混合顺序对热集成水网络的能耗影响

研究了流股混合顺序对热集成用水网络的能耗影响。首先，根据两流股的混合规则，基于热力学分析的方法研究了多流股的水网络中，不同的混合顺序对系统能耗的影响。然后，根据产生的影响结果，归纳出混合顺序的规则，可用于指导选择适当的流股混合顺序，从而提高系统节能效果。     

考虑温度约束的单杂质水网络优化

实际用水过程有温度的要求,在用水网络集成中考虑温度的约束,使水耗和能耗同时降低,具有重要的意义。此外,过程系统中还存在只有温度限制的与用水无关的过程流股,将水网络中的水流股与其同时考虑热集成,可以使能量得到更合理的分配利用。在全过程系统能量集成的背景下,建立了对应的水网络优化方法。首先使用现有的废水直接回用水网络LP模型求解初始水网络并提取流股数据,然后在4条非等温混合规则的判断下,依次比较水网络流股与背景夹点、全过程夹点的关系,以排除不合理的非等温混合,最后以年总费用最低为目标进行全过程系统的热集成。使用本文提出的方法对某案例进行优化,得到的年总费用减少了6.27%,证明了该方法的可行性。     

考虑非等温混合的能量集成水网络设计方法

讨论了能量集成水网络中非等温混合对系统能量目标的影响,提出了分割温度的概念。对于同性混合,系统的公用工程需求量不会减少。对于异性混合,通过确定分割温度并比较分割温度以上区间混合流股的热量之和与低温区间所需的热量,可以准确确定系统公用工程会增加、减少或者保持不变。基于以上思想,得到了非等温混合规则。它能判断是否存在能量惩罚,以及如何通过设计混合温度来避免能量惩罚。结合改进的"分离系统"法,提出了一种系统化的能量集成水网络设计方法。     

Studies on simultaneous energy and water minimisation—Part II: Systems with maximum re-use of water

A new systematic design methodology has been developed for the simultaneous management of energy and water systems that also feature maximum re-use of water. A two-dimensional grid diagram is proposed to exploit different options within water systems and also enable reduced complexity of the energy and water network. Isothermal and non-isothermal stream mixing between water streams are introduced to create separate systems between hot and cold water streams in the energy composite curves and provide a design basis for a better structure with fewer units for the heat exchanger network. In addition to allowing re-use of water, issues about heat losses inside unit operations have also been incorporated in the simultaneous management of water and energy.     

考虑非等温混合的能量集成用水网络综合

提出了考虑非等温混合的新的水网络模型,并结合线性规划（LP）转运模型同时优化水网络的水耗及公用工程目标。新的水网络模型引入非等温混合以改善用水网络的能耗特性及减少模型中参与集成换热网络的流股数,从而降低设计换热网络的复杂程度。在确定水网络的水耗及公用工程目标后,采用夹点法设计详细的换热网络结构。两个算例结果表明,新的水网络模型不仅能确定用水网络的最优水耗及公用工程目标,而且还能得到一个更加简单的换热网络。这对节省设备投资及减少操作费用具有重要意义。     

Energy optimization in heat integrated water allocation networks

In this paper, linear programming formulations, complemented by concept based pinch analysis results, are developed to target the minimum energy requirements in a heat integrated fixed flow rate water allocation networks. These formulations can be applied for the cases of heat integration through isothermal and non-isothermal mixing in water allocation networks involving single as well as multiple contaminants. The earlier reported approaches are based on linear programming formulation for the case of isothermal mixing and either mixed integer non-linear programming or discontinuous non-linear programming formulations for the case of non-isothermal mixing. It has been observed that the earlier reported methodologies produce sub-optimal results for the case of non-isothermal mixing. However, the proposed methodologies produce the optimum results because of the rigorously proved linear formulation. Utility requirements for isothermal as well as for non-isothermal mixing cases are compared over a range of minimum approach temperatures, to evaluate the energy performance using illustrative examples.     

间歇过程单杂质用水网络设计

提出了一种利用时间-纯度两维用水图进行用水网络设计的方法，分别提出了无中间储罐和有中间储罐的设计规则。该方法把水的纯度作为一维，把时间作为另一维，从而更好地同时描述间歇用水过程的时间特性和杂质特性。它首先通过水级联分析技术确定间歇过程用水网络的夹点及最小公用工程，然后利用时间-纯度图和设计规则来合成用水网络，对有储罐的情况，确定了储罐的数量与容量，最后利用时间-水网络图描述了所合成的最优间歇过程用水网络，并探讨了用水过程流量对网络的影响。通过文献实例计算，表明该方法简单、直观、有效。     

