)生产污水中杂质对氨氮测定方法的影响,探讨了适合于测定该污水氨氮含量的样品预处理方法。结果表明,常规絮凝沉淀预处理水样方法不能完全去除测定PTA生产污水的氨氮时易产生(减去)的异色和浑浊的杂质,而新方法可以完全除去易产生异色和浑浊的杂质,处理后的样品用纳氏试剂光度法或水杨酸-次氯酸盐光度法测定,回收率均在96％-104％之间。     

Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation and electrodewatering system for reduction of water content in sewage sludge

Electrocoagulation is applied to sewage sludge as a pretreatment process of an electrodewatering system to reduce the water content of sludge generated in wastewater treatment. The electrodewatering system, by incorporating an electric field as an additional driving force to the conventional pressure dewatering, has been evaluated as a function of an electrode material, applied voltage and filtration time. Experiments were carried out using sewage sludge with a pressure up to 392.4 kPa and applied electrical field ranging up to 120 V/cm. Mass median diameter of the sewage sludge by the effect of electrocoagulation increases from 34.7 μm to the 41.3 μm. The final water content of sewage sludge in the combination of both electrocoagulation and electrodewatering system can be reduced to 55 wt%, as compared to 78 wt% achieved with pressure dewatering alone. The combination of electrocoagulation and electrodewatering system shows a potential to be an effective method for reducing the water content in sludge.     

进水条件对小型一体化装置处理污水效果的影响

针对小型一体化农村生活污水处理装置存在运行稳定性不高、处理效果难以保障等问题,研究了不同进水条件对小型一体化装置处理效果的影响,结果表明:有厨房污水作为进水来源且于前端增设化粪池的装置对COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN的平均去除率分别达85.3%、85.2%和75.4%,出水主要三项指标达到江苏省DB32/T 3462-2018的一级B标准,这是因为厨房用水含有较多易被微生物利用的物质,是BOD的主要来源;污水流经化粪池进行厌氧水解反应后污水的可生化性得以提升,研究成果应用性强且投资成本低,为农村生活污水一体化处理装置的高效稳定运行提供参考。