逐步线性规划法求解废水最小化问题

对用水过程的优化设计即废水最小化问题进行了研究 ,提出了操作水源和操作序列的概念 .分别对单组分再利用、多组分再利用及单组分再生再利用问题 ,提出了逐步线性规划的解算方法 .新方法首先依据规则将操作对贫流的要求进行分段排序 ,然后按操作序列逐级进行富流和贫流水源的优化匹配 ,最终完成用水过程的设计 .给出了 4个实例 ,计算结果表明本文方法是有效和简便易行的     

具有中间水道的多杂质用水网络简化设计方法

与常规水网络相比,具有中间水道的水网络更有利于运行和控制。浓度势是作者最近提出的解决多杂质用水网络设计的新概念。在浓度势概念基础上提出了一种具有中间水道的多杂质用水网络设计新方法。该方法采用浓度势方法设计出初始水网络,并在此基础上初步确定各中间水道的结构及水量,然后根据浓度势从小到大的顺序依次由中间水道满足各用水过程,而各级中间水道的最终水量以能满足各级水阱需求来确定。该方法只需简单计算即可完成具有两级中间水道的水网络设计。对文献实例求解结果表明,所得结果与由数学规划法得出的结果接近。     

通过流股的合理合并改进用水网络的能量效率

Water-using operations in the process industry have demands for water usually both on water quality and temperature, and the existing mathematical models of heat exchange networks cannot guarantee the energy performance of a water network optimal. In this paper, the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks are analyzed, which include utility consumption, total heat exchange load, and number of heat exchange matches. Three principles are proposed to express the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks. A rule of non-isothermal merging without increasing utility consumption is deduced. And an approach to improve energy performance of water allocation network is presented. A case study is given to demonstrate the method.     

Studies on simultaneous energy and water minimisation—Part I: Systems with no water re-use

This paper addresses the simultaneous management of energy and water. A new systematic methodology has been developed for targeting and design that simultaneously minimises the requirements of energy and water. Using this new approach, the design of a water system for maximum energy recovery can be achieved, taking into account the mixing opportunities offered by water networks, while maintaining the water quality to processes in terms of contamination. Direct and indirect energy recovery are analysed and a strategy developed to decrease the number of heat transfer units based on the generation of separate systems and non-isothermal stream mixing. Initially, the analysis is restricted to no water re-use.     

A new technique for simultaneous water and energy minimisation in process plant

This paper presents a new technique for simultaneous minimisation of water and energy in process plants through a combination of numerical and graphical tools. The technique consists of three steps, namely, setting the minimum water and wastewater targets; design of minimum water utilisation network, and finally, heat recovery network design. This technique offers two key advantages over current state-of-the art techniques. Firstly, it is applicable to mass transfer based and non-mass transfer based water-using operations. Secondly, it introduces a new graphical visualisation tool through a plot of temperature versus stream flowrate, termed as heat surplus diagram to guide water and energy reduction simultaneously. The heat surplus diagram provide insights on the energy demand as well as on stream matching scenarios during design of a maximum water and energy recovery network. A case study on a paper mill plant demonstrates that significant reductions in water and energy consumption can be achieved using this approach.     

Simultaneous synthesis of a heat exchanger network with multiple utilities using utility substages

Heat exchanger network synthesis (HENS) has progressed by using mathematical programming-based simultaneous methodology. Although various considerations such as non-isothermal mixing and bypass streams are applied to consider real world alternatives in modeling phase, many challenges are faced because of its properties within non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). We propose a modified superstructure, which contains a utility substage for use in considering multiple utilities in a simultaneous MINLP model. To improve model size and convergence, fixed utility locations according to temperature and series connections between utilities are suggested. The numbers of constraints, discrete, and continuous variables show that overall model size decreases compared with previous research. Thus, it is possible to expand the feasible search area for reaching the nearest global solution. The model's effectiveness and applications are exemplified by several literature problems, where it is used to deduce a network superior to that of any other reported methodology.     

水级联法确定间歇用水过程的夹点及废水最小化

利用水级联分析法对间歇过程用水网络进行研究,确定过程的用水夹点及最小新鲜水用量和最小废水排放量,提出了间歇用水过程的全局夹点的概念,考虑了用水过程的流率限制,在水级联表格中用流率替代了传统水级联分析法中的传质量,识别过程中每个时间段的局部夹点及公用工程目标,通过全局夹点和局部夹点的比较,指出过程的用水瓶颈,设置储罐打破瓶颈,使用水网络公用工程目标最小化。通过实例对水级联分析法进行了详细的阐述,计算结果与文献一致,表明该方法是一种易于理解、直观且简便有效的确定间歇过程用水网络的夹点及最小公用工程的方法。     

多杂质体系间歇过程用水网络优化

对多杂质体系完全间歇过程用水网络优化进行了研究,建立了用水网络超结构和非线性规划数学模型,利用中间储罐跨越时间约束,设置用水过程流量上下限以加速收敛。首先确定关键杂质,并将关键杂质浓度最大的水源直接排往废水,获得简化的用水网络超结构;其次,运用GAMS求解,得到最小新鲜水量、废水量、中间储罐数目及优化的用水网络结构。实例研究证明本文提出的方法可行,并能以较少周期获得优化的网络结构,同时可以减少中间储罐数目。     

Optimal water allocation in a petroleum refinery

A method for solving the planning problem of optimal water allocation is presented. All the alternative systems are combined into an integrated system by employing structure variables or split ratios at the point where a water stream is split into more than two streams. The values of structure variables are determined for given process conditions so as to minimize the total cost, subject to constraints derived from material balances and interrelationships among water-using units and wastewater-treating units. The optimization problem is solved by using the Complex method. The method is illustrated by its application to the water allocation problem in a petroleum refinery.     

Modeling Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients of Environmental Pollutants in Water Using Conformal Solution Theory

Abstract

The fate of organic pollutants in the environment and in wastewater treatment processes is commonly modeled using a Henry's law constant approach. By definition, Henry's law constant is the product of a compound's vapor pressure and infinite dilution activity coefficient. For many organic compounds in water solution, the infinite dilution activity coefficients are very large and are not adequately modeled by conventional methods such as UNIFAC. In this work, infinite dilution activity coefficients were determined for phenol, pyridine, aniline, p-toluidine, and o-toluidine in water by differential ebulliometry. An equation rigorously derived from conformal solution theory and van der Waals one-fluid mixing rules was used to model the temperature dependency of the infinite dilution activity coefficients. No corrections other than the introduction of two adjustable parameters were incorporated into the model to account for the strong interactions between molecules. Relationships derived from corresponding states theory were used to relate molecular parameters for size and energy interaction to the critical properties. Arithmetic mean combining rules and geometric mean combining rules were used to calculate size and interaction parameters, respectively.     

在低压和高压下二元气体+水平衡数据的热力学一致性测试(英文)

Phase equilibrium in binary gas＋water mixtures over wide ranges of temperatures and pressures are modeled and tested for thermodynamic consistency. For modeling, the Peng-Robinson equation of state was used and the Wong-Sandler mixing rules were incorporated into the equation of state parameters. In the Wong-Sandler mixing rules the van Laar model for the excess Gibbs en-ergy was applied. In addition, a reasonable and flexible method is applied to test the thermody-namic consistency of pressure-temperature-concentration （P-T-x） data of these binary mixtures. Modeling is found acceptable in all cases, meaning that deviations in correlating the pressure and the gas phase concentration are low. For all cases the thermodynamic consistency method gives a clear conclusion about consistency or inconsistency of a set of experimental P-T-x data.     

Globally optimal synthesis of heat exchanger networks. Part III: Non-isothermal mixing in minimal and non-minimal networks

In this work, the enumeration algorithms presented in Parts I and II for the globally optimal synthesis of minimal and non-minimal heat exchanger networks are extended to consider non-isothermal mixing. New mathematical models, including non-isothermal mixing constraints, are proposed to target the bounds of energy consumption and the binding exchanger minimum approximation temperature. These models are solved using the algorithms, which involve solving systems of equations instead of mathematical programming. Three global optimization strategies are proposed to optimize each enumerated structure, involving the use of a global solver directly, or the use of a Golden Search based on energy consumption and a flowrate optimization model considering non-isothermal mixing. The flowrate optimization model is reformulated as a convex problem, which is solved by using nonlinear programming or a mathematical programming-free methodology, that is, solving Karush–Kuhn–Tucker equations. A new Global Optimum Search Algorithm is developed and examples are tested comparing different optimization strategies.     

A heuristic design method for batch water-using networks of multiple contaminants with regeneration unit

This work develops a heuristic method for the design of batch water-using networks of multiple contaminants with regeneration unit based on the concepts of concentration potential. A water-using network involving regeneration unit can be formed by adding the regenerated stream(s) into the network involving reuse only. In the design procedure of the network operated in a single batch mode, time is taken as the primary factor and concentration potentials as the secondary one. For the networks operated in a repeated mode, the design procedure is similar to that for continuous processes, besides designing the storage tanks with the rules proposed. Continuous regeneration unit is selected in this work. With the proposed method, the network structure corresponding to the minimum freshwater consumption can be obtained. It is shown that the method proposed in this article is simple, effective and has clear engineering meaning